ETHICS AND VALUES II
Info for first partial
Lic. Ana Lilia Acosta Patoni
2013
ETHICS AND VALUES II COURSE
•
•
•
•
BLOCK I Acknowledge the
relationship of ethics to
science and technology
BLOCK II Conflicts of
medical practice and
bioethics
BLOCK III Acquires an
environmental education for
sustainable development
BLOCK IV Applicable
dimensions of conscience in
different areas
Block 1. Recognizes the relationship of
Ethics to science and technology.
http://wwwhsc.usc.edu/~mbernste/ethics.science_and_ethics.html
•
• .
Science is a discipline of knowledge
which involves many aspects of human
thought and endeavor.
• Ethics is concerned with human character
and conduct.
•
One might think that science cannot be
science without a consideration of the
ethics involved. But is that really true?
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos89/cienciatecnologia-e-innovacion-como-alternativadesarrollo/ciencia-tecnologia-e-innovacion-comoalternativa-desarrollo.shtml
http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/ricyt/interior/bibli
oteca/polcuch.pdf
Self Awareness
SELF AWARENESS
• I AM ME
• Techniques to become aware of myself and my feelings and
emotions
• FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS
• http://www.discover-your-mind.co.uk/1am%20-%20emotions1.htm#feelings
• ONE MOMENT MEDITATIION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6eFFCi12v8
• SELF AWARENESS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyHmlcp2YCQ
Self Awareness
FEELINGS
EMOTIONS
Feeling is your
conscious
awareness of
the emotion
itself.
There are just 3
FEELINGS: the
pleasant one,
the unpleasant
one, and the
neutral one
Feeling unites
with mind to
generate
emotion.
There are a
multitude of
emotions
Emotions are
actions requiring
neurological
programs.
Emotion is a
physiological
experience (or state
of awareness) that
gives you
information about
the world.
No single emotional
response can be
permanent
CONSCIOUSNESS
• CONSCIOUSNESS HAS
THREE MODES:
• will (or will power),
• mind, and
• feeling.
• Will is a pure striving, an
undirected effort. When will is
united with mind, it generates
desire.
• Desire is the activity of will
directed into a mental concept.
The concept governs the use of
will. The concept directs the will.
• www.discover-your-mind.co.uk
QUIZ
• Could you explain the
way we should breath
in order to control our
emotions and be aware
of ourselves?
• DEFINE
• and give 3 EXAMPLES
of
• FEELINGS and 3 of
• EMOTIONS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
SCIENCE, AND ETHICS
•
•
•
Such methods include experimentation that tries to
simulate natural phenomena under controlled
conditions and thought experiments. Knowledge in
science is gained through research.
Science - In science everything thing
can be proved and can be
experimented. There will be a solid
reason behind every thing.
Science is the effort to discover, and
increase human understanding of
how the physical world works.
Through controlled methods,
scientists use observable physical
evidence of natural phenomena to
collect data, and analyze this
information to explain what and how
things work.
Science: experiments, evidence, theories,
scientists, physics, biology, chemistry
In Ethics - the action part is important. The way one
behaves with discipline and orderliness. Moral,
intellectual and spiritual areas are covered in ethics.
•
A central aspect of ethics is "the good life", the life
worth living or life that is simply satisfying, which is
held by many philosophers to be more important
than moral conduct.
•
Ethics:
moral values, good and bad, guilt, criminology,
values, what different people consider as good
and what different people considers as evil.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENCE, AND ETHICS
• Science = laboratory proof,
repeated over and over.
Philosophy = thought
patterns to come to an
opinion, true or false.
Ethics = the rules of society,
and religions
Peace.
• --Science is seeking the truth
--Philosophy is seeking
wisdom
--Ethics are putting the
content of both truth and
wisdom in the right
acceptable shape to the
majority of people.
• Science:
experiments, evidence,
theories, scientists, physics,
biology, chemistry
Philosophy:
belief, quotes, proverbs,
thoughts, ideas, views,
ideology, philosophers
Ethics:
moral values, good and bad,
guilt, criminology, values,
what different people
consider as good and what
different people considers as
evil.
QUIZ
Answer (T) for True or (F) for False, according to each question
• 1. - Science is a discipline of knowledge which involves many aspects of human
thought and endeavor.
________
•
2. - Ethics is concerned with human character and conduct
•
3. - Knowledge in science is gained through research
•
4.- Science teaches us moral values, good and bad, values, what different people
consider as good and what different people considers as bad.
________
•
5. - Science is seeking the truth.
________
________
________
Benefits and damages that science and
technology have given us.
Benefits
• 1-
Damages
• 1.-
• 2.-
• 2.-
• 3.-
• 3.-
Why should Ethics regulate the
development of techno-scientific fields?
• http://ec.europa.eu/research/sciencesociety/document_library/pdf_06/ethical-andregulatory-challenges-042012_en.pdf
• http://ec.europa.eu/research/sciencesociety/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.topic&id=1252
• http://www.ictethics.eu/
Block 2. Problematizes conflicts of
medical practice and Bioethics.
They claim that it is possible to deal effectively
with moral problems like those encountered in
bioethics by relying on four basic principles:
autonomy (allowing others to make their own
decisions according to their own personal life
plans), nonmaleficence (not doing harm),
beneficence (promoting good), and justice
(treating others fairly) without appealing to
theoretical considerations about their nature and
their justification.
.
http://www.nvcc.edu/home/aaoudjit/methods.ht
m
http://www.llu.edu/central/bioethics/prov2_92.p
age
Some of the questions addressed by bioethics
include:
Some of the questions addressed by bioethics include:
When should life-sustaining treatments like breathing machines or feeding tubes be
started, continued or stopped?
What should family members and health care professionals do if a patient refuses
treatment that promises to be medically helpful?
Who should make health care decisions for patients when they are unable to communicate
or decide for themselves?
What should patients do when they do not understand what professionals are saying and
feel they are not offered the opportunity to participate in their own health care decisions?
Some specific fields of Bioethics:
• Ethical Issues in Death and Dying
• Ethical Issues of Human Reproduction
• Ethical Issues in Genetics
Some specific fields of Bioethics:
•
•
Medical Ethics and the Law
This field concerns the relationship between clinical bioethics and the law that has evolved as clinical care has
become increasingly complex with new medical technologies. It emphasizes legal theories and principles concerning
ethical issues in the context of clinical care. Topics include advance directives, proxy decision-making, issues of
consent and confidentiality, withholding and withdrawing care, the definition of death, mental competence and
related matters.
•
•
Ethics of Research and Experimentation[
This field concerns the principles of clinical and experimental research ethics and the regulation of research
practices, particularly from the perspectives of the Nuremberg code and the Helsinki declaration. Topics include:
scientific and research integrity; research with adult and pediatric human subjects; informed consent; vulnerable
study populations; privacy and confidentiality of research and clinical records; conflicts of interest; research on
animals; and research in third world nations.
•
•
Ethical Issues in Death and Dying[
This field concerns the ethical issues associated with care of the terminally ill and with death issues more generally.
Topics include: death; the definition and diagnosis of brain death; chronic vegetative states; loss of personhood;
right-to-life/right-to-die; euthanasia; infanticide; physician-assisted suicide; palliative care; pain management; quality
of life and related issues.
•
•
Ethical Issues in Health Care Allocation and Government Policy
This field concerns issues related to access to health care resources and on ways of understanding the issues of
fairness and justice on an institutional system such as health care. Various models of paying for health care services
and the ethical issues inherent in such systems, particularly in settings of limited resources are an important theme.
Topics include: use of surrogates, transplantation policy, problems of financing, the allocation of resources, and
experimentation.
Some specific fields of Bioethics:
•
•
Ethical Issues of Human Reproduction
This field concerns the various philosophical, legal and ethical issues dealing with human reproduction and considers
differing philosophic and ethical positions relating to human reproduction. Topics include genetic engineering,
reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization, cloning, sanctity of life, the notion
of family, etc.
•
•
Religion and Bioethics
This field concerns the various philosophical and ethical considerations of different religious faiths in the particular
context of bioethics. Issues include: similarities and differences between religious faith and reasoned justification,
the role of faith in morality and ethics, and the relationship of certain established faith traditions (e.g., Christianity,
Judiasm, Islam) to particular issues in clinical and experimental medicine.
•
•
Ethical Relationships and the Health Care Team[
This concerns the role of and relationships between various members of the health care team, focusing on their
roles and responsibilities and how they influence decision making and communication regarding ethical issues.
Issues concern the appropriate ways to resolve interpersonal difficulties such as challenging or disobeying a
superior, reporting or stopping inappropriate behavior, and expressing moral or ethical judgments.
•
•
Bioethics Committees and Consulting[
This field concerns the workings of hospital and university bioethics committees, institutional review boards, and
bioethics consultants, focusing on understanding of nature, purpose and structure of these committees and of the
role of bioethicists in such committees. National and international guidelines dealing with experimentation with
human subjects, especially the Nuremberg code, are considered.
•
•
Ethical Issues in Genetics[
This field concerns the bioethical issues present in the rapidly developing area of genetic technology, including the
nature and methods of DNA analysis, the concept of genetic disease, genetic testing / screening for various diseases,
genetic engineering of plants, animals and humans, and cloning. Social policy issues related to genetically modified
foods are also important concerns.
BIOETICS AND TOBACCO
•
•
•
•
•
Tobacco is a legal product and smoking it is a legal practice, at least in most locales. Yet it is understood by all to
be unhealthy and a cause of/contributing factor to several diseases leading to disability and death. One
interesting question is whether the life-long smoker's right to national health insurance (such as the US Medicare
system) to cover the treatment of lung cancer should be forfeited because of this self-destructive behavior.
According to the World Health Organization one out of every two long-term smokers will ultimately be killed by
tobacco [1]. They note that “in developed countries, half will be killed in old age, after age seventy, but the other
half will be killed in middle age, before age seventy, and those who die from smoking before age seventy will lose
more than 20 years of life expectancy”. In the USA, a 1998 study by Leonard Miller, professor of social welfare at
the University of California Berkeley and Dorothy Rice, professor emeritus of health economics at the UCSF School
of Nursing found that “smoking-related Medicaid costs amount to $12.9 billion per year, or $322 billion in 25
years without inflation”, a figure that they noted “does not include the financial impact of cigarette smoking on
Medicare or private insurance companies” [2].
About 75% of Americans do not smoke, yet everyone pays for the cost of treating tobacco-related illnesses via
higher insurance premiums and taxes. Many people argue that it is not fair that non-smokers have to pay many
billions of dollars in health insurance premiums and taxes for the medical treatment of smokers. Given the wellestablished link between long-term tobacco use and lung cancer, this has led some individuals to suggest that lifelong smokers should be denied Medicare or Medicaid health insurance coverage for the treatment of lung cancer.
However, such a policy may be both impractical and unethical.
First, while there is no doubt that health care costs are higher for smokers, the extra health care costs to
Medicare and Medicaid associated with smoking can be recovered simply by increasing the price of cigarettes.
This would be a particularly effective alternative to denying Medicare services to smokers, since there is strong
data to suggest that raising the cost of cigarettes is one of the most effective ways of reducing consumption.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
BIOETICS AND TOBACCO
Secondly, tobacco smoking is hardly the only form of self-destructive behavior. Other self-destructive practices that
one might focus one include the following:
excessive alcohol consumption
not wearing seatbelts while driving
participation in unsafe sexual practices
excessive food consumption leading to morbid obesity
use of dangerous recreational drugs such as cocaine or heroin
participation in dangerous sports without sufficient attention to safety issues
In the interests of fairness, if one were to deny Medicare services to smokers, it would also be necessary to deny
Medicare services to individuals who sustain clinical insults as a result of other self-destructive behavior. It should be
apparent that this would be a logistical nightmare.
Third, if life-long smokers on Medicare health insurance should be denied coverage for the treatment of lung cancer,
they should also be denied coverage for other diseases strongly linked to smoking: coronary heart disease,
cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bladder
cancer, and even age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness.
Fourth, the US government has not made a concerted effort to reduce tobacco use. Industry commentators often
point out that there is an incestuous relationship between the tobacco industry and US government. While the idea of
regulating tobacco use and creating a "smoke-free" society remains a popular dream in Washington, the reality is that
the federal government and the 50 states eagerly consume a steady flow of sin taxes generated by the sale and
consumption of tobacco products. Furthermore, and most amazingly, Washington continues to subsidize the growth of
tobacco. Some critics suggest that the US federal government should clean up its own house first before implementing
draconian Medicare policies of the nature suggested.
Fifth, there are many causes of lung cancer besides tobacco smoking, and some forms of lung cancer (e.g. small cell
cancer) are not related to smoking at all. Radon exposure, exposure to asbestos, and even dietary factors may account
for many cases of lung cancer. In fact, the only form of lung cancer that is unequivocally linked to smoking is squamous
cell carcinoma.
Finally, medicine has a humane tradition of being nonjudgmental and caring for all regardless of social worth or social
standing. Public policy should reflect this. Some critics suggest that setting into place a policy whereby a life-long
smoker's access to Medicare for the treatment of lung cancer should be forfeited is inhumane in the extreme. Such
action says to the patient that he or she is unworthy of our clinical attention, and is in clear violation of the principle of
beneficence.
References[edit]
[1] TOBACCO – HEALTH FACTS. WHO Fact Sheet No 221. April 1999. http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact221.html
[2] http://www.ucsf.edu/daybreak/1998/03/309_cig.htm
PRINCIPLES IN APPLIED ETHICAL
DISCUSSIONS:
•
Personal benefit: acknowledge the extent to which an action produces beneficial
consequences for the individual in question.
•
Social benefit: acknowledge the extent to which an action produces beneficial
consequences for society.
•
Principle of benevolence: help those in need.
•
Principle of paternalism: assist others in pursuing their best interests when they cannot do
so themselves.
•
Principle of harm: do not harm others.
•
Principle of honesty: do not deceive others.
•
Principle of lawfulness: do not violate the law.
•
Principle of autonomy: acknowledge a person's freedom over his/her actions or physical
body.
•
Principle of justice: acknowledge a person's right to due process, fair compensation for
harm done, and fair distribution of benefits.
•
Rights: acknowledge a person's rights to life, information, privacy, free expression, and
safety.
(Source: The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Ethics): Ethics [Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy] URL: http://groups.able2know.org/philforum/topic/2812-1
Principles of Bioethics
• http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/tools/princ
pl.html
• What are the major principles of medical ethics?
• The commonly accepted principles of health care
ethics include:
• the principle of respect for autonomy,
• the principle of nonmaleficence,
• the principle of beneficence, and
• the principle of justice.
Principles of Bioethics
1. The Principle Of
Respect For Autonomy
2. The Principle Of
Nonmaleficence,
•
•
Any notion of moral decision making
assumes that rational agents are
involved in making informed and
voluntary decisions. In health care
decisions, our respect for the autonomy
of the patient would, in common
parlance, mean that the patient has
the capacity to act intentionally, with
understanding, and without controlling
influences that would mitigate against
a free and voluntary act. This principle
is the basis for the practice of
"informed consent" in the
physician/patient transaction regarding
health care.
•
•
•
•
•
The principle of nonmaleficence requires of us that we not
intentionally create a needless harm or injury to the
patient, either through acts of commission or omission. In
common language, we consider it negligence if one
imposes a careless or unreasonable risk of harm upon
another. Providing a proper standard of care that avoids or
minimizes the risk of harm is supported not only by our
commonly held moral convictions, but by the laws of society
as well. In a professional model of care one may be morally
and legally blameworthy if one fails to meet the standards of
due care. The legal criteria for determining negligence are
as follows:
the professional must have a duty to the affected party
the professional must breach that duty
the affected party must experience a harm; and
the harm must be caused by the breach of duty.
This principle affirms the need for medical competence. It is
clear that medical mistakes occur, however, this principle
articulates a fundamental commitment on the part of health
care professionals to protect their patients from harm.
Principles of Bioethics
. The Principle of Beneficence
•
•
The ordinary meaning of this principle is the duty of health care
providers to be of a benefit to the patient, as well as to take positive
steps to prevent and to remove harm from the patient. These duties are
viewed as self-evident and are widely accepted as the proper goals of
medicine. These goals are applied both to individual patients, and to the
good of society as a whole. For example, the good health of a particular
patient is an appropriate goal of medicine, and the prevention of disease
through research and the employment of vaccines is the same goal
expanded to the population at large.
It is sometimes held that nonmaleficence is a constant duty, that is, one
ought never to harm another individual. Whereas, beneficence is a
limited duty. A physician has a duty to seek the benefit of any or all of her
patients, however, the physician may also choose whom to admit into his
or her practice, and does not have a strict duty to benefit patients not
acknowledged in the panel. This duty becomes complex if two patients
appeal for treatment at the same moment. Some criteria of urgency of
need might be used, or some principle of first come first served, to decide
who should be helped at the moment.
Principles of Bioethics
4. The Principle of Justice
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Justice in health care is usually defined as a form of fairness, or as Aristotle once said, "giving to
each that which is his due." This implies the fair distribution of goods in society and requires that
we look at the role of entitlement. The question of distributive justice also seems to hinge on the
fact that some goods and services are in short supply, there is not enough to go around, thus some
fair means of allocating scarce resources must be determined.
It is generally held that persons who are equals should qualify for equal treatment. This is borne out
in the application of Medicare, which is available to all persons over the age of 65 years. This
category of persons is equal with respect to this one factor, their age, but the criteria chosen says
nothing about need or other noteworthy factors about the persons in this category. In fact, our
society uses a variety of factors as a criteria for distributive justice, including the following:
to each person an equal share
to each person according to need
to each person according to effort
to each person according to contribution
to each person according to merit
to each person according to free-market exchanges
John Rawls and others claim that many of the inequalities we experience are a result of a "natural
lottery" or a "social lottery" for which the affected individual is not to blame, therefore, society
ought to help even the playing field by providing resources to help overcome the disadvantaged
situation. One of the most controversial issues in modern health care is the question pertaining to
"who has the right to health care?" Or, stated another way, perhaps as a society we want to be
beneficent and fair and provide some decent minimum level of health care for all citizens,
regardless of ability to pay.
ABORTION
• An abortion is the removal or expulsion of
an embryo or fetus from the uterus.
• It may be induced or spontaneous (miscarriage).
• Types of Abortions
• There are 2 types of abortions.
• Spontaneous abortion refers to a natural
process by which the embryo is expelled.
It is also referred to as a miscarriage.
• Induced abortion refers to termination of
pregnancy through intervention.
http://www.srhmatters.org/reproductive-health/abortion/
Spontaneous Abortion or Miscarriage
• Spontaneous Abortion or Miscarriage
• A large percentage of the product of the union of an egg
and a sperm does not get implanted in the uterus and
therefore the uterus often has to expel it. This may occur
very early on with the woman only experiencing a larger
than usual blood flow around the time of her expected
menstrual period, or it may occur later.
• When it occurs later, the event is commonly called
a miscarriage, but technically it is a spontaneous abortion if
it occurs before twenty weeks
of conceptionSpontaneous abortions can be the body’s way
of preventing the birth of a defective child. Sometimes they
may also occur due to maternal health problems.
INDUCED ABORTIONS
• Induced Abortions
• These result from a planned interruption or
termination of pregnancy. Medical and
surgical methods may be used for
induced abortions.
Therapeutic Abortions
• Therapeutic Abortions
• This term refers to abortions that are thought
to be necessary because of fetal
anomalies, rape, or to protect the health of
the mother when the birth of a child might be
life threatening or may be physically or
psychologically damaging to her.
Elective or Voluntary Abortions
• Elective or Voluntary Abortions
• Termination of the embryo at the woman’s
request for reasons other than fetal anomalies or
maternal risk is often referred to as elective or
voluntary abortion. Such abortions often result
from social problems, such as teenage pregnancy,
non-marital births, and economic difficulties such
as insufficient income to support a child,
inappropriate timing or
failed contraceptive usage.
Unsafe Abortion
• Unsafe Abortion
• An unsafe abortion is the termination of an unintended
pregnancy by persons lacking the necessary skills, or in an
environment lacking the minimal medical standards, or
both.
• Unsafe abortion is a significant maternal health risk.
According to WHO, worldwide, 48% of all induced
abortions are unsafe and responsible of one in eight
maternal deaths.
Complications of unsafe abortion include incomplete
abortion, infection, heavy bleeding, and injury to the
internal organs, such as puncturing or tearing of the uterus
resulting in permanent loss of ability to conceive
(infertility).
Medical Abortion
• Medical Abortion
• Medical abortion is non-surgical abortion that
uses pharmaceutical drugs. It is an option for
women who are 8 weeks pregnant or less.
Medical Abortion
Some questions-answers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
How far along in the pregnancy can you be?
Up to 8 weeks (49 days) for best success (97%). Success rates decrease as the
pregnancy advances.
How long does it take?
It usually takes several hours for the abortion to occur.
How painful is it?
From mild to very strong cramping off and on throughout the abortion (commonly
a 1 to 3 hour period). Simple pain killers can be taken for such pains.
How much would you bleed?
Heavy bleeding and passing clots is common during the abortion. Afterwards,
lighter bleeding is common from 9 to 14 days or longer.
Can you still have children afterwards?
Yes.
What are the side-effects?
Side-effects may include heavy bleeding, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
and heavy cramping.
Surgical Abortion
• Surgical Abortion
• There are two surgical methods of abortion;
suction-aspiration and dilation and evacuation
(D&E)
Surgical Abortion
Some questions and answers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
How far along in the pregnancy can you be?
Suction-Aspiration method for pregnancy of 6-12 weeks. A pregnancy less than 6
weeks may increase the chance of failed abortion.
Dilatation and Evacuation method for pregnancy of 15 to approximately 26
weeks.
How long does it take?
One 3-4 hour visit to the clinic. The abortion procedure itself takes 3 to 5
minutes.
How painful is it?
From mild to very strong cramping during the abortion (commonly a 5 to 10
minute period). Pain killers are often given during the procedure.
How much would you bleed?
Usually light to moderate bleeding and may continue for up to 6-8 weeks.
Can you still have children afterwards?
Yes, provided the procedure is done by an expert.
Are there any side-effects or complications?
Complications are rare (less than 1%) if the procedure is done by an expert.
Nausea, vomiting and headache can happen due to anesthesia or pain killers.
LEGAL ABORTION GUIDE IN MEXICO
DF
• http://www.gir
e.org.mx/public
a2/GuiaAbortoL
egalDF_agosto1
0.pdf
CASE: ETHICAL DILEMMA:
Teenage Pregnancy
•
•
•
Summary of the Case
Calamity Jane has come to the office today for her 13-year-old well child check up. She lives with
her great Aunt Dora and her family. The family consists of Uncle Markus, Aunt Dora, cousin Suzy
who is a 10 year old girl, and Wild Bill, the couple’s 29 year old son.
Aunt Dora has noticed that Calamity had been gaining weight over the past few months and is
concerned as Calamity had a “kidney problem” when she was 3 years old. She reports her last
menstrual
period was two weeks ago and she denies sexual activity.
Current vital signs are within normal range for a 13 year old girl. The significant finding of her
physical exam revealed a large central abdominal mass. The sonogram findings indicated a 36 week
of gestation fetus. Calamity admits to having a sexual relationship with her 29 year old second
cousin Wild Bill.
Aunt Dora wants Calamity to have an abortion.
•
•
•
Do you agree or not?
Why?
What kind of abortion should be practiced on her, in case it is decided to be practiced on her?
•
•
•
QUIZ
• Explain and give
two examples
• Name three
why technobenefits and three
scientific
damages that
development
science and
should be
technologies give
regulated by
us.
( 6 points)
Ethics? ( 5 points)
• Benefits
• Damages
TYPES OF ABORTION
The type of abortion procedure used in elective pregnancy termination
is primarily determined by how far a woman is into pregnancy. During
the first trimester, you will usually have the option of having a medical abortion
procedure or a surgical abortion procedure.
Medical Abortion
• Medical Abortion
• As the name suggests,
medical abortions do
not involve surgery or
other invasive methods
but rely on
medications to end
pregnancy.
Surgical Abortion
•
•
All surgical abortions are
medical procedures that
must be done in a health
care provider's office or
clinic.
There are several different
surgical abortion options.
How far along a woman is in
her pregnancy often
determines what method
will be used.
ABORTION IN MEXICO
www.un.org/.../abortion/.../mexico.do
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Grounds on which abortion is permitted:
To save the life of the woman
To preserve physical health
To preserve mental health
Rape or incest
Foetal impairment
Economic or social reasons
Available on request
Yes
No*
No*
Yes
No*
No*
No
Additional requirements:
Under most state provisions on abortion, legal abortions must
generally be performed during the first 12 weeks (or 90 days) of gestation.
Except in emergency cases, all induced abortions must be performed by a
physician whose opinion on the necessity of the abortion is corroborated
by another physician. Consent of the woman, or in certain instances
(minors, etc.), that of her husband, parents or guardians, is required before
the abortion is performed.
•
•
*Abortion law in Mexico is determined at the state level. The grounds checked refer only to the abortion law of the Federal District;
some other states allow abortions to be performed on grounds (2), (3), (5) and (6).
WHAT IS GIRE?
• Grupo de de Información
en Reproducción Elegida
(Information Group on
Reproductive Choice,
GIRE) is a non-profit, nongovernmental
organization founded in
1991.
• Mission is to promote
and defend women’s
reproductive rights,
within the context of
human rights.
•
https://www.gire.org.mx/index.php?option=com_cont
ent&view=article&id=392&Itemid=1115&lang=en
•
•
through its history, GIRE has
become a reference in the
defense of reproductive
rights not only in Mexico,
but also throughout Latin
America and the Caribbean.
Grupo de Información en
Reproducción Elegida, AC.
Apartado postal 21-147
Admón. 21, Coyoacán,
México, DF. Tel.
5658-6645 y fax 5658-6684.
IS ABORTION ALLOWED?
FACTS AND FIGURES
DF, CHIHUAHUA, BC
Sur,
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Legal indication in the Penal
Code
Rape
Pregnancy termination
resulting from a “careless
act”
Risk to the woman’s life
Fetal anomalies
Artifitial insemination
without the woman’s
consent
At the woman’s request.During the first 12 weeks
VERACRUZ
• Legal indication in the
Penal Code
• Rape
• Pregnancy termination
resulting from a “careless
act”
• Risk to the woman’s life
• Fetal anomalies
• Artifitial insemination
without the woman’s
consent
https://www.gire.org.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1103&lang=en
What are
Ethical Principles?
• Ethical principles are
guidelines based on
morality than determine
the lengths or boundaries a person or business
sets for itself.
• For example, a person who wants to get rich at
any cost will tend to have low ethics; whereas, a
person who confirms that there are some things
he or she is not willing to do to become rich will
tend to have higher ethics.
What are Bioethical Issues?
• The term bioethics refers to the branch of ethics which
studies moral values in the field of medicine and biology.
Simply put, these are issues that question the morality of
various medical and biological procedures. People who are
concerned about these issues and work towards their
eradication from society are referred to as bioethicists.
These issues range from the use of birth control pills to
mercy killing of an individual suffering from a terminal
illness. Other than human experimentation, animal
experimentation has also been under the scanner as one of
the most serious issues prevailing in the field of biomedical
sciences today.
•
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/bioethical-issues.html
PRINCIPLES IN APPLIED ETHICAL
DISCUSSIONS:
•
Personal benefit: acknowledge the extent to which an action produces beneficial
consequences for the individual in question.
•
Social benefit: acknowledge the extent to which an action produces beneficial
consequences for society.
•
Principle of benevolence: help those in need.
•
Principle of paternalism: assist others in pursuing their best interests when they cannot do
so themselves.
•
Principle of harm: do not harm others.
•
Principle of honesty: do not deceive others.
•
Principle of lawfulness: do not violate the law.
•
Principle of autonomy: acknowledge a person's freedom over his/her actions or physical
body.
•
Principle of justice: acknowledge a person's right to due process, fair compensation for
harm done, and fair distribution of benefits.
•
Rights: acknowledge a person's rights to life, information, privacy, free expression, and
safety.
(Source: The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Ethics): Ethics [Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy] URL: http://groups.able2know.org/philforum/topic/2812-1
BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLES
There are four (some believe five) principles to be Understood and used in the process of resolution of
conflicts in values.
• Autonomy.- The concept of autonomy speaks to the positive
obligation physicians bear to enhance the personal autonomy, or personal power of patients
•
Beneficence.-This principle carries the positive obligation of a physician to do good things on behalf of
his or her patients.
•
Non-maleficence.- Physicians here assume the (again positive) obligation to avoid doing a bad thing.
Traditional medical practitioners are deeply imbued with the admonition. Primum no nocere, latin for
"first do no harm".
•
Justice.- Individual justice -speaks to the right or just thing to do for individual patients, with the
implicit assumption that the greater good will be served by these collected individual just acts.
Distributive justice, on the other hand, speaks to the obligations of physicians to seek out a greater
good for a population (or group), with the implicit assumption that more individuals will prosper (in the
sense of good health) if the general well being of the community is served.
•
•
Life.- Some regard life and its preservation as a fundamental principle. By implication, life should be
preserved and enhanced at virtually all costs.
A List of Bioethical Issues
• A List of Bioethical Issues
As we mentioned earlier, the term bioethical
issue is a broad concept which involves a wide
range of medical and biological processes that
have been implemented in the field of
medicine. While some issues, such as abortion
and suicide, are widely criticized, others, such
as human cloning and nanomedicine, have
left the world divided.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/bioethical-issues.html
Field
Description
Abortion
Animal rights
• Artificial termination of pregnancy.
• Acknowledging the fundamental rights of
animals.
• Introduction of semen into the oviduct or
uterus by artificial means.
• Helping terminally ill person to commit
suicide.
• Illegal theft and patenting of indigenous
plants for own use.
• Illegal trading of blood and blood plasma.
• Deliberate altering of the human body
for non-medical reasons.
• A concept which facilitates direct
interaction between brain and external
device.
Artificial insemination
Assisted suicide
Biopiracy
Blood/blood plasma trade
Body modification
Brain-computer interface
•
Read more at
Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/bioethical-issues.html
Cloning
•
•
Contraception
•
Cryonics
Eugenics
•
Euthanasia
•
Gene theft
•
Gene therapy
Research involving creation of a
copy of some biological entity.
Birth control by using various
contraceptive measures.
A process wherein the body of a
seriously ill or a deceased
individual is frozen to stop the
decomposition of tissues.
Improving genetic qualities by
means of selective breeding.
Killing an individual (or animal)
without making them suffer from
pain.
The illegal process of acquiring
genetic material of some other
human being.
The process of replacing defective
genes with normal or genetically
altered genes.
Current Ethical Issues
• Current Ethical Issues
• http://www.buzzle.com/articles/current-ethical-issues.html
• Pros and Cons of Cloning
Cloning is the process of creating a copy of a biological
entity. In genetics, cloning refers to the process of making
an identical copy of the DNA of an organism. I am sure you
are one among those interested in understanding the pros
and cons of cloning. So read on.
•
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-cloning.html
• Pros of Cloning
PROS AND CONS OF CLONING
•
Organ Replacement: If vital organs of the human body can be
cloned, they can serve as backup systems for human beings.
Cloning body parts can serve as a lifesaver. When a body
organ such as a kidney or heart fails to function, it may be
possible to replace it with the cloned body organ.
Substitute for Natural Reproduction: Cloning in human beings
can prove to be a solution to infertility. Cloning can serve as
an option for producing children. With cloning, it would be
possible to produce certain desired traits in human beings.
We might be able to produce children with certain qualities.
Wouldn't that be close to creating a man-made being?!
Help in Genetic Research: Cloning technologies can prove
helpful to researchers in genetics. They might be able to
understand the composition of genes and the effects of
genetic constituents on human traits, in a better manner.
They will be able to alter genetic constituents in cloned
human beings, thus simplifying their analysis of genes. Cloning
may also help us combat a wide range of genetic diseases.
Obtain Specific Traits in Organisms: Cloning can make it
possible for us to obtain customized organisms and harness
them for the benefit of society. It can serve as the best means
to replicate animals that can be used for research purposes. It
can enable the genetic alteration of plants and animals. If
positive changes can be brought about in living beings with
the help of cloning, it will indeed be a boon to mankind.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/prosand-cons-of-cloning.html
•
Cons of Cloning
Like every coin has two sides, cloning has its flip side too. Though cloning
may work wonders in genetics, it has potential disadvantages. Cloning, as
you know, is copying or replicating biological traits in organisms. Thus it
might reduce the diversity in nature. Imagine multiple living entities like
one another! Another con of cloning is that it is not clear whether we will
be able to bring all the potential uses of cloning into reality. Plus, there's
a big question of whether the common man will afford harnessing
cloning technologies to his benefit. Here we look at the potential
disadvanatges of cloning.
Detrimental to Genetic Diversity: Cloning creates identical genes. It is a
process of replicating a genetic constitution, thus hampering the diversity
in genes. While lessening the diversity in genes, we weaken our ability of
adaptation. Cloning is also detrimental to the beauty that lies in diversity.
Invitation to Malpractices: While cloning allows man to tamper with
genetics in human beings, it also makes deliberate reproduction of
undesirable traits, a probability. Cloning of body organs might invite
malpractices in society.
Will this Technology Reach the Common Man?: In cloning human organs
and using them for transplant, or in cloning human beings themselves,
technical and economic barriers will have to be considered. Will cloned
organs be cost-effective? Will cloning techniques really reach the
common man?
Man, a Man-made Being?: Moreover, cloning will put human and animal
rights at stake. Will cloning fit into our ethical and moral principles? It will
make man just another man-made being. Won't it devalue mankind?
Won't it demean the value of human life?
Cloning is equal to emulating God. Is that easy? Is that risk-free? Many
are afraid it is not!
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/pros-and-cons-ofcloning.html
BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLES
There are four (some believe five) principles to be Understood and used in the process of resolution of
conflicts in values.
• Autonomy.- The concept of autonomy speaks to the positive
obligation physicians bear to enhance the personal autonomy, or personal power of patients
•
Beneficence.-This principle carries the positive obligation of a physician to do good things on behalf of
his or her patients.
•
Non-maleficence.- Physicians here assume the (again positive) obligation to avoid doing a bad thing.
Traditional medical practitioners are deeply imbued with the admonition. Primum no nocere, latin for
"first do no harm".
•
Justice.- Individual justice -speaks to the right or just thing to do for individual patients, with the
implicit assumption that the greater good will be served by these collected individual just acts.
Distributive justice, on the other hand, speaks to the obligations of physicians to seek out a greater
good for a population (or group), with the implicit assumption that more individuals will prosper (in the
sense of good health) if the general well being of the community is served.
•
•
Life.- Some regard life and its preservation as a fundamental principle. By implication, life should be
preserved and enhanced at virtually all costs.
Key Ethical Principles
• http://www.ascensionhealth.org/index.php?o
ption=com_content&view=article&id=47&Ite
mid=171