PSYCHOLOGY
(8th Edition)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2006
1
…..Just Listen……..
What did you hear?
2
…..Just Listen……..
What did you think about?
What emotions did you feel?
3
A Historical View of Consciousness
The unconscious mind processes information
simultaneously on multiple tracks, while the conscious
mind processes information sequentially.
Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
4
What it Means to be
“Conscious”
Awareness
Of the stimuli that surrounds you
Alert
To the events and stimuli constantly
changing
Knowing
What it is that your senses are perceiving
Responsive
To the Changes that are happening all around
you
“The totality of the impressions, thoughts, and feelings, and emotions which
make up a person's conscious being."
Altered States of Consciousness and the Brain
Cerebral Cortex (when we think of “the brain” this is what usually comes to mind)
Divided into right and left hemispheres, with each hemisphere's lobes responsible for specific functions:
Frontal Lobes
Have you ever experienced the phenomenon of arriving at school and not remembering driving there? The planning, organization and self-correction skills
controlled by the frontal lobes are responsible for your safe arrival at school. If there had been a detour on the way, the frontal lobes' mental flexibility would have
allowed you to alter your route and successfully complete your trip. Carrying out daily functions requires you to remain in control and generate alternatives when
problems arise.
Temporal Lobes
-The ability to hum a tune (music),
identify an airplane overhead
(environmental sound), and recall a
beautiful sunset
(visual memory) =
Right Temporal Lobe. This is the
place for the senses, without worries,
burdens, etc. produced in the Left
Temporal lobe. It is this lobe that is
stimulated most during an Altered
State.
-The ability to understand a teacher
during a lecture (language
comprehension), to name your friends
and family (naming ability), and
remember the words to The Star
Spangled Banner (verbal memory) =
Left Temporal Lobe. This is the area
whose functioning is subdued/halted
during an Altered State, to achieve the
sense of euphoria felt in the Right
Temporal Lobe. Also, if damaged, may
result in “Golden Retriever” syndrome.
Limbic System
In addition to the easily identifiable lobes, there are systems within the brain that
connect the lobes. The system most sensitive to the results of head injury is the limbic
system, which mediates mood, emotions, motivation, attention and memory. Injury to
the system may be manifested in behaviors ranging from flat affect (no expression) to
aggressiveness; from mild distractibility to the inability to pay attention for one minute;
from almost imperceptible memory problems to the inability to recall dialing numbers on
a phone (as in the video).
Sensory Motor Strip
Higher level motor behavior, such as the
coordination of movement in walking.
Parietal Lobes
Allows you to find your way in the dark and sense
your relationship with surroundings. Visual
perception and analysis of space, as demonstrated
by the ability to read a map or follow a maze, are
also processed in these lobes. Location of the
Orientation Association Structure
Ex: If these are damaged, may not know where
“you” end and the outside world begins.
Occipital Lobes
Control visual perception within both the right and
left hemispheres. They receive the pattern for a
picture, but do not interpret that picture. Damage to
these areas results in a type of blindness. Ex:
Numbers on the telephone/business card.
Cerebellum
Muscle coordination and balance.
Brain Stem
Life-sustaining functions such as regulation of blood
pressure, heart rate, breathing and body
temperature. The system that is responsible for the
level of arousal and alertness is also in the brain
stem and is known as the Reticular Activating
System (RAS). The RAS, referred to in the book as
the Sympathetic System functions like a dimmer
in a light switch, increasing and decreasing the
responsiveness to the environment. If the RAS is
damaged, like a light that has been dimmed…an
altered state of consciousness such as a coma or a
vegetative condition may result. An altered state
The operation of each of these brain system is vital
in creating a “smooth” conscious experience
7
Consciousness
8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Ahg6qcgoay4
9
Why Couldn’t You See Him?
What events alter consciousness?
10
Players in Our Levels of
Consciousness
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Drugs
Alcohol
Cigarettes
Stress
Sleepiness
Personality
Emotions
•
•
•
•
Time of Day
People we Encounter
School
Psychological
Disorders
• ADD/ADHD
• Etc……
Can you think of any others?
General signs of an Altered
State of Consciousness (p. 107)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alterations in thinking: attention/concentration/memory/judgment, trouble
distinguishing between cause and effect
Disturbed time sense: time ceases to exist or goes by very quickly/very
slowly. (Dreams)
Loss of control: feeling helpless. (Need to do things, but just can’t – Left
Hemisphere jumping in – something is wrong!)
Change in emotional expression: emotional extremes or becoming
detached/expressionless.
Body image change: Boundaries between oneself and one’s environment
is blurred. Parts of the body may seem strange/heavy/awkward.
Perceptual distortions: “Seeing” sound, “Hearing” color, also
hallucinations.
Attaching increased meaning to experiences: Things become so
profound!
Sense of the ineffable: Amnesia/vivid memories/inability to describe
experiences to someone who has not undergone something similar
Feelings of rejuvenation: hope/feeling light, free euphoric. Also, becoming
hyper-suggestible. In Hypnotism, this the ideal state of the “Hypnotee”
Forms of Consciousness
Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an
awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Altered States
13
Consciousness and Information
Processing
Sleep and Dreams




Biological Rhythms
The Rhythm of Sleep
Sleep Disorders
Dreams
Drugs and
Consciousness
 Dependence and Addiction
 Psychoactive Drugs
 Influences on Drug Use
Hypnosis &
Meditation
 Facts and Falsehoods
 Is Hypnosis an Altered State
of Consciousness?
14
Continuum of Consciousness
Controlled
Processes
Require full awareness
Alertness & concentration interferes
w/ execution of other activities
Driving a Car for the first time
Automatic
Processes
Requires little awareness,
take minimal attention,
and do NOT interfere w/ other activities
Eating while reading or watching
television
Driving along familiar route
Daydreaming
Altered States
Sleep
Low level of awareness required
Usually happens at time where
Often occurs during automatic processes
little attention is required, repetitive
Involves fantasizing or dreaming while
or boring activities
awake
Result from: medication, hypnosis,
psychoactive drugs, or sleep deprivation to
produce an awareness different than
normal consciousness
LSD
5 different stages
Dreaming--a unique state
conscious
As we sleep, we experience
astonishing images (visual, tactile,
auditory)
Sleep & Dreams
Sleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we
inevitably succumb.
Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just started
unraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.
16
Sleep
• What is it?
• What is it’s purpose?
• What does it feel like physically when you
don’t get enough?
• What does it feel like mentally when you
don’t get enough?
17
Before we Begin
When you wake up in the morning, which
one of these pictures represents you the
best?
18
Morningness/Eveningness
Questionairre Results
• 70-86 Definite Morning Type
– You feel alive and ready to attack the world
• 59-69 Moderate Morning Type
– Aside from the first 10-15 minutes of yawning, your body responds
positively to the early morning hours
• 42-58 Neither type
– Your morning and evening activities are usually marked with similar
physiological functioning
• 31-41 Moderate Evening Type
– Staying up late is no issue. Going to bed between 11 and 1 A.M. is the
norm
• 16-30 Definite Evening Type
– The ultimate night owl. Daylight is your enemy.
– Totally Team Edward
19
Biological Rhythms
Biological rhythms are controlled by
internal “biological clocks.”
1. Annual cycles: On an annual cycle, geese
migrate, grizzly bears hibernate, and humans
experience seasonal variations in appetite,
sleep, and mood.
1. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder
people experience during dark winter months.
20
Biological Rhythms
2. 28-day cycles: The
female menstrual
cycle averages 28
days. Research
shows menstruation
may not affect
moods.
21
Biological Rhythms
3. Circadian Rhythms : Humans experience 24-hour
cycles of varying alertness (sleep), body temperature,
and growth hormone secretion.
Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease
(morning) melatonin from the pineal gland
and increase (evening) it at night fall.
22
This diagram depicts the circadian patterns typical of
someone who rises early in morning (7 a.m.), eats lunch
around noon, and sleeps at night (10 p.m.)
Problems that can result from disrupting the
circadian clock
– Accidents
(body prepared for sleep, trying to stay awake to
drive, alertness decreases)
– Jet lag
Sleep
• What is it?
• What is it’s purpose?
• What does it feel like physically when you
don’t get enough?
• What does it feel like mentally when you
don’t get enough?
25
Why do I sleep?
Suggestion
Body
Repair
Theory
Mental
Repair
Theory
Activities during the day
deplete key factors in our
body that are replenished
or repaired by sleep
Support
1. During Stage 4 sleep--marked
by secretion of GH, which controls
aspects of metabolism, physical
growth, & brain development
2. Repair immune system
3. Restore energy (gylycogen) &
chemicals
During REM sleep, the brain sifts
through information and “deletes”
thoughts nor needed
Activities during the day
deplete key factors in our
Thoughts are compiled and placed
mental thought processes
into long term memory for future
that are replenished or
use
repaired by sleep
Relaxes brain activity to feel “clear
minded”
Sleep Theories
1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when
predators loomed about kept our ancestors out
of harm’s way.
2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and
repair brain tissue.
3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and
rebuilds our fading memories.
4. Sleep assists Growth: During sleep, the
pituitary gland releases growth hormone.
Older people release less of this hormone and
sleep less.
27
Why do we sleep?
We spend one-third of
our lives sleeping.
Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
If an individual
remains awake for
several days, they
deteriorate in terms of
immune function,
concentration, and
accidents.
28
Did you know...
• World Record – Longest period of time a human
has intentionally gone without sleep (no
stimulants)
– Randy Gardner (1964) 17-years old
– 264 Hours (11 days)
– Held Press Conference on last day – spoke without
slurring
– Health was monitored – negative cognitive & behavioral
changes were reported
– After falling asleep – slept 14 hours, 40 minutes.
What if I Miss Sleep?
Effects on the BODY:
Immune system depletes: body’s defense against viruses & toxins;
Increases levels of stress hormones
Disrupts metabolism
Increased blood pressure
Increased risk of heart disease
Effects on the BRAIN:
Irritability
unhappiness
can cause hallucinations
moodiness
Interferes w/ tasks requiring concentration (ex: recalling & recognizing)
Sleep Deprivation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fatigue and subsequent death.
Impaired concentration.
Emotional irritability.
Depressed immune system.
Greater vulnerability.
With each hour of sleep denied, your mind
and body are creating a sleep debt that can
have severe negative effect on your overall
mood and physical performance
31
Accidents
Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep
32
Psychology Today
• Sleep Logs
• Circadian Reset
– Reiser’s Top 10
• The Worst Summer Ever!
• The Sleep Cycle
– What really happens when you close your
eyes
33
This diagram depicts the circadian patterns typical of
someone who rises early in morning (7 a.m.), eats lunch
around noon, and sleeps at night (10 p.m.)
Reiser’s Top 10
How to reset your Circadian Rhythm
List the following ten techniques to help you
reset your circadian clock in your notes.
35
The Need for Sleep
• Sleep helps to repair your body
–
–
–
–
Immune system
Reduces stress
Rests the heart/reduces heart disease
Regulates body weight
• Sleep helps to repair the mind
–
–
–
–
–
Sleep improves your memory.
Improves concentration
Improves mood
Reduces mental stress
Sleep reduces the occurrence of major mental disorders
36
Sleep Deprivation
The Body (stages 3&4)
• Fatigue
• Lethargy
• Reduced immunity; frequent
colds and infections
• Heavy limbs
• Heavy eyes
• Weight Gain
• Impaired motor skills
– Walking, talking, etc….
• Increased risk to diabetes and
heart disease
• Death
The Mind (REM)
• Lack of motivation
• Moodiness
• Irritability
• Reduced creativity and
problem-solving skills
• Inability to cope with
stress
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
37
What else are sheep supposed to count?
THE SLEEP CYCLE
38
Two Types of Sleep
REM
NREM
•
• Non-rapid eye movement
• 80% of your sleep
• Divided into 4 stages (first
four)
• Decreases in length as
nights’ sleep progresses.
• Night terrors, sleep walking
and sleep talking occur
Rapid Eye Movement.
– During this time our eyes move
very rapidly in all directions inside
the eye sockets.
•
•
•
•
This is the time when we will
dream.
Roughly 20% of sleep time
Your voluntary muscles are
paralyzed.
REM sleep remains for about 15
to 45 minutes then passes into
non-REM sleep
39
5 Sleep Stages
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we
pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
Each stage is marked by a specific brain wave
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
40
Awake & Alert
During strong mental engagement, the brain
exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta
waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a
conversation shows beta activity.
Beta Waves
41
Awake but Relaxed
When an individual closes his eyes but remains
awake, his brain activity slows down to a large
amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14
cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain
activity.
Alpha Waves
42
Sleep Stages 1-2
During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain
enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form
called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is
daydreaming shows theta activity.
Theta Waves
43
Sleep Stages 3-4
During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity
slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow
delta waves (1.5-4 cps).
Delta Waves
Slowest waves associated with physical (Body) recuperation
44
Stage 5: REM Sleep
After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the
sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage
1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in lowamplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40
cps) much like awake-aroused state.
A person during this sleep exhibits
Rapid Eye Movements (REM)
and reports vivid dreams.
45
Brain Waves of the Sleep Cycle
46
47
Stages of Sleep
The distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain & the accompanying
physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different stages
of sleep
EEG (Electroencephalogram) records brain waves; frequency (speed) & amplitude
(height)
90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases
and the duration of REM sleep increases.
49
Sleep Through the Ages
50
An Alcohol Induced Sleep
• Although alcohol can make you fall asleep easier it makes it hard to
sustain a full night of good sleep. The first half of the night the
person goes into some deep sleep but during the second half a lot of
time is spent being awake or nearly awake.
51
LSD and Sleep
52
Stages of Sleep
Stage 1
Lightest stage of
sleep (theta)
Stage 2 “Real Sleep” (theta)
Stage 3
Transition Stage
(delta)
Transition from wakefulness to sleep
Last 1-7 minutes
Lose responsiveness to stimuli
Drifting thoughts & images
Gradual decrease in: heart rate, respiration, body
temperature, & muscle tension
Difficult to be awakened
30-45 Minutes after drifting off to sleep
Decrease in: Heart rate, respiration, temperature, &
muscle tension
Difficult to be from which to be awakened
“Slow wave sleep”
Stage 4
(delta)
REM
Rapid Eye
Movement (beta)
Deepest Stage of sleep
Most difficult from which to be awakened
May sleepwalk, sleep talk, snack, night terror
Eyes move rapidly back & forth behind closed lids
Physiologically body is very aroused
Voluntary muscles are paralyzed (if a nightmare, will
NOT act out because) Pass though 5-6 times a night (1545 min each time; 30-90 min between each period)
Psychology Today
• Sleep Logs
• Sleep Cycle Refresher
• Are you Afraid of the Dark
– Are you getting enough Sleep?
– Sleep Disorders
– Some Sweet Youtube Clips
• What’s in a Dream?
– Dream facts
– Dream Theories
54
Stages of Sleep
The distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain & the accompanying
physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different stages
of sleep
EEG (Electroencephalogram) records brain waves; frequency (speed) & amplitude
(height)
Sleep Through the Ages
56
An Alcohol Induced Sleep
• Although alcohol can make you fall asleep easier it makes it hard to
sustain a full night of good sleep. The first half of the night the
person goes into some deep sleep but during the second half a lot of
time is spent being awake or nearly awake.
57
LSD and Sleep
58
THE 5 SLEEP DISORDERS YOU
NEED TO KNOW
59
Sleep Problems and Treatments
1. Sleep Walking/Talking
Occurs in stages 3 or 4
Consists of getting up & walking while literally sound
asleep
Usually have POOR coordination--clumsy but can avoid objects,
engage in conversations, have no memory of
60
Sleep Problems and Treatments
2. Night terrors
Occur during stages 3 or 4 of sleep
Frightening experiences during sleep with NO memory of
1. Often start with a piercing scream
2. Appears to be awakened in a fearful state (rapid breathing & increased heart
rate)
3-7% of children have
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=bSVwmSzxKtU
61
Sleep Problems and Treatments
3. Insomnia
Difficulties either going to sleep or staying asleep at
night
Causes: overload of stressful events, grieving loss/death, coping w/ mental health,
changes in night-shift work, chronic pain, medical problems, abusing alcohol or sedative
Daytime - fatigue, impaired concentration, memory difficulty, lack of well-being
15-40% of Adults have
Establish an optimal sleep pattern
Sleep-induced drugs to reduce anxiety
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=IJzZcFoT1A&feature=related
62
Sleep Problems and Treatments
4. Sleep Apnea
Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for
10 seconds or longer, momentarily waking up, resume breathing,
and return to sleep
May wake up 200-400 times a night
Daytime - exhausted; chances of developing increases when store, overweight, use
alcohol or sedatives
20 million adults have
Do NOT let sleep on back
Blow air into sealed mask at night
Mouth device
Surgery (to remove tonsils or alter jaw
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=mjQdAf9cQBo
63
Sleep Problems and Treatments
5. Narcolepsy
Excessive sleepiness during day w/ brief periods of REM sleep &
loss of muscle control (cataplexy)
BIG emotional changes can trigger
Typically begins in adolescence or young adulthood
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=_OuEDV1hBYw
64
Sleep Problems & Treatment
Definition
Associated
with
Treatment
Difficulties either going to sleep or
staying asleep at night
Insomnia
Sleep
Apnea
Narcolepsy
Daytime - fatigue, impaired
Causes: overload of stressful
concentration, memory
events, grieving loss/death, coping difficulty, lack of well-being
w/ mental health, changes in
night-shift work, chronic pain,
15-40% of Adults have
medical problems, abusing alcohol
or sedative
Repeated periods during sleep
when a person stops breathing for
10 seconds or longer, momentarily
waking up, resume breathing, and
return to sleep
Establish an optimal sleep
pattern
Sleep-induced drugs to
reduce anxiety
Do NOT let sleep on back
Daytime - exhausted;
chances of developing
increases when store,
overweight, use alcohol or
sedatives
May wake up 200-400 times a
night
20 million adults have
Excessive sleepiness during day
w/ brief periods of REM sleep &
loss of muscle control
BIG emotional changes can
trigger
Blow air into sealed mask at
night
Mouth device
Surgery (to remove tonsils
or alter jaw
Typically begins in
adolescence or young
adulthood
Sleep Problems & Treatment
Definition
Associated with
Treatment
1. Often start with a piercing
scream
Occur during stages 3 or 4 of
sleep
Night Terrors
Frightening experiences during
sleep with NO memory of
2. Appears to be awakened
in a fearful state (rapid
breathing & increased heart
rate)
not much.
3-7% of children have
Occur during REM sleep
Frightening, anxiety-producing
25-70% of children aged 3-6
images that occur during dreaming
have
Nightmares
Involve danger--being attacked,
injured, or pursued
47% of college students
have at least 1x a month
Regular use of anxietyreduction techniques
Upon waking, person can describe
in detail
Occurs in stages 3 or 4
Sleepwalkin
g
Consists of getting up & walking
while literally sound asleep
Usually have POOR
coordination--clumsy but can
avoid objects, engage in
conversations, have no
memory of
Typically begins in
adolescence or young
adulthood
Sleep Disorders: Insomnia
1. Somnambulism: Sleepwalking.
2. Nightmares: Frightening dreams that wake
a sleeper from REM.
3. Night terrors: Sudden arousal from sleep
with intense fear accompanied by
physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart
rate, perspiration) that occur during SWS.
67
Sleep Disorders: Insomnia
4. Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall
asleep that may occur while talking or
standing up.
5. Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when
asleep.
68
INVESTIGATING MAN’S TRUE
FANTASY WORLD
69
Before we Begin
• Why do we dream?
• What different types of dreams have you
had?
• What emotions seem to be present most
during dreams?
• Why is it difficult for some people to
remember their dreams?
70
What are dreams?
 Dream is a word used to describe the subconscious
experience of a sequence of images, sounds, ideas,
emotions, or other sensations usually during sleep,
especially REM sleep
 There is no neurologically agreed upon, biological definition for
dreaming
 It is known that dreams are strongly associated with REM
sleep
 But there is a lot that is unknown about dreams and the purpose
of dreams is interpreted in many different ways
 What is the purpose of dreams? Do we need to dream? Are
dreams an interaction between your subconscious and
conscious?
Dream Facts and Stats
 Humans spend about 6 years dreaming
 Most common emotion experienced during dreaming is anxiety
 Men generally have more aggressive feelings in their dreams than
women, and children's dreams do not have very much aggression
until they reach teen age
 This supports the view that there is a continuity between our
conscious and unconscious styles and personalities
 In men's dreams 70 percent of the characters are other men, while
a female's dreams contain an equal number of men and women
 Sexual dreams show up about 10% of the time and are more
prevalent in young to mid-teens
 Approximately 70% of women have recurring dreams and 65% of
men
 The most common themes are: situations relating to school, being
chased, sexual experiences, falling, arriving too late, a person now
alive being dead, flying, failing an examination, or a car accident
The Theories of Dreaming
Which do you believe?
73
Dream Theory 1
• The Evolutionary Theory: We Dream to
Practice Responses to Threatening
Situations
– In REM sleep, the amygdala (fight or flight) fires in similar ways
as it does when it's specifically threatened for survival.
– We dream in order to rehearse behaviors of self-defense in the
safety of nighttime isolation
• get better at fight-or-flight in the real world
A majority of our
dreams are anxiety
induced situations
Antii Revonsuo
74
Dream Theory 2
• Dreams Create Wisdom
– dreams sort through memories, to determine which ones to
retain and which to lose.
• “sleep is the process through which we separate the memories
worth encoding in long-term memory from those worth losing.”
Matt Wilson
MIT
Sleep turns a flood of daily information into what we call wisdom: the stuff
that makes us smart for when we come across future decisions.
75
Dream Theory 3
• Dreaming is Like Defragmenting Your Hard Drive
– “We dream in order to forget."
– Dreaming is a shuffling of old connections that allows us to keep
the important connections and erase the inefficient links.
Suppose, for example,
that you had to remember
every detail in your life.
Your brain would soon be
stuck in an endless loop
of trivial memory.
Francis Crick
“The brain is like a machine that gets in the groove of connecting its data in
certain ways (obsessing or defending or retaining), and that those thinking
pathways might not be the most useful for us.”
76
Dream Theory 4
• The Absence of Theory
– The Activation Synthesis Theory
• dreams have no meaning at all
• they are the random firings of a brain that doesn't happen to be
conscious at that time.
• the brain's efforts to synthesize some sense from random signals
Allan Hobson
Robert McCarley
Harvard University
77
Dream Theory 5
• Wish Fulfillment
– Disguised, hallucinatory fulfilment of repressed wishes.
– Current and early childhood wishes
• Dreams, he believed, gave indirect expressions to infantile
sexual wishes which had been repressed
– Because these wishes are unacceptable and potentially
disturbing, they are censored and disguised in symbols
Sigmund Freud
78
Freudian Symbolism?
79
Next Week’s Topics
• Hypnosis
– Facts, truths, and myths
• Meditation
– How do de-stressify your life the healthy way
• Drugs
– The ins, the outs, the goods, the bads
• Unit 2B Quiz/Quest/Test
– If time is permitted
80
Dream Interpretations
What’s in your Dreams?
81
Dream Interpretation Rules
• Tell it like a story (Dreamer)
– If possible
• Details, details, details….. (Dreamer)
• Listen completely (Interpreters)
• Open for discussion (Interpreters)
– One question at a time
• Explain why you may have asked that question
• Make a connection between their response and
their dream
82
What do we Dream?
1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10
dreams have negative emotional content.
2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream
about failure, being attacked, pursued,
rejected, or struck with misfortune.
3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking,
sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in
men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
4. Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men
and women equally; men dream more about
men than women.
83
Why do we dream?
1. Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested
that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to
discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s
manifest (apparent) content may also have
symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify
our unacceptable feelings.
2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift,
sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our
memories.
84
Why do we dream?
3. Physiological
Function: Dreams
provide the sleeping
brain with periodic
stimulation to
develop and preserve
neural pathways.
Neural networks of
newborns are quickly
developing; therefore,
they need more sleep.
85
Why do we dream?
4. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the
brain engages in a lot of random neural
activity. Dreams make sense of this activity.
5. Cognitive Development: Some researchers
argue that we dream as a part of brain
maturation and cognitive development.
All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When
deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep,
we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.
86
Dream Theories
Summary
87
Cultural Obsession?
From Real Life to Hollywood
88
Psychology This Week
• Tuesday
– Hypnosis
• The ins and outs, the myths, the truths
• Wednesday
– Drugs
• The goods, the bads, the uglies
• Thursday
– Drugs
• The most dangerous drug in the world
• Friday
– Meditation or Quest?
• How to relax in a healthy way
89
Psychology Today
An Introduction to Hypnosis
What is Hypnosis ?
Common Myths about Hypnosis
Theories of Hypnotic Responding
Key Theoretical Controversies in Hypnosis
Hypnotic Suggestibility
Hypnosis as a Clinical Tool
90
• Who?
Ready to be Mesmerized?
– Franz Anton Mesmer
– German Physician
“I am an enlightened
soul that harnesses
the power of cosmic
energies”
• When?
– Late 1700s
• What?
– Animal magnetism
• Sicknesses and diseases are caused by
imbalance in invisible “cosmic fluid”
• Mesmer used magnets to influence the
flow of this fluid throughout the body and
heal his patients
conducted his healing sessions while
dressed in purple silk and holding an
iron rod
--Mesmer’s patient Maria Theresia (18) blind at the
age of 4
--Successful magnet therapy at first
--Shortly after the patient goes blind again-
Hypnosis
• Hypnosis
•coined the term
expressly to discourage
any association of his
hypnotic techniques with
Mesmer's fanciful
metaphysics
http://iddiokrysto.blog.excite.it
–Coined only in 1843 by
Scottish surgeon James
Braid
James Braid
Hypnos: Greek god of sleep
92
An Introduction to Hypnosis
Society of Psychological Hypnosis
American Psychological Association
A. Defining Hypnosis
• Hypnosis is a procedure involving cognitive processes
(like imagination) in which a subject is guided by a
hypnotist to respond to suggestions for changes in
sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors.
• Sometimes, people are trained in self-hypnosis, in which they
learn to guide themselves through a hypnotic procedure.
• Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and
on how hypnosis works.
“Hypnosis is merely a blend of, conformity,
relaxation, imagination, obedience, suggestion, and
role playing.”
94
Common Myths about Hypnosis
• People in hypnosis lose control and can be made to say or do
whatever the hypnotist wants.
• People may not be able to come out of hypnosis.
• Hypnosis only affects weak-willed or gullible people.
• Hypnosis reliably enhances the accuracy of memory.
• Hypnosis enables people to re-experience a past life.
• Hypnosis depends primarily on the skill of the hypnotist.
• NONE OF THESE ARE TRUE
95
B. Two Components of a Hypnotic
Procedure
•
It is useful to think of a hypnotic procedure as
consisting of two phases or components:
–
Hypnotic Induction
•
–
A method used to induce a “hypnotic” trance (altered state)
Hypnotic Suggestions
•
What goes on while in the “hypnotic” trance
96
How is Hypnosis Induction
Done?
• There are many different ways:
– Still all techniques encourage a person to
• 1. focus their attention on what is being said
• 2. to relax and feel tired
• 3. to “let go” and accept suggestions
• 4. to use vivid imagination
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KHDG0HwPDw
– Some hypnotists believe the purpose of the induction is to induce
an altered state of consciousness.
– Other hypnotists believe the induction is a social cue that prompts
the subject to engage in hypnotic behaviors.
98
Class Demonstration
• Chevreul Pendulum
99
Hypnotic Suggestion ?
Types of Hypnotic Suggestions:
– Ideomotor Suggestions –
• experience a motor movement.
– Challenge Suggestions –
• subject is told he or she will not be able to do some particular thing
and then is asked to perform the prohibited behavior.
– Cognitive Suggestions –
• experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts or
feelings.
100
Theories of
Hypnotic Responding
Dissociation Approach
•
Developed by Ernest Hilgard.
•
Under hypnosis, part of the
mind enters an altered state of
consciousness.
Social Influence Theory
– A second dissociated part of the
mind, later designated as the
“Hidden Observer”, remains
aware of what is going on during a
hypnotic session.
– The part of the mind in an altered
state of consciousness is very
open to hypnotic suggestions.
101
Dissociation Hypnosis
102
Theories of
Hypnotic Responding
Dissociation Approach
•
Developed by Ernest Hilgard.
•
Under hypnosis, part of the
mind enters an altered state of
consciousness.
– A second dissociated part of the
mind, later designated as the
“Hidden Observer”, remains
aware of what is going on during a
hypnotic session.
– The part of the mind in an altered
state of consciousness is very
open to hypnotic suggestions.
Social Influence Theory
•
Participants willingly respond
to the suggestions of hypnotic
instruction as a process of
compliance to social demands
(Spanos & Burgess, 1994)
– People are watching
– We aim to please the
instructor/crowd
– Role Theory – people naturally
adopt the role behaviors of a
hypnotized person
– The hypnosis label stops the
inhibition of our behaviors
103
Socio-Cognitive Hypnosis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6tJJIUUjjI
104
Mimi Forsyth
Both Theories
105
Want to Know How to Get Intoxicated
Without Having any Liquor?
106
Hypnotic Suggestibility – The
Individual Difference Variable
• Hypnotic suggestibility is the general tendency to
respond to hypnotic suggestions
• Dissociation Experience Scale (DES)
• Tool used by hypnotists to measure a subjects likelihood of being
hypntized
• Scale:
•
45%- up
– Highest Level of Susceptibility - best candidates for hypnosis
•
30%-45%
– Moderate Susceptibility- Hypnosis likely with extended induction techniques
•
15%-30%
– Low Susceptibility- Though unlikely, hypnosis is possible on individual basis
•
0%-15%
– Poor Susceptibility- Induction highly unlikely (poorest hypnotic candidates)
107
Hypnotic Susceptibility
108
HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis is a state of consciousness that involves being in a relaxed state
with a heightened ability to focus on specific things, while ignoring usual
distractions.
Hypnosis as a Clinical Tool
•
Hypnosis is generally used in two ways as
a clinical tool:
1. Making Direct Suggestions for Symptom
Reduction
Example – A hypnotist suggests to a patient undergoing a
painful medical procedure (e.g., surgery, a lumbar puncture,
spinal tap) that the affected body part (i.e., the back) is numb
and insensitive to pain.
2. Combining Hypnosis with Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy
a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role
changing the way we think in order to feel better (physically
and emotionally)
110
Some Clinical Problems Thought to Be
Responsive to Hypnosis
• Acute and Chronic Pain
• Phobias
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress
Disorder
• Performance Anxiety
• Depression
• Eating Disorders
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Smoking
• Obesity
111
B. Presenting Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy plus Hypnosis
•
Research suggests that using a combination of hypnosis and CBT
improves outcomes for about 70% of patients relative to using CBT
alone (Kirsch et al., 1995).
•
Additionally, standard CBT techniques can be presented in a hypnotic
context by preceding the CBT technique with a hypnotic induction,
delivered with the unique tone and cadence of hypnosis, and described
as being hypnotic in nature.
•
Examples:
– Progressive Muscle Relaxation becomes hypnotic relaxation.
– Guided Imagery becomes hypnotic imagery.
– Systematic Desensitization becomes hypnotic desensitization.
– Coping self-statements become coping self-suggestions.
112
Conclusion
• Once associated with fringe psychology and the
supernatural, hypnosis is now accepted as the valid
subject of scientific research and as a useful clinical
tool.
• Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how
to define hypnosis and on how hypnosis works.
• Research strongly suggests that hypnotic
suggestibility is a trait that accounts for a portion of
how much or how little people respond to hypnosis.
However, research strongly indicates that the vast
majority of people can benefit from hypnosis
interventions.
• Research indicates that hypnosis is very effective for
treating a wide range of clinical problems and
symptoms, including pain, anxiety, depression,
obesity, and smoking.
113
Instructions for Chevreul Pendulum
Demonstration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Obtain scissors, string, and ½ inch washers at a hardware store.
At the beginning of the presentation, distribute these materials to the
class. Have students cut a 6-inch length of string and tie it to the
washer.
Explain that you will be doing a demonstration in which students will
have an opportunity to experience an imaginative suggestion.
Have students place their right elbow on their right thigh and hold the
string between their right thumb and index finger so the washer is
suspended beneath.
Have students hold their hand as still as possible.
Ask students to imagine that the washer is beginning to move from
left to right. Continue repeating the suggestion until some washers
begin to move. There will be a range of responses. Some students
will show no response at all. Others will find that their washer moves
quite a bit.
Cancel the suggestion by telling students their hands are back to
normal.
Ask students what this has to do with what you were just discussing.
This should lead naturally to the next topic – hypnotic suggestibility.
114
Hypnotic Feats
Strength, stamina, and perceptual and memory
abilities similarly affect those who are
hypnotized and those who are not
hypnotized.
115
Facts and Falsehood
Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power
resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of
forgotten events?
No.
116
Facts and Falsehood
Can hypnosis force people to act
against their will?
No.
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes. Self-suggestion
can heal too.
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
Yes. Lamaze can
do that too.
117
Want to Know How to Get Intoxicated
Without Having any Liquor?
118
Psychoactive Drugs
The Goods, the Bads, and the
Uglies
Ch 12
Drugs
Today
• Some basic definitions
– Dependency
• Physical
• Psychological
– Abuse
– Drug Schedules
– Top 16 most addictive drug
list
Tomorrow
• Drug categories
–
–
–
–
Types
Addictions
Complications
Etc……
120
This is Your Nose
121
This is Your Nose on Your
Cocaine
122
Psychoactive Drugs
• Defined
– Chemical substances that affect the brain
functioning, causing changes in behavior,
mood and consciousness.
• Illegal
• Over the counter
• Pharmaceutically enhanced
123
Fact 0
• DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency)
– Drugs are classified on a “schedule” based on addictive
qualities and possible medical use of the drug.
• Schedule I, n a category of drugs not considered legitimate for medical use.
Included are heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and marijuana.
• Schedule II, n a category of drugs considered to have a strong potential for
abuse or addiction but that also have legitimate medical use. Included are
opium, morphine, and cocaine.
• Schedule III, n a category of drugs that have less potential for abuse or
addiction than Schedule I or II drugs and have a useful medical purpose.
Included are short-acting barbiturates and amphetamines.
• Schedule IV, n a medically useful category of drugs that have less potential for
abuse or addiction than those of Schedules I, II, and III. Included are diazepam
and chloral hydrate.
• Schedule V, n a medically useful category of drugs that have less potential for
abuse or addiction than those of Schedules I through IV. Included are
antidiarrheals and opioid derivatives.
The lower the schedule the more punishable by law
1972 Richard
Nixon’s War on
Drugs
Illinois Penalties
125
Perspectives on Substance-Related
Disorders: An Overview (cont.)
Figure 11.2 Barlow/Durand, 3rd. Edition
Easy to get hooked on, hard to get off
What do you think made the list?
Perspectives on Substance-Related
Disorders: An Overview (cont.)
Figure 11.2 (cont.)
Easy to get hooked on, hard to get off
Dependence Check List
• Substance dependence is marked by 2
specific occurrences
– Tolerance to drug action occurs
• greater doses, diminished drug action
– Withdrawal symptoms
• Physical illness/mental discomfort
Psychological Dependence
•
The belief that they can not function
with out the use of the drug
– Psychological energy is spent
focusing on the need for the druc
– “Without it, I think I’ll go crazy”
Physical Dependence
•
Withdrawal symptoms occur with
cease of use
–
–
–
–
Sweats
Throwing up
Shaking
Itching
What are you Dependent on?
Psychiatric Definition of Drug Dependency
– Where do you fall?
• Choose one thing you feel you might be addicted
to (this doesn’t have to be a drug
• Make a list of 1-9
– Check off each test that applies to you
129
Perspectives on Substance-Related
Disorders: An Overview
Perspectives on Substance-Related
Disorders: An Overview (cont.)
Figure 11.1 (cont.)
Abuse Checklist
• Substance abuse
– The use of illicit drugs or the abuse of prescription
or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than
those for which they are indicated or in a manner or
in quantities other than directed is
– Marked by 4 occurrences
•
•
•
•
Failure to fulfill major obligations (e.g. work or child care)
Exposure to physical dangers (e.g. driving while intoxicated)
Legal problems brought on by drug use
Persistent social or interpersonal problems (e.g. arguments
with spouse)
Ch 12.2
Development of Substance
Abuse
Ch 12.13
Psychoactive Drugs: An Overview
• Five Main Categories of Psychoactive Drugs
– Depressants – Result in behavioral sedation (e.g.,
alcohol, sedative, anxiolytic drugs)
– Stimulants – Increase alertness and elevate mood
(e.g., cocaine, nicotine, caffeine)
– Opiates (Opiates) – Primarily produce analgesia and
euphoria (e.g., heroin, morphine, codeine)
– Hallucinogens – Alter sensory perception (e.g.,
marijuana, LSD)
– Other drugs of abuse – Include inhalants, anabolic
steroids, medications
How Drugs Work
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN
Drug Action on Neurons
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN
Psychoactive Drug Ranges
137
Stimulants
• Stimulants act on the brain to increase
alertness and motor activity
– Amphetamines release norepinephrine and dopamine
in brain to produce alertness and to reduce appetite
• Tolerance quickly develops to amphetamine use
– Ephedrine is a variant of amphetamine that induces
alertness and reduces appetite (found in herbal weight
loss preparations)
– Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine to produce
alertness and produce euphoria
– Ecstasy and Ice (Crystal Meth) produce effects similar
to speed, but without the crash; 2% of college students
report using Ecstasy; Both drugs can result in
dependence
Ch 12.11
Amphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing
accelerated body functions and associated energy
and mood changes, with devastating effects.
National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works
140
Methamphetamines:
“methylated” water soluble and more quickly absorbed by the human
body
• Common Crystal Meth
Ingredients:
• Acetone
• Alcohol
• Anhydrous ammonia
• Battery acid
• Benzene
• Bronchodialators
• Camera batteries
• Camp stove fuel
• Chloroform
• Cold tablets
• Diet aids
• Drain cleaner
• Energy boosters
• Ephedrine
• Ether (starting fluid)
• Freon
• Gasoline additives/Rubbing
Alcohol
• Hot plates
• Iodine
• Iodine crystals
141
Meth (S)
142
Caffeine & Nicotine (S)
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and
breathing rates and other autonomic functions to
provide energy.
http://office.microsoft.com/clipart
http://www.tech-res-intl.com
143
Nicotine and Tobacco Smoking
• Smoking tobacco results in absorption of nicotine
into the blood
– Nicotine reaches brain receptors that control dopamine
release
– Dopamine action of nicotine mediate its addictive
properties
• Cigarette smoking is responsible for 1 of every 6
deaths in the US
– Smoking is THE SINGLE MOST PREVENTABLE
cause of early death
Ch 12.6
Prevalence of Smoking
• Rates of smoking among American adults have dropped
since 1965, but 57 million smoke.
– Smoking rates higher in Asia and South America
• Rates for white adolescents have been increasing since
1992.
– Rates of smoking are higher for Hispanic and white
adolescents than for African American teens.
• Rates for African American teens have been increasing since 1992.
• Lowest prevalence rates for college graduates and people
over 75.
• Highest prevalence rates for blue-collar workers, Native
Americans, and individuals with less education.
• Prevalence has declined more for men than for women.
Race, Ethnicity, & Smoking
• African Americans
– Retain nicotine in their blood longer than whites.
– Because of a greater preference for mentholated
cigarettes than whites, African Americans may take
more puffs & inhale more deeply
• May explain lower rates of quitting and increased
likelihood of developing lung cancer.
• Chinese Americans metabolize less nicotine
than whites or Hispanics
– May explain lower rates of lung cancer among Asians
Therapy for Cigarette Smoking
• The long-term efficacy of psychological
treatments for smoking are not good
– Making smoking unpleasant
– Scheduled smoking involves gradual reduction of
number of cigarettes smoked and controls when
smoking will happen
– Advice from a physician
• Biological treatments for smoking involve
substitution of nicotine for smoking
– Use of a nicotine patch or gum
Ch 12.16
Smoke, Anyone?
148
Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a
form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed
or injected.
149
Cocaine Effects
150
Depressants
• Depressants act on the brain to
decrease alertness and motor
activity
– Used to induce sleep and relaxation
– Inhibit the central nervous system
• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
– Tranquilizers
• Benzodiazepines
– Sleep medication
Ch 12.11
Alcohol: Some Facts and
Statistics
• In the United States
– Most adults consider themselves light drinkers or
abstainers
– Most alcohol is consumed by 11% of the U.S.
population
– Alcohol use is highest among Caucasian Americans
– Males use and abuse alcohol more so than females
– Violence is associated with alcohol, but alcohol alone
does not cause aggression
Alcohol: Some Facts and
Statistics (cont.)
• Facts and Statistics on Problem Drinking
– 10% of Americans experience problems with alcohol
– More than 4 in 10 people who begin drinking before
age 15 eventually become alcoholics.
– 20% of those with alcohol problems experience
spontaneous recovery
– Anhedonia – Lack of pleasure, or indifference to
pleasurable activities
– Affective flattening – Show little expressed emotion,
but may still feel emotion
Fig 12.3
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
• Alcohol dependence can include tolerance and
withdrawal reactions
– Abrupt cessation can lead to anxiety, depression,
weakness, and an inability to sleep
– Delirium tremens (DTs) is a severe alcohol withdrawal
reaction that includes hallucinations
– Alcohol tolerance is common in alcoholism
• Alcohol abuse can be part of polydrug abuse (8085% of alcohol abusers smoke)
Ch 12.3
Short-term Actions of Alcohol
• Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach into the
blood
– Alcohol is metabolized by the liver (1 oz/hr)
• Alcohol is a drug, a CNS depressant
• Alcohol acts within brain to
– Stimulate GABA receptors (reduces tension)
– Increases dopamine/serotonin levels (pleasurable
aspects of intoxication)
– Inhibits glutamate receptors (cognitive actions)
Ch 12.4
Long-term Actions of Alcohol
• Alcoholics reduce their food intake when
consuming alcohol
– Alcohol has no nutrient value
– Alcohol impairs food digestion
– Result is vitamin deficiency (B-complex)
• Can lead to brain damage and amnesia
• Alcohol kills brain cells, leading to loss of gray
matter from the temporal lobes
• Alcohol suppresses the immune system
• Fetal alcohol syndrome risk in offspring
Ch 12.5
158
159
Cirrhosis of the liver is a liver disease
characterized by a gradual annihilation of
the liver cells. These cells are
progressively replaced with fibrous tissue,
which then leads to hardening. Cirrhosis is
irreversible chronic injury of the liver.
160
Narcotics
• Narcotics
– A.K.A.- Opiates
• Drugs that produce pain relieving qualities
– Opium derived from the poppy plan
» Native to Asian/Middle Eastern Countries
» Heroin
» Morphine
» Oxycontin
» Coediene
161
Abuse of Prescription Opioids
The main prescription opioids people
abuse are
 Codeine
 Oxycodone (OxyContin®, Percodan®,
Percocet®)
 Hydrocodone (Vicodin®)
 Meperidine (Demerol®)
 Hydromorphone (Dilaudid®)
Matrix IOP
7-162
Heroin
Facts
•
Heroin is simply an organic, or plantderived, compound that combines
morphine with acetic acid (vinegar) or
acetic anhydride (an acid).
•Heroin is a white to dark brown
powder.
• It often is mixed with other
substances (sugar,starch) or poison
(strychnine).
• Injection drug use is linked to onethird of HIV cases and more than onehalf of hepatitis C cases.
Matrix IOP
7-163
Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogenic drugs alter sensory perception
and create sensory experiences
• Hallucinogenic drugs include
– LSD
–
–
–
–
Magic Mushrooms (Psilocybin)
PCP (Phencyclidine)
Ketamine
Mescaline
Some are found in nature while others are
Pharmaceutically altered chemicals
Hallucinogens powerfully affect the brain, distorting the way our five senses work and
changing our impressions of time and space. People who use these drugs a lot may
have a hard time concentrating, communicating, or telling the difference between
reality and illusion.
Ch 12.12
Hallucinogens Effects
• General effects of LSD include
–
–
–
–
Synesthesia: blending of sensory information
Subjective time is altered (slowed)
Rapid shifts in mood
Effects depend on set and setting
165
Marijuana
• Marijuana consists of the dried and crushed
leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa
• Smoking marijuana results in
– Relaxation
– Shifts in attention
– Impaired memory
• Marijuana effects depend on dose and potency
Ch 12.7
Adverse Actions of Marijuana
• Marijuana
– Interferes with cognitive function including loss of shortterm memory
– Interferes with the operation of complex equipment
(e.g. an automobile)
– Contributes to psychological problems in adulthood
– Elevates heart rate
– Impairs lung structure and function
– Can produce reverse tolerance
Ch 12.8
Therapeutic Actions of
Marijuana
• Marijuana
– Reduces the nausea and loss of appetite
associated with chemotherapy
– Can reduce pain signaling (via THC)
– Can be used to treat the discomfort of AIDS
– Can reduce the pressure increases in the eye
associated with glaucoma
Ch 12.9
Other Drugs of Abuse:
Designer Drugs
• Designer Drugs
– Drugs produced by pharmaceutical companies for
diseases
– Ecstasy, MDEA (“eve”), BDMPEA (“nexus”), ketamine
(“special K”) are examples
• Pharmaceutically altered chemical
• Such drugs heighten auditory and visual perception, sense of
taste/touch
• Becoming popular in nightclubs, raves, or large social
gatherings
– All designer drugs can produce tolerance and
dependence
Other Drugs of Abuse:
Inhalants
• Nature of Inhalants
– Substances found in volatile solvents that are
breathed into the lungs directly
•
•
•
•
•
•
Examples include
spray paint,
hair spray,
paint thinner,
gasoline,
nitrous oxide
– Such drugs are rapidly absorbed with effects similar
to alcohol intoxication
– Tolerance and prolonged symptoms of withdrawal are
common
171
Drugs
Summary
172
Spiders on Drugs?
173
Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological,
psychological, and social-cultural influences.
174
Etiology of Substance Use
• Biological / Genetic factors (alcoholism is heritable, twin &
adoptee studies)
• Sociocultural variables include family, friends, media
(television, billboards)
• Psychological variables include
– Mood alteration (enhance positive, reduce negative
moods)
– Beliefs/expectancies about prevalence and risks
(harmful actions of drug)
– Personality variables include
• High levels of negative affect
• Enduring desire for arousal, increased positive affect
Ch 12.14
An Integrative Model of
Substance-Related Disorders
• Exposure or Access to a Drug Is Necessary, but
not Sufficient
• Drug Use Depends on Social and Cultural
Expectations
• Drugs Are Used Because of Their Pleasurable
Effects
• Drugs Are Abused for Reasons That Are More
Complex
– The premise of equifinality
– Stress may interact with psychological, genetic,
social, and learning factors
Biological Treatment of
Substance-Related Disorders
• Agonist Substitution
– Safe drug with a similar chemical composition as the
abused drug
– Examples include methadone for heroin addiction,
and nicotine gum or patch
• Antagonistic Treatment
– Drugs that block or counteract the positive effects of
substances
– Examples include naltrexone for opiate and alcohol
problems
Biological Treatment of
Substance-Related Disorders (cont.)
• Aversive Treatment
– Drugs that make the ingestion of abused
substances extremely unpleasant
– Examples include antabuse for alcoholism and
silver nitrate for nicotine addiction
• Efficacy of Biological Treatment
– Such treatments are generally not effective
when used alone
Psychosocial Treatment of
Substance-Related Disorders
• Debate Over Controlled Use vs. Complete
Abstinence as Treatment Goals
• Inpatient vs. Outpatient Care
– Data suggest little difference in terms of overall
effectiveness
• Community Support Programs
– Alcoholics Anonymous and related groups
– Seem helpful and are strongly encouraged
Psychosocial Treatment of
Substance-Related Disorders (cont.)
• Components of Comprehensive Treatment and
Prevention Programs
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Individual and group therapy
Aversion therapy and covert sensitization
Contingency management
Community reinforcement
Relapse prevention
Preventative efforts via education
NIAA“Project Match” comparative study
Fig 12a
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that
alters perceptions and mood (effects
consciousness).
182
Drugs
Effect Consciousness
Distort perception
Change moods
Cause to see or hear things
Studies found
Marijuana is most frequently used illegal drug
42.3% of 12th graders have tried Marijuana
Marijuana effects brain – impairs short-term memory,
perception, judgement, motor skills
Drugs: TERMS
Psychoactive drugs - Chemicals that affect or nervous system &, as a result, may
alter consciousness & awareness, influence how we sense & perceive things, &
modify our moods, feelings, emotions, & thoughts, include:
Addiction - Person has developed a behavioral pattern of drug abuse
Overwhelming & compulsive desire to obtain & use drug
Even after stopping—person has strong tendency to relapse & use again
Tolerance - After a person uses a drug repeatedly over a period of time, original
dose of drug NO longer produces the desired effect, so a person must take
increasingly larger doses of drug to achieve same behavioral effect
Dependency - Change in the nervous system so that a person now NEEDS to take
the drug to prevent the occurrence of painful withdrawal symptoms
Withdrawal Symptoms - Painful physical & psychological symptoms that occur after
a drug-dependent person stops using drug
Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a
psychoactive drug
produces tolerance.
With repeated
exposure to a drug,
the drug’s effect
lessens. Thus it takes
greater quantities to
get the desired effect.
185
Withdrawal & Dependence
1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug
(after addiction), users may experience the
undesirable effects of withdrawal.
2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a
feeling of physical pain, intense cravings
(physical dependence), and negative emotions
(psychological dependence).
186
Misconceptions about Addiction
Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance,
despite its adverse consequences (physical &
psychological).
1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
2. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
3. Addiction is no different than repetitive
pleasure-seeking behaviors.
187
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.
1. Depressants
2. Stimulants
3. Hallucinogens
188
Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity
and slow body functions. They include:
1. Alcohol
2. Barbiturates
3. Opiates
189
Alcohol
1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and
memory…and increases aggressiveness while
reducing self awareness.
Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images
Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS
Drinking and Driving
190
Barbiturates
2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of
the central nervous system, reducing anxiety
but impairing memory and judgment.
Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some
examples.
191
Depressants
http://opioids.com/timeline
3. Opiates: Opium and its
derivatives (morphine
and heroin) depress
neural activity,
temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety. They
are highly addictive.
192
Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and
speed up body functions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
193
Ecstasy
Greg Smith/ AP Photos
Ecstasy or
Methylenedioxymethamphet
amine (MDMA) is a
stimulant and mild
hallucinogen. It produces a
euphoric high and can
damage serotonin-producing
neurons, which results in a
permanent deflation of mood
and impairment of memory.
194
Hallucinogens
Ronald K. Siegel
Hallucinogens are
psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs that
distort perceptions and
evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory
input.
195
Hallucinogens
Hemp Plant
http://static.howstuffworks.com
1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful
hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is
also known as acid.
2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the
major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp
plant) that triggers a variety of effects,
including mild hallucinations.
196
Influences on Drug Use
The graph below shows the percentage of US highschool seniors reporting their use of alcohol,
marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.
197
Marijuana Use
The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related
to the “perceived risk” involved with the drug.
198
Psychology
• Today
– Friday
• Worlds Most Dangerous Drug
• Topics Next Week
– Monday
• Unit 2 Review
– Sleep
– Hypnosis
– Drugs
– Tuesday
• Unit 2 Quiz/Quest/Test
199
Near-Death Experiences
(From “Hallucinations” by R.K. Siegel. Copyright
© 1977 Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.)
After a close brush with
death, many people
report an experience of
moving through a dark
tunnel with a light at the
end. Under the influence
of hallucinogens, others
report bright lights at
the center of their field
of vision.
200
Mind-Body Problem
Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue.
Can the mind survive the dying body?
1. Dualism: Dualists believe that mind (nonphysical) and body (physical) are two distinct
entities that interact.
2. Monism: Monists believe that mind and body
are different aspects of the same thing.
201
Psychology Today
• Review
– Sleep
• Importance of
• Function of
• The sleep cycle
– Dreams
• Review
– Hypnosis
• History
• Stage hypnotists
– Drugs
• Categories
• 2 theories
– Freud
– ASM
202
What it Means to be
“Conscious”
Awareness
Of the stimuli that surrounds you
Alert
To the events and stimuli constantly
changing
Knowing
What it is that your senses are perceiving
Responsive
To the Changes that are happening all around
you
“The totality of the impressions, thoughts, and feelings, and emotions which
make up a person's conscious being."
This diagram depicts the circadian patterns typical of
someone who rises early in morning (7 a.m.), eats lunch
around noon, and sleeps at night (10 p.m.)
Why do I sleep?
Suggestion
Body
Repair
Theory
Mental
Repair
Theory
Activities during the day
deplete key factors in our
body that are replenished
or repaired by sleep
Support
1. During Stage 4 sleep--marked
by secretion of GH, which controls
aspects of metabolism, physical
growth, & brain development
2. Repair immune system
3. Restore energy (gylycogen) &
chemicals
During REM sleep, the brain sifts
through information and “deletes”
thoughts nor needed
Activities during the day
deplete key factors in our
Thoughts are compiled and placed
mental thought processes
into long term memory for future
that are replenished or
use
repaired by sleep
Relaxes brain activity to feel “clear
minded”
What if I Miss Sleep?
Effects on the BODY:
Immune system depletes: body’s defense against viruses & toxins;
Increases levels of stress hormones
Disrupts metabolism
Increased blood pressure
Increased risk of heart disease
Effects on the BRAIN:
Irritability
unhappiness
can cause hallucinations
moodiness
Interferes w/ tasks requiring concentration (ex: recalling & recognizing)
Two Types of Sleep
REM
NREM
•
• Non-rapid eye movement
• 80% of your sleep
• Divided into 4 stages (first
four)
• Decreases in length as
nights’ sleep progresses.
• Night terrors, sleep walking
and sleep talking occur
Rapid Eye Movement.
– During this time our eyes move
very rapidly in all directions inside
the eye sockets.
•
•
•
•
This is the time when we will
dream.
Roughly 20% of sleep time
Your voluntary muscles are
paralyzed.
REM sleep remains for about 15
to 45 minutes then passes into
non-REM sleep
207
Stages of Sleep
The distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain & the accompanying
physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different stages
of sleep
EEG (Electroencephalogram) records brain waves; frequency (speed) & amplitude
(height)
Brain Waves of the Sleep Cycle
209
Sleep Problems & Treatment
Definition
Associated
with
Treatment
Difficulties either going to sleep or
staying asleep at night
Insomnia
Sleep
Apnea
Narcolepsy
Daytime - fatigue, impaired
Causes: overload of stressful
concentration, memory
events, grieving loss/death, coping difficulty, lack of well-being
w/ mental health, changes in
night-shift work, chronic pain,
15-40% of Adults have
medical problems, abusing alcohol
or sedative
Repeated periods during sleep
when a person stops breathing for
10 seconds or longer, momentarily
waking up, resume breathing, and
return to sleep
Establish an optimal sleep
pattern
Sleep-induced drugs to
reduce anxiety
Do NOT let sleep on back
Daytime - exhausted;
chances of developing
increases when store,
overweight, use alcohol or
sedatives
May wake up 200-400 times a
night
20 million adults have
Excessive sleepiness during day
w/ brief periods of REM sleep &
loss of muscle control
BIG emotional changes can
trigger
Blow air into sealed mask at
night
Mouth device
Surgery (to remove tonsils
or alter jaw
Typically begins in
adolescence or young
adulthood
Sleep Problems & Treatment
Definition
Associated with
Treatment
1. Often start with a piercing
scream
Occur during stages 3 or 4 of
sleep
Night Terrors
Frightening experiences during
sleep with NO memory of
2. Appears to be awakened
in a fearful state (rapid
breathing & increased heart
rate)
not much.
3-7% of children have
Occur during REM sleep
Frightening, anxiety-producing
25-70% of children aged 3-6
images that occur during dreaming
have
Nightmares
Involve danger--being attacked,
injured, or pursued
47% of college students
have at least 1x a month
Regular use of anxietyreduction techniques
Upon waking, person can describe
in detail
Occurs in stages 3 or 4
Sleepwalkin
g
Consists of getting up & walking
while literally sound asleep
Usually have POOR
coordination--clumsy but can
avoid objects, engage in
conversations, have no
memory of
Typically begins in
adolescence or young
adulthood
Dream Theory 5
• Wish Fulfillment
– Disguised, hallucinatory fulfilment of repressed wishes.
– Current and early childhood wishes
• Dreams, he believed, gave indirect expressions to infantile
sexual wishes which had been repressed
– Because these wishes are unacceptable and potentially
disturbing, they are censored and disguised in symbols
Sigmund Freud
212
Dream Theory 4
• The Absence of Theory
– The Activation Synthesis Theory
• dreams have no meaning at all
• they are the random firings of a brain that doesn't happen to be
conscious at that time.
• the brain's efforts to synthesize some sense from random signals
Allan Hobson
Robert McCarley
Harvard University
213
• Who?
Ready to be Mesmerized?
– Franz Anton Mesmer
– German Physician
“I am an enlightened
soul that harnesses
the power of cosmic
energies”
• When?
– Late 1700s
• What?
– Animal magnetism
• Sicknesses and diseases are caused by
imbalance in invisible “cosmic fluid”
• Mesmer used magnets to influence the
flow of this fluid throughout the body and
heal his patients
conducted his healing sessions while
dressed in purple silk and holding an
iron rod
--Mesmer’s patient Maria Theresia (18) blind at the
age of 4
--Successful magnet therapy at first
--Shortly after the patient goes blind again-
A. Defining Hypnosis
• Hypnosis is a procedure involving cognitive processes
(like imagination) in which a subject is guided by a
hypnotist to respond to suggestions for changes in
sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors.
• Sometimes, people are trained in self-hypnosis, in which they
learn to guide themselves through a hypnotic procedure.
• Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and
on how hypnosis works.
“Hypnosis is merely a blend of, conformity,
relaxation, imagination, obedience, suggestion, and
role playing.”
215
Psychoactive Drugs
• Defined
– Chemical substances that affect the brain
functioning, causing changes in behavior,
mood and consciousness.
• Illegal
• Over the counter
• Pharmaceutically enhanced
216
Stimulants
• Stimulants act on the brain to increase
alertness and motor activity
– Amphetamines release norepinephrine and dopamine
in brain to produce alertness and to reduce appetite
• Tolerance quickly develops to amphetamine use
– Ephedrine is a variant of amphetamine that induces
alertness and reduces appetite (found in herbal weight
loss preparations)
– Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine to produce
alertness and produce euphoria
– Ecstasy and Ice (Crystal Meth) produce effects similar
to speed, but without the crash; 2% of college students
report using Ecstasy; Both drugs can result in
dependence
Ch 12.11
Depressants
• Depressants act on the brain to
decrease alertness and motor
activity
– Used to induce sleep and relaxation
– Inhibit the central nervous system
• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
– Tranquilizers
• Benzodiazepines
– Sleep medication
Ch 12.11
Narcotics
• Narcotics
– A.K.A.- Opiates
• Drugs that produce pain relieving qualities
– Opium derived from the poppy plan
» Native to Asian/Middle Eastern Countries
» Heroin
» Morphine
» Oxycontin
» Coediene
220
Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogenic drugs alter sensory perception
and create sensory experiences
• Hallucinogenic drugs include
– LSD
–
–
–
–
Magic Mushrooms (Psilocybin)
PCP (Phencyclidine)
Ketamine
Mescaline
Some are found in nature while others are
Pharmaceutically altered chemicals
Hallucinogens powerfully affect the brain, distorting the way our five senses work and
changing our impressions of time and space. People who use these drugs a lot may
have a hard time concentrating, communicating, or telling the difference between
reality and illusion.
Ch 12.12
Dependence Check List
• Substance dependence is marked by 2
specific occurrences
– Tolerance to drug action occurs
• greater doses, diminished drug action
– Withdrawal symptoms
• Physical illness/mental discomfort
Psychological Dependence
•
The belief that they can not function
with out the use of the drug
– Psychological energy is spent
focusing on the need for the druc
– “Without it, I think I’ll go crazy”
Physical Dependence
•
Withdrawal symptoms occur with
cease of use
–
–
–
–
Sweats
Throwing up
Shaking
Itching