What Can Educators Learn from Computer Games
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Secretary’s NCLB eLearning Summit July 13, 2004 Orlando FL Marc Prensky marc@games2train.com www.marcprensky.com © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky Serious training in a game environment © 2004 Marc Prensky I am speaking to you today… © 2004 Marc Prensky …from the point of view… © 2004 Marc Prensky …of the Millennials © 2004 Marc Prensky Naturally, we’ll be going at (slides available) © 2004 Marc Prensky WHAT CAN YOU [Educational Policy Makers] DO FOR US? [The Millennials] © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky “Give us st 21 Century Tools!” © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky We are growing up during a VERY DIFFICULT TRANSITION © 2004 Marc Prensky “For the first time in history, we are no longer limited by our teachers’ ability and knowledge.” – Mark Anderson © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky Sadly, YOU are LIMITING US © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky So we ask you, as Policy Makers To please SET US FREE ! © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky BY GIVING US THE TOOLS WE NEED © 2004 Marc Prensky Today, you are so focused on CONTENT ( testing, etc.) © 2004 Marc Prensky FOR MOST OF US, OUR BIGGEST NEED IS NOT BETTER CONTENT © 2004 Marc Prensky WE NEED BETTER UNDERSTANDING & 21st CENTURY SKILLS © 2004 Marc Prensky E.G. Knowledge filtering Using our connectivity Maximizing computer cycles Speaking in game, etc. © 2004 Marc Prensky OUR TEACHERS CAN PROVIDE US WITH BETTER UNDERSTANDING © 2004 Marc Prensky BUT WE CAN’T GET 21ST CENTURY SKILLS from our TEACHERS © 2004 Marc Prensky THEY DON’T HAVE THEM! © 2004 Marc Prensky E.G. Knowledge filtering Using our connectivity Maximizing computer cycles Speaking in game © 2004 Marc Prensky EVEN IF YOU “RETRAIN” THEM! © 2004 Marc Prensky WHY? © 2004 Marc Prensky BECAUSE WE ARE THE © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky • • • • • 10,000 hours Video Games 250,000 emails 10,000 hours on cell phones 20,000 hours TV (incl. MTV) 500,000 commercials • < 5000 hours book reading © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky • 2 billion ring tones per year • 2 billion songs + movies per month • 3 billion text messages per day © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky Conventional Speed Step-by-Step Linear Processing Text First Work-Oriented Stand-Alone Our Communicating email, IM, chat Sharing Blogs, webcams Buying & Selling ebay, papers Exchanging music, movies, humor Creating sites, avatars, mods Meeting 3D chat rooms, dating Collecting mp3, video, sensor data e-Life Coordinating Searching Evaluating Analyzing Projects, workgroups, MMORPGs Reputation systems– Epinions, Amazon, Slashdot Gaming Solo, 1-on-1, small & large groups Learning About stuff that interests them Evolving Peripheral, emergent behaviors Info, connections, people SETI, drug molecules Reporting Moblogs, photos Programming Open systems, mods search Socializing Learning social behavior, influence Growing Up Exploring, transgressing © 2004 Marc Prensky OUR TEACHERS, HOWEVER, ARE MOSTLY… © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky TO US THEY HAVE A DIGITAL IMMIGRANT ACCENT © 2004 Marc Prensky AND MOST OF THEM DON’T UNDERSTAND THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES OR EVEN THE LANGUAGE © 2004 Marc Prensky • Quantum entanglement • Search technologies • Texture mapping • Steganography • 3D modeling • Wikis © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky FOR A LOT OF WHAT WE NEED OUR DIGITAL IMMIGRANT TEACHERS CANNOT HELP US MUCH © 2004 Marc Prensky and DIGITAL NATIVE teachers WILL NOT TRULY BE THERE © 2004 Marc Prensky UNTIL WE GROW UP AND BECOME THEM! © 2004 Marc Prensky So… © 2004 Marc Prensky WHAT CAN YOU GIVE US? © 2004 Marc Prensky WHAT DO WE DESPERATELY NEED FROM YOU? © 2004 Marc Prensky WHAT YOU CAN, AND MUST, PROVIDE US WITH IS: © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky POWERFUL © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky ENGAGING © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky TOOLS © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky THAT WILL LEAD TO © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky THE UNDERSTANDING & SKILLS © 2004 Marc Prensky THAT WILL E-NABLE US © 2004 Marc Prensky TO GO BEYOND OUR TEACHERS’ ABILITY AND KNOWLEDGE © 2004 Marc Prensky AND TO SUCCEED IN THE 21ST CENTURY © 2004 Marc Prensky POWERFUL © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky ENGAGING © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky TOOLS © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky E-LEARNING E-NABLEMENT © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky Out of School we are EMPOWERED © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky “Whenever I go to school I have to ‘power down’” – a high school kid © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2003 Marc Prensky GOOD TOOLS EMPOWER US AS LEARNERS © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky “On the Internet you can play games, you can check your mail, you can talk to your friends, you can buy things, and you can look up things that you really like.” – A High School Student Yahoo Born to be Wired Conference © 2004 Marc Prensky The Communicating email, IM, chat Sharing Blogs, webcams Buying & Selling ebay, papers Exchanging music, movies, humor Creating sites, avatars, mods Meeting 3D chat rooms, dating Collecting mp3, video, sensor data e-Life Coordinating Searching Evaluating Analyzing Projects, workgroups, MMORPGs Reputation systems– Epinions, Amazon, Slashdot Gaming Solo, 1-on-1, small & large groups Learning About stuff that interests them Evolving Peripheral, emergent behaviors Info, connections, people SETI, drug molecules Reporting Moblogs, photos Programming Open systems, mods search Socializing Learning social behavior, influence Growing Up Exploring, transgressing © 2004 Marc Prensky POWERED By Our INTERESTS © 2004 Marc Prensky What’s different about our new technology is that it is programmable. – Alan Kay © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky What we put into the Internet is much more important to us than what we take out of it. – Tim Berners-Lee © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky We are producing as much as we are consuming – perhaps more. – JC Herz © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky If we don’t make it ourself, it’s not fun. – Stuart Bonn, Former VP at EA, now VP Fun, There © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky The most important things to remember are: multi-player creative collaborative challenging competitive – a high school student © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky HERE’S HOW YOU CAN EMPOWER US © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky GIVE US THE HARDWARE TOOLS THAT WILL EMPOWER US © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky EMPOWERMENT MEANS HAVING OUR OWN COMPUTER © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky GET US TO 1:1 ASAP © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky BUT… © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky DO IT RIGHT! © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky BE SURE THERE IS CONSISTENCY AND MINIMUM STANDARDS! © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky “Project Inkwell” © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky SCHOOL COMPUTERS NOT RANDOM BUSINESS COMPUTERS © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky WITH BASIC MINIMUMS FOR RUGGEDNESS POWER GRAPHICS SCREEN SIZE ETC. © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky Help us take advantage of the computers we already have… … in our pockets! © 2003 Marc Prensky DON’T BAN OUR CELL PHONES © 2004 Marc Prensky MAKE THEM LEARNING TOOLS © 2004 Marc Prensky CELL PHONES ARE: • • • • • • Always in our pocket Powerful and inexpensive Communication-first devices Full-featured e.g. Cameras, GPS, internet Easy to download content into Open to external input & output Missing: Imagination & Funding © 2004 Marc Prensky GIVE US THE SOFTWARE TOOLS THAT WILL EMPOWER US © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky YOU SHOULD BE DOING INFINITELY MORE FOR SOFTWARE © 2004 Marc Prensky IT IS A NATIONAL SCANDAL THAT WE HAVE NOT DEVELOPED SOFTWARE THAT… © 2004 Marc Prensky …TEACHES ALL KIDS TO READ BEFORE THEY ENTER FIRST GRADE © 2004 Marc Prensky …TEACHES ALL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ALGEBRA © 2004 Marc Prensky WE CAN’T RELY ON THE MARKETPLACE TO PROVIDE THE BEST EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE © 2004 Marc Prensky We need a “MANHATTAN PROJECT” For KEY EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE TOOLS © 2004 Marc Prensky EXAMPLES: Tools for: • Teaching the basic subjects • Creating persuasive arguments • Enabling effective communication • Building common databases • Sharing points of view © 2004 Marc Prensky EMPOWER US TO BUILD THEM © 2004 Marc Prensky “Hidden Agenda” © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky TOOLS MUST BE NOT ONLY POWERFUL BUT ALSO ENGAGING © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky WE ARE NOT “ADD” BUT “EOE” © 2004 Marc Prensky ENGAGE ME Or ENRAGE ME © 2004 Marc Prensky HOW CAN YOU MAKE OUR SOFTWARE TOOLS ENGAGING? © 2004 Marc Prensky DUH! (A TECHNICAL TERM) © 2004 Marc Prensky WHAT ENGAGES US? © 2004 Marc Prensky GAMES! © 2004 Marc Prensky So Use GAMES © 2004 Marc Prensky As LEARNING TOOLS! © 2004 Marc Prensky GIVE US GAME-TOOLS ENGAGE US TO © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky WE KNOW GAMES PRODUCE LEARNING WITH ENGAGEMENT © 2004 Marc Prensky WE WANT TO LEARN WITH ENGAGEMENT ALL THE TIME © 2004 Marc Prensky WE WANT GAMES NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE GAMES, BUT BECAUSE THEY’RE THE MOST ENGAGING INTELLECTUAL THING WE HAVE… © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky …AND WE KNOW HOW MUCH WE LEARN FROM THEM! © 2004 Marc Prensky IN FACT, LEARNING IS THE BIG SECRET REASON WE PLAY GAMES! © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky Why Games Engage Us Fun Play Rules Goals Interactive Outcomes & Feedback Adaptive Win states Conflict, competition Problem solving Interaction with people Representation & Story Enjoyment and Pleasure Intense involvement Structure Motivation Doing Learning Flow Ego Gratification Adrenaline Creativity Social Groups © 2004 Marc Prensky Emotion Why We Learn From Games 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. (James Paul Gee: What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy 19. Relating information Doing and reflecting 20. Meshing information from multiple media Appreciating good design 21. Understanding how knowledge is stored Seeing interrelationships 22. Thinking intuitively Mastering game language 23. Practicing in a simplified setting Relating the game world to other worlds 24. Being led from easy problems to harder ones Taking risks with reduced consequences 25. Mastering upfront things needed later Putting out effort because they care 26. Repeating basic skills in many games Combining multiple identities 27. Receiving information just when it is needed Watching their own behavior 28. Trying rather than following instructions Getting more out than what they put in 29. Applying learning from problems to later ones Being rewarded for achievement 30. Thinking about the game and the real world Being encouraged to practice 31. Thinking about the game and how they learn Having to master new skills at each level 32. Thinking about the games and their culture Tasks being neither too easy nor too hard. 33. Finding meaning in all parts of the game Doing, thinking and strategizing 34. Sharing with other players Getting to do things their own way 35. Being part of the gaming world Discovering meaning 36. Helping others and modifying games, Reading in context in addition to just playing. What We Learn from Games Areas various researchers claim are improved by Playing Video Games visual selective attention multiple task processing rule understanding strategy morality ethics identity flow traditional literacy digital literacy new media literacy concentration social skills stress relief scientific thinking intellectual development affective development social development transfer comprehension skills academic skills strategies & procedures use of symbols problem solving sequence learning deductive reasoning © 2004 Marc Prensky What We Learn from Games (simplified) • • • • • How (to do things) What (Rules) Why (Strategy) Where (Environment) When / Whether (Ethics) © 2004 Marc Prensky “…after Joan of Arc’s victory, the entire myth of English invulnerability was destroyed.” – Alex, Age 9 © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky “I don’t want to study Rome in high school. Heck, I build Rome every day in my online game (Caesar III).” – Colin, Age 16 © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky WE KNOW WHAT WE LEARN FROM OUR GAMES IS VALUABLE © 2004 Marc Prensky “Objectionable” Learning: < 7% Valuable Learning: 93% + • • • • History Professional Skills Resource Managemen © 2004 Marc Prensky Math/Science Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) Games Job Simulation History Resource Mgmt Gettysburg The New World Civilization III Pharaoh Medieval Total War Viking Invasion Rampage Across Britain Stronghold Crusader Caesar III The Age of Kings The Age of Empires The Rise of Nations Shogun Qin Emergency Room Emergency Emergency EMT Vet Emergency Roller Coaster Tycoon Airport Tycoon Cruise Ship Tycoon Big Biz Tycoon, Roller Coaster Tycoon Mall Tycoon Startup Theme Park Tycoon Zoo Tycoon Restaurant Empire Math-Science Physicus Chemicus Green Globs and Graphing Equations Business Virtual Leader Trader Objection! Strategy Co-Pilot Marketing Co-Pilo Sales Co-Pilot Virtual U © 2004 Marc Prensky Custom Games Job Simulation Social Studies Revolution Eyewitness Spanish Inquisition Qin Making History Tropical America Mass Balance City Planning Corporate Greed Power Politics The Political machine President Forever Quandries (Ethics) Sim Health Balance of Power Resource Mgmt Building a Home Entertech ReaL Lives Virtual U. Incident Commander Road Quiz Streetwise Flood Ranger Park Ranger Waterbusters Math-Science The Algebots The Monkey Wrench Conspiracy Environmental Detectives Supercharged Rapunsel Kinetic City Mission Max National Geographic Space Station Sim Project Connect Nitrogenius Episims Language English Taxi Listening Skills Achieve Now Slide Prospero’s Island © 2004 Marc Prensky AND WE WANT SOME CREDIT and RECOGNITION FOR IT! © 2004 Marc Prensky WE THINK ALL OUR LEARNING SHOULD BE AS ENGAGING AS OUR GAMES © 2004 Marc Prensky WHEN IT ISN’T, WE EITHER “PLAY SCHOOL” © 2004 Marc Prensky “We have learned to "play school." We study the right facts the night before the test so we achieve a passing grade and thus become a successful student.” – A high school student © 2004 Marc Prensky …OR WE JUST TUNE YOU OUT © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky MOTIVATION IS MORE IMPORTANT FOR US THAN CONTENT! © 2004 Marc Prensky DON’T BORE US! © 2004 Marc Prensky “[The Millennials] call the shots. Anyone who bores them will be getting blocked, zapped and tuned out for years to come.” – Business Week, July 12, 2004 WE CAN GET MOTIVATION AND ENGAGEMENT… © 2004 Marc Prensky THROUGH GAME -TOOLS © 2004 Marc Prensky GAME DESIGN IS CRUCIAL TO MOTIVATION AND ENGAGEMENT © 2004 Marc Prensky KEY THINGS ABOUT GAME DESIGN: • FOCUS IS ON THE USER’S ENGAGEMENT • DECISIONS COME REALLY FREQUENTLY • GAMEPLAY TRUMPS EYE CANDY! © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky includes •Continuous decision making •Good pacing •Complexity •Important choices •Immediate feedback •Adapting to the player’s skills © 2004 Marc Prensky Game Design Curriculum Design Focus • Engagement • Content Mode • Gameplay • Presentation Decisions • Frequent and important • Relatively Rare © 2004 Marc Prensky WHAT WE DON’T YET LEARN IN GAMES IS THE CURRICULUM, © 2004 Marc Prensky But… © 2004 Marc Prensky CURRICULAR GAMES ARE COMING © 2004 Marc Prensky AND YOU CAN HELP US! © 2004 Marc Prensky BY SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CURRICULAR GAME-TOOLS © 2004 Marc Prensky MAKING THESE TOOLS IS NOT EASY © 2004 Marc Prensky It’s ART, NOT SCIENCE © 2004 Marc Prensky We CAN’T USE TRADITIONAL PEDAGOGY © 2004 Marc Prensky “Whenever you add an instructional designer, they suck the fun out” – A Game Designer © 2004 Marc Prensky GAME DESIGNERS HAVE ALREADY INSTINCTIVELY INCORPORATED THE MOST EFFECTIVE, PRAGMATIC, PEDAGOGY © 2004 Marc Prensky James Paul Gee: “What Video Games Have To Teach Us About Learning and Literacy” OUR JOB IS TO COMBINE GAME PEDAGOGY WITH THE CURRICULUM © 2004 Marc Prensky PLEASE HELP! © 2004 Marc Prensky Today: TOOLS AND GAMES CAN ENRICH OUR CLASSES © 2004 Marc Prensky Very Soon: TOOLS AND GAMES WILL REPLACE CLASSES AND TEACHERS in many situations © 2004 Marc Prensky “Beat the Game, Pass the Course” © 2004 Marc Prensky Game Examples © 2004 Marc Prensky Elementary: Logical Thinking “Logical Journey of the Zoombinis” In Stores. Also: “Lemmings” “The Incredible Machine” © 2004 Marc Prensky Elementary: Programming “Rapunzel” From NYU www.maryflanagan.com/rapunsel © 2004 Marc Prensky Middle School: Keyboarding “The Typing of the Dead” In Stores © 2004 Marc Prensky Middle School: Language “The ESP Game” From Carnegie-Mellon http://www.espgame.org/cgi-bin/login © 2004 Carnegie-Mellon © 2004 Marc Prensky Middle School: Language (ESL) “English Taxi” From Desq http://www.desq.co.uk/ © 2004 Marc Prensky Middle School: Algebra “The Algebots” Coming, from Games2train.com and DigitalMultiplier.org http://www.games2train.com/games/algebots/thealgebots.html © 2004 Marc Prensky Middle School: Science “Space Station SIM” (NASA) Coming, from GRS Games http://www.grsgames.com/products/game1/DGoals.html © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Social Studies “Revolution” From The Education Arcade at MIT http://www.educationarcade.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=9&page=1 © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Social Studies “Tropical America” Available Online http://www.tropicalamerica.com/ © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Social Studies “Making History” Coming, from Muzzy Lane Software http://www.muzzylane.com/products/making-history.htm © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Social Studies “Eyewitness” (Nanking Massacre) Coming (free download) http://www.mic.polyu.edu.hk/nanjing/index.asp © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Social Studies “Under Siege” (Palestinian Freedom Fighters Game) Available for download http://www.underash.net/ © 2004 Marc Prensky HS: Mechanical Design “The Monkey Wrench Conspiracy” GAME 3 levels, save station TASKS 30 graded, w/self-evals Demo Copy Available http://www.games2train.com/site/html/tutor.html © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Biology, Virology Immune Attack (NIH) Coming Replicate (MIT) Design Only http://www.educationarcade.org/gtt/Virus/Intro.htm © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Ethics “Corporate Greed: Names, Faces and Deeds” Avaliable Online. From Games2train http://www.games2train.com/games/MatchIt/MatchIt.html © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Law “Objection!” Online demo available http://www.objection.com/ © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Business “Virtual Leader” (Interpersonal Relationships) For Sale at http://www.simulearn.net/SimuLearn/simulearn_home_page.htm © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Business “Airline Tycoon” In Stores (along with Casino Tycoon, Cruise Ship Tycoon, Big Biz Tycoon, Roller Coaster Tycoon, Mall Tycoon, Railroad Tycoon, School Tycoon, Theme Park Tycoon, Zoo Tycoon, and Restaurant Empire. ) © 2004 Marc Prensky High School: Business “Start-Up,” “Capitalism,” etc. Available in Stores © 2004 Marc Prensky HS-AP: Environmental Science “Environmental Detectives” Available From MIT http://cms.mit.edu/games/education/Handheld/Intro.htm © 2004 Marc Prensky HS-AP: Physics “Supercharged” Available From MIT http://www.educationarcade.org/gtt/EM/Intro.htm © 2004 Marc Prensky www.socialimpactgames.com Education Health and Wellness Public Policy Military Political and Social Advertising COTS © 2004 Marc Prensky RECAP © 2004 Marc Prensky WE WANT YOU TO GIVE US © 2004 Marc Prensky POWERFUL © 2004 Marc Prensky ENGAGING © 2004 Marc Prensky st 21 CENTURY © 2004 Marc Prensky TOOLS © 2004 Marc Prensky GIVE US HARDWARE TOOLS TO EMPOWER US © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky SUPPORT 1:1 (WITH STANDARDS) + CELL PHONE INITIATIVES © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky GIVE US SOFTWARE TOOLS TO EMPOWER US © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky SUPPORT PROJECTS TO CREATE EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE THAT TEACHES ST 21 CENTURY SKILLS © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky GIVE US GAME-TOOLS ENGAGE US TO © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGE GAME-TOOLS FOR LEARNING © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky “For the first time in history, students are no longer limited by their teachers’ ability and knowledge.” – Mark Anderson © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky E-LEARNING © 2004 Marc Prensky E-NABLEMENT © 2004 Marc Prensky Give us the st 21 Century Tools we need! © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky marc@games2train.com www.games2train.com www.marcprensky.com www.socialimpactgames.com www.dodgamecommunity.com www.gamesparentsteachers.com www.digitalmultiplier.org © 2004 Marc Prensky © 2004 Marc Prensky
