MAE 1202: AEROSPACE PRACTICUM
Lecture 1: Introduction and Course Overview
January 7, 2013
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department
Florida Institute of Technology
D. R. Kirk
LECTURE OUTLINE
• Syllabus
• Course Structure
• Topics Covered
• Advice for MAE 1202 and Florida Tech
• Summary
Course Website
http://my.fit.edu/~dkirk/1202/index.html
MAE 1202: COURSE STRCUTURE
•
Monday lecture to introduce elementary design concepts related to:
1. Aerodynamics (Chapters 4 and 5)
2. Aircraft performance (Chapter 6)
3. Aerospace structures (Chapter 10)
4. Propulsion: Air-breathing, rocket and spacecraft (Chapter 9)
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Bi-weekly laboratory sessions
– Tuesday and Thursday – or – Wednesday and Friday, Room 228/229 EC
– Attendance is taken at every session – free 5% of your grade
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Introduce computational engineering tools
– MS Word, MS Excel, MATLAB, and Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software
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Introduction to machine shop
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Introduction and tour of research laboratories
– Wind tunnel, shock tunnel, structures, heat transfer, etc.
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Team project to design, analyze, and build aerospace device
– 5-8 students per team
– Design competition held during final week of class
READING AND HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS
• Reading Assignment:
– For January 14, 2013 lecture: Chapter 4, Sections 4.1 - 4.14
• Lecture-Based Homework Assignment:
– Problems: None
• Due Date:
• Turn in hard copy of homework
– Review and be familiar with textbook examples in Chapter 4
– Note: Answers to all homework problems are provided – grading is
dependent on your approach and procedure to arrive at a solution
– Comment on your answers – just a phrase or two
• Laboratory Homework Assignment #1:
– Due Date: Friday, January 18, 2013 by 11 AM
– Details in Thurs./Fri. laboratory session
LABORATORY INSTRUCTORS
Section
Date and Time
Room
1
Tues. and Thurs.: 9:30-10:45 AM
229 EC
2
Tues. and Thurs.: 2:00-3:15 PM
229 EC
3
Wed. and Fri.: 8:30-9:45 AM
229 EC
4
Tues. and Thurs.: 11:00-12:15 AM
229 EC
5
Tues. and Thurs.: 8:00-9:15 AM
228 EC
6
Tues. and Thurs.: 8:00-9:15 AM
229 EC
Teaching Assistant
Joel Faure
jfaure@my.fit.edu
Joel Faure
Darren Levine
dlevine2008@my.fit.edu
Darren Levine
Sunil Chintalapati
chintals@fit.edu
Sunil Chintalapati
• GSA = Graduate Student Assistant
– Paid to go to grad school
– Work on cutting edge research
– Also teach and continue to take classes
• Are available to help with any homework or laboratory project
• Make sure they know who you are – become their friends
– Learn about their research
– Learn from their successes and mistakes as undergraduates
– Ask them questions about how to be successful at Florida Tech
LECTURE TOPICS OVERVIEW
Aerodynamics
Vehicle Performance
Propulsion
Structures
PRICE OF OIL vs. AIRLINE STOCK PRICE
Crude Oil (OIS)
American Airlines (AMR, AAMRQ)
FUEL COST DRIVERS
• Fuel now largest component of operating costs
• Carriers turning to fuel-saving measures that once seemed hardly worthwhile
– Upswept wingtips to increase range and improve aerodynamics
– Taxi to and from runway on one engine to save fuel
– Does it make sense to actually fly slower?
– Do you polish an airplane or paint the airplane?
– Airlines have new program to wash their aircraft/engines
– Other cost saving measures
• 1st and 2nd bag check fee (and many others new fees…)
• Remove all pillows from MD-80’s
• Think about bankruptcies and mergers over last several years (Delta,
American, Continental, United, America West, ATA, etc.)
CHEMICAL EMISSIONS
AIRCRAFT NOISE
AIRCRAFT AND ENGINE NOISE
LECTURE TOPICS: AERODYNAMICS
• Why are airplanes, wings, rockets, etc. shaped way they are?
• What is relevance of their shape?
• How do we design such shapes and what is impact of that design?
Boeing 777
SR-71
U-2
F-15
HOW DOES AN AIRFOIL GENERATE LIFT?
• Lift due to imbalance of pressure distribution over top and bottom surfaces of wing
– If pressure on top is lower than pressure on bottom surface, lift is generated
– Why is pressure lower on top surface?
• We can understand answer from basic physics:
– Continuity (Mass Conservation)
– Newton’s 2nd law (Euler or Bernoulli Equation)
COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT: BOEING SERIES
707
757
727
767
737
747
• What is same?
• What is different?
• Why?
777
787
BOEING 747-110 (1973) vs. 747-800 (2009)
Airbus Advanced Concept Aircraft
16
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1315836/Boeing-takes-Airbus-invisible-planes-supersonic-scramjet-engines.html
EXAMPLE: SLATS AND FLAPS
EXAMPLE: SWEPT WINGS
• All modern high-speed aircraft have swept wings: WHY?
DRONES IN THE NEWS…
DO YOU NEED WINGS TO FLY?
"At some point I collided with one of the Skyhawks, at first I didn't realize it. I felt a big
strike, and I thought we passed through the jet stream of one of the other aircraft. Before I
could react, I saw the big fireball created by the explosion of the Skyhawk.”
SUPERSONIC FLOW
• Can you fly faster than the speed of sound, HOW?
• What can happen in supersonic flows?
• Supersonic flows (M > 1) are qualitatively and quantitatively different
from subsonic flows (M < 1)
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF AERODYNAMICS
ROCKET VS. AIR-BREATHING PROPULSION
• Take mass stored in a vehicle and
• Capture mass from environment and set
throw it backwards
that mass in motion backwards
→ Use reaction force to propel
→ Use reaction force to propel vehicle
vehicle
– Only fuel is carried onboard
– All fuel and oxidizer are carried
– Oxidizer (air) is ‘harvested’
onboard the vehicle
continuously during flight
– Rocket and Mission Analysis
(MAE: 4262)
– Air-Breathing Engines (MAE: 4261)
CROSS-SECTIONAL EXAMPLE: GE 90-115B
Compressor
Nozzle
Fan
Turbine
Inlet
Combustor
• Why does this engine look the way that it does?
• How does this engine push an airplane forward, i.e. how does it generate thrust?
• What are major components and design parameters?
•
http://www.geae.com/education/genx/theatre/genx_theatre_go.html
TRENDS TO BIGGER ENGINES
1958: Boeing 707, United States' first commercial jet airliner
Similar to PWJT4A: T=17,000 lbf, a ~ 1
1995: Boeing 777, FAA Certified
PW4000-112: T=100,000 lbf , a ~ 6
COMMERCIAL VS. MILITARY ENGINES
(APPROX. SAME THRUST, APPROX. CORRECT RELATIVE SIZES)
GE CFM56 for Boeing 737
T~30,000 lbf, Bypass Ratio, a ~ 5
P&W 119 for F- 22, T~35,000 lbf, Bypass Ratio a ~ 0.3
HOW ARE ROCKET NOZZLES SHAPPED?
• ConvergingDiverging shape is
ONLY way to
accelerate a subsonic flow to super
sonic velocities!
LECTURE TOPICS: AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE
747
What drove this design?
Fuel Cost
787
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•
Examine behavior of entire airplane
– How fast can this airplane fly (Range)?
– How far can this airplane fly on a single tank of fuel (Endurance)?
– How long can this airplane stay in the air on a single tank of fuel?
– How fast and how high can it climb?
– How well can the airplane maneuver?
How does the airplane perform?
EXAMPLE: VIRGIN ATLANTIC GLOBALFLYER
World record for first non-stop solo circumnavigation around the world
Wing Span: 114 ft
Wing Area: 400 ft2
Length: 44.1 ft
Height: 13.3 ft
Gross Weight: 22,000 lbs
Empty Weight: 3,350 lbs
LECTURE TOPICS: AEROSPACE STRUCTURES
• Structural analysis plays a key role in aerospace design
– Just as important as aerodynamics, propulsion, flight dynamics and control
• Vast resources (money, time, etc.) dedicated to reducing weight and cost of
aerospace structures
• Aerospace structures operate in unique (often very harsh) environments
– Rockets: High G-loading and dynamic pressure (yet want lightweight and thin
tanks to reduce mass penalty)
– Gas turbine engine blades: Operate above the melting temperature of material!
Structure must be cooled
EXAMPLE: SPACE STATION TRUSS STRUCTURE
In a weightless environment load calculations become easier?
No. Truss system being built for International Space Station must
withstand both loading from launch and unusual forces and environment
found on orbit.
EXAMPLE: AIRCRAFT WAKE TURBULENCE
STRUCTURAL FAILURE EXAMPLE?
•
Aug. 5 — The Nov. 12 2001 crash of
American Airlines Flight 587 was the world's
worst single-plane crash in a decade
– Airbus: pilot error as one possible cause
– AA: Airbus A300-600's composites, the
material that makes up the tail, could have
been the culprit
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In theory, the airplane should be able to
withstand a sudden yaw, yet it is well known
that severe and dangerous horizontal gust
loads can be imposed on vertical stabilizers
under some flight conditions. That is why they
have computer monitoring of airspeed so as to
reduce the limit of rudder movement, on
modern airliners: because structural limits of
the vertical stabilizer can be exceeded if the
rudder throw is too great when accompanied
by a severe side loading
LABORATORY TOPICS OVERVIEW
ENGINEERING TOOLS: MS WORD AND EXCEL
• MS Word (1 Lecture)
– Introduction of basic and higher order functions
• Automatic generation of table of contents, lists of figures and tables
• Spell and grammar check
• Headers and footnotes
• Important to produce professional quality engineering documents
• MS Word facilitates document generation, but quality of technical writing is still
up to you
• MS Excel (1 Lecture)
– Introduction to spreadsheet analysis
– Introduction of basic and higher order functions
• Freezing rows and columns, goal seek, generating plots
ENGINEERING TOOLS: MATLAB
• Overview of Matlab: 4 Lectures
• What is it and what can it do?
– Matlab is a mathematical software that can be used to solve a
wide range of engineering problems
– Write your own programs and utilizes many ‘built-in’ functions
• Sum, mean, pi, sin, std, max, factorial, etc.
– Very powerful for manipulation of matrices, linear algebra
– Data analysis and plotting
ENGINEERING TOOLS: CAD
• One of most sophisticated and powerful solid modeling packages
available
• Provide foundation on how to use package over course of ~10
laboratory sessions
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Create models of relatively complex parts and assemblies
Know how to produce related detailed engineering drawings
Understand terminology use in CAD
Understand design philosophy and methods embedded in CAD
CADPROFESSIONAL EXAMPLES
PREVIOUS CAD FIT PROJECTS
PREVIOUS CAD FIT PROJECTS
EXAMPLES
MACHINE SHOP OVERVIEW
• Useful throughout time at FIT, especially Junior and Senior Design Projects
• Knowledge of how various components are made ↔ design process
• Basic Machine Shop Training (6 sessions)
– Shop Safety
– Drawing and Manufacturing
– Precision Instruments
– Cutting Tools, Milling Machine, Saws, Welding, Lathe, Hand Tools, etc.
Example: Inside Micrometer
Example: Outside Micrometer
LABORATORIES OVERVIEW
• A wind tunnel is a ground-based experimental facility used to produce air
flow to study flight of airplanes, missiles, space vehicles, etc.
• Many different types of wind tunnels
– Subsonic, transonic, supersonic, hypersonic
Excellent Wind Tunnel Site: http://vonkarman.stanford.edu/tsd/pbstuff/tunnel/
TEAM PROJECT
GOAL: Launch and recover student designed,
Built, and tested rockets to a given altitude
Excellent preparation for junior and senior design
projects and Pioneer Cup Participation
FREE ADVICE
STATISTICS AND COMMENTS
• Aerospace Engineering largest major, in largest department, in largest college at
Florida Tech (lots of leverage)
• 86 students currently enrolled in 2013 MAE 1202: Aerospace Practicum
• 100 students initially enrolled in 2012 MAE 1201: Introduction to Aerospace
Engineering
– 14 % loss in enrollment
– 2010: 93 in Intro, 74 started Practicum (20% loss)
– 2007: 105 in Intro, 91 started Practicum (13% loss)
• Last year Aerospace Practicum had 72 students
• 30% A’s
• 45% B’s
• 2 F’s
THE GOOD ABOUT MAE 1202
• Class is exceptionally difficult to fail – or even get a D
– Nonetheless it happens, however never because of academic inability
• Doing all homework, participating in team project, attending every lab, and taking
every concept quiz will probably get you a B
• Team project turns out to be a lot of fun
– You will be graded by your teammates for project
– Projects are well-funded
• Take advantage of office hours and many evening review sessions
• Exams follow closely from lecture concepts, homework and text reading
– Exams are open book and notes
– Exams are rather lengthy and challenging
• Foundation for many course at Florida Tech
THE BAD ABOUT MAE 1202
• Foundation for many course at Florida Tech
• Course is listed as 2 credits – it will feel like 4
– Lots of lecture homework (~8 problems per week)
• Lots of new fundamental concepts
– Laboratory assignment every week
– New engineering tools (MATLAB and Pro|Engineer) to learn
– Team project is a lot of work
• You probably will like aspects of the course better than others
• Your team may work well together or you may not work together
• There will undoubtedly be complaining
– Complain to me – never to your Teaching Assistants
HOWEVER: If you dedicate yourself to doing all this work:
You will be extremely prepared for all other aerospace courses at FIT
You will be among the most prepared and knowledgeable sophomores
OTHER ADVICE
•
College is 3½ years long, not 4
– When you apply for grad school or a job, your transcript will only cover your first 7
semesters!
– Job offers or a grad school plan in place before your last semester is over
•
The difference between a 3.01 GPA and a 2.98 GPA is much larger than the difference
between a 3.2 and 3.5 GPA
– 3.01 GPA grad school, completely paid for = yes!
– 2.98 GPA grad school = bye bye, good luck not finding a job!
•
It is almost impossible to dig out of a big GPA hole
•
Pay attention to 4 credit courses
– Big ‘hitters’ in your GPA
– Be well rounded, but balanced – we don’t need engineering dorks
•
Setting a good precedent early is important – without being a suck-up
– Good student – As I grade this exam, let me find where to give her points
– Bad student – As I grade this exam, let me find where she went wrong
COURSE SUMMARY
• MAE 1202: Aerospace Practicum offers exciting mix:
– Interesting lectures
• Aerodynamics, propulsion, flight performance, structures
• Content will extend through FIT, grad school, career
– Introduction to modern and highly useful engineering tools
• MS Word, MS Excel, Matlab, Pro|Engineer Wildfire
– Tour of machine shop and research laboratories
– Design Project
• Opportunity to work in teams on aerospace related project
• Apply theoretical results with engineering tools
• Design, analyze, and build
ONLINE REFERENCES
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http://www.aircraftenginedesign.com/enginepics.html
http://www.pratt-whitney.com/
http://www.geae.com/
http://www.geae.com/education/engines101/
http://www.ueet.nasa.gov/StudentSite/engines.html
http://www.aeromuseum.org/Education/Lessons/HowPlaneFly/HowPlaneFly.html
http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal109/NEWHTF/HTF532.HTM
http://www.aircav.com/histturb.html
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljjetenginehistory.htm
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blenginegasturbine.htm
http://www.gas-turbines.com/primer/primer.htm