Mozart and Opera
Mozart: Austria 1756-1791
• Independent musician: no patron
• Began at age 6. Composed more than
600 works, including 20 operas and 41
symphonies
• Joseph II of Austria sponsored him
• Balance of music and drama in opera
by Milos Forman
• The MarriageDirected
of Figaro,
Don Giovanni,
1984
The Magic Flute
• Requiem Mass – dies doing it.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ciFTP_KRy4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO2Shara6Kg&feature=related
Isaac Newton's
Philosophie Naturalis of Principia Mathematica
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosopy
Published – July 5, 1687 (Newton’s own copy) and Opticks 1704
Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer,
Natural Scientist, Alchemist
Universal Gravitation (Gravity)
Development of Calculus
Optics - Behaviors and Properties
Laws of Motion
ff Light and electromagnetic
Law of Inertia
waves
Law of Acceleration
Law of Reciprocal Action
Refraction of Light
A physical body will remain at rest,
(Descartes had done investigations
or continue to move at a constant velocity,
on Optics, but he could not
unless a net force acts upon it.
fully publish all his findings
due to probably Church persecution)
The net force on a body is equal to its
mass multiplied by its acceleration.
To every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction.
The Enlightenment Era
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Thinkers
of social
Also known
as justice
– The Age of Reason
Thinkers that promoted human rights
Reason advocated more than ever…
Thinkers of science
Reason
waspromoted
implemented
Thinkers that
freedom of religion
Government/Religion
…
and freedom from religion
Thinkers
that promoted
better
conditions
in general,
in
Relationship
of people
between
people
and including
government
prison.
Progress
Thinkers that brought about different political/social types, such as
Philosophers
= thinkers
Communism (later
on)
Thinkers
that=believe
that nature can be controlled, manipulated with
Scientists
thinkers
technology
Thinkers that above all, believed in progress.
Some of the Enlightenment
Names
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Descartes
Hobbes
Locke
Hume
Rousseau
Newton
Voltaire
• Diderot
• Locke
• Smith – Capitalism
The Wealth of Nations
• Montesquieu –
cultural relativism; not
imposed. Separation of
powers – executive,
legislative, judicial
• De Montaigne
People have different
government, according to
climate
What thinkers thought
The Salons
• Social gatherings with dining,
entertainment, conversation
• Wealthy women
• Mme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, Diderot
• Helped finance Encyclopedie
• Discussion of ideas and events
The Rise of the Novel
• Epistolary novels (written as a series
of documents)
• A leisured class of educated readers
emerged
• Novels of manners, such as Jane
Austen’s Sense and Sensibility
(customs and values of particular
class of people)
Voltaire
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Voltaire left behind him over fourteen thousand known letters and over two thousand books and
Nihilism
(fromVoltaire
the is
Latin
nihil,
nothing)
a
pamphlets.
Among
his–best-known
the
satirical
short story is
CANDIDE
(1759), which
Francois
Marie
Arouet
Pen name: works
(nom
de plume)
reflected
the
nihilism
of
Jonathan
Swift
(Gulliver’s
Travels).
In
the
story
the
young
and innocent
Jesuit education philosophical position which argues that
hero, Candide, experiences a long series of misfortunes and disastrous adventures. He is kicked
Wrote
against
government
Being,
especially past
and current
human
out ofsatire
the castle
of
Thunder-Ten-Tronckh
for making
love to the
baron's daughter, Cunégonde, in
Went
to Bastille
forexistence,
11 months
the army
he is beaten
nearly tois
death,
in
Lisbon
he
experiences
the famous earthquake, he is
without
objective
meaning,
hunted
by the Inquisition
and Jesuits, and threatened with imprisonment in Paris. Meanwhile
Wrote
“Chevalier
De Rohan”
purpose,
comprehensible
truth,
or essential
Cunégonde's
father,
mother
and
brother are hacked
to pieces
by invaders, and she is raped
Imprisoned or exiled?
repeatedly. Eventually Candide marries Cunégonde, who has become an ugly gummy-eyed, flatvalue.
Nihilists
generally
assert
all worlds," Voltaire wrote,
Loved
rationalism
and natural
sciences
chested
washerwoman,
with
wrinkled
cheeks."If this
is thesome
best of or
possible
Praised
the British’s
tolerance
of religion
– was
forced
to exile of cultivating one's garden - "Il faut
"what then
are the
Finally
Candide
finds
the pleasures
ofothers."
the following:
cultiver
notre
jardin."
Friends with Frederick the Great of Prussia (Germany)
Candide's world is full of liars, traitors, ingrates, thieves, misers, killers, fanatics, hypocrites, fools
and so
However,
Voltaire's
is not based
on of
social
There
is nooutrage
reasonable
proof
thecriticism but on his ironic view of
Wrote
toon.
Rousseau,
his
enemy:
human nature. When Candide asks his friend Martin, does he believe that men have always
existence
a higher
ruler
oreat
creator,
massacred one another,
Martinofpoints
out that
hawks
pigeons. "-Well, said Martin, if hawks
–
“One
feels
like
crawling
on
all
fours
after
reading
your
work.”
have always had a
the
same
character,
why
do
you
suppose
that men have changed?" Candide
"true morality" does not exist, and
rejects the philosophy of his tutor, the unsuccessfully hanged Doctor Pangloss, who claims that
Feeling
“animalistic,”
and
definitely,
not “enlightened.”
secular
ethics
are(see
impossible;
"all is
for the
bestobjective
in this
best
of
all possible
worlds"
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz). Candide was
partly inspired by the devastating Lisbon earthquake of 1755, Dr. Pangloss was allegedly a
therefore,
life has,
a real
sense,
truth,
and Moreau de Maupertuis
caricature of Leibniz,
but it is possible
thatinthe
modelno
was
Pierre-Louis
(1698-1759), a French
philosopher
and scientistpreferable to any
no action
is objectively
other
Rousseau
Voltaire
Disdained the aristocracy
Moved in aristocratic circles
People should live outdoors, in
harmony with nature.
Equality is impossible
Reason
Advocated for democracy
Emotions
Absolute power and Christianity is
a problem for society
Absolute power and Christianity is
a problem for society
PROGRESS, above all.
The Philosophes’ main points:
•
Progress: Human history is largely a history of the improvement of
humanity in three respects: a) developing a knowledge of the natural world
and the ability to manipulate the world through technology; b) overcoming
ignorance bred of superstitions and religions; c) overcoming human cruelty
and violence through social improvements and government structures.
•
Deism: Deism is a term coined in the philosophe movement and applies to
two related ideas: a) religion should be reasonable and should result in the
highest moral behavior of its adherents; b) the knowledge of the natural
world and the human world has nothing to do whatsoever with religion and
should be approached completely free from religious ideas or convictions.
One Supreme Being.
•
Tolerance: The greatest human crimes, as far as the philosophes were
concerned, have been perpetrated in the name of religion and the name of
God. A fair, just, and productive society absolutely depends on religious
tolerance. This means not merely tolerance of varying Christian sects, but
tolerance of non-Christian religions as well (for some philosophes ).
Rococo
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A style of art and decoration, French
More elaborate than Baroque
Feminine lines
The word Rococo is seen as a combination of
the French rocaille, or shell, and the Italian
barocco, or Baroque style. Due to Rococo love
of shell-like curves and focus on decorative arts,
some critics used the term to derogatively imply
that the style was frivolous or merely fashion.
• The aristocracy at play…
The Catherine Palace
Braunstein, German architect, 1717
for Russian Tsars
Church in Bavaria, Germany:
Ottebeuren
Francoise Boucher
Le Dejeuner, 1739
Fragonard - The Swing, 1767
The Reader
The Bourgeois Response to
Rococo
•
Figaro, the character based on a French play by Pierre Beaumarchais (trilogy)
The Barber of Seville (The Marriage of Figaro and the Guilty Mother)
The Count of Altamira – Lindor (to see if Roxina loves him; not his money
Roxina in love
Dr. Bartholo locks Roxina
Figaro – old servant who helps the count; access to Dr.’s house
Count and Roxina
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Condemned aristocratic privilege
Middle class gained influence
Art reflected their moral attitudes
Neoclassicism
ABOUT ROCOCO: Voltaire and Jacques-François Blondel began
to voice their criticism of the superficiality and degeneracy of the
art. Blondel decried the "ridiculous jumble of shells, dragons,
reeds, palm-trees and plants" in contemporary interiors
• By 1785, Rococo had passed out of
fashion in France, replaced by the order
and seriousness of Neoclassical artists like
Jacques Louis David
Neoclassical Architecture
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Influence of Palladio
Chiswick House (fig. 16.17)
Thomas Jefferson: Ambassador to France
Monticello in Virginia (fig. 16.19)
Rebellion against Rococo
Pompeian black and red,
St. Petersburg, 1830
Many of the Washington,
DC art and architecture,
previously shown is
classified as Neoclassic.
In the likeness of the Greek
and Roman Classical Eras,
The Renaissance, but with
a new twist.
The classic style, but make it new
The Oath of the Horatii
Male Triplets – Horatii - Roman
Male Triplets – Curatti – Alban
• … synthesize the tradition anew in each
work.
Horatti’s father supports son’s departure to war
• Fuseli 1778 Horatii’s legs stretched
Wives – weaving, content to wait
• Oath of the Horatii, Jacques David, 1784
One Horatii married to Curatti
One Curatti married to Horatti.
Loyalty, fighting for the right cause.
Precursor painting to the French Revolution
French Revolution
1788-1799
The Death of Marat,
Jacques David, 1793
•Popular sovereignty against the State
•Different factions
•Revolution against the State
•Nationalism, Citizenship, Inalienable Rights,
•Human Rights
•The people revolted against the State,
•Robespierre, one of the Jacobin extreme leaders
of “extreme democracy.”
•Guillotined many. Robespierre killed 1794
•Implemented the Reign of Terror
•18,500 to 100,000 people guillotined,
•Including King Louis XVI and his wife
Marie Antoinette
•Marat, National Assembly, journalist also.
Charlotte Corday brought Marat a list of those
that “needed to be guillotined.” Marat thanked
her And she killed him with knife she hid.
•Marat suffered from a terrible skin disease, and
found relief in the tub, where he improvised
a desk.
Human Rights
Persian King – Cyrus the Great 539 BCE
Declaration
of Human
Ashoka, Indian
RulerRights
272 CE
French Declaration of Rights of Man and of the
Citizen 1789
Used the Virginia Declaration of Rights – 1776
(pre cursor of US Declaration of Independence)
Abolition of feudalism
Popular sovereignty
Equal Opportunity
Presumption of Innocence
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Press
People have the right to rebel against
“inadequate state.”
Individualistic
No freedom of assembly
Some of US Bill of Rights
Copied from the draft of US Constitution
The Classical Symphony
•
•
Order, proportion, harmony
Haydn – “father” of symphony
1. 4 movements
2. sonata form: three-part structure still used
today
•
Mozart had the ability to create effortless
transitions between sections and build
symmetrical structure for his music