Marketing Planning Lecture 3 Karen Knibbs Marketing Practice – U14210 S2 09/10 Learning Objectives By the end of this session, you should be able to: Explain the role and benefits of marketing planning Identify the stages in the Planning Process Understand a range of analysis tools To appreciate the role of marketing control and evaluation Planning: Definitions “A systematic process of forecasting the future business environment and deciding on the most appropriate goals, objectives and positions for best exploiting that environment.” Planning is an activity and a process = formalised The marketing PLAN; “Provides clear and unambiguous statement [of intent] about the strategies and actions that will be implemented, by whom, when and with what [anticipated/required] outcomes.” Kotler et al (2005) Why Plan? Planning helps: to develop systematic, long-term thinking to create an organised approach to develop specificity & consistency to get agreement from colleagues & support from non-marketers • common goals and mutual benefits to identify sources of competitive advantage Benefits of Planning Brassington & Pettitt, (2006) Rationale for planning Planning should answer questions including: 1) Why are we here? • 2) 3) Where are we now? = S&W What issues do we face? • 4) PESTLE analysis / =O&T Where do we want to be? • 5) What business are we in? Goals vs. capabilities How do we get there? • Activities and Controls Planning coordinates all marketing activity Last semester in Principles of Marketing, we looked one-by-one at many elements of a Marketing Plan, so now we need to link these together: Environmental analysis: PESTLE, SWOT Understanding customers: Buyer Behaviour Setting strategy: Segmentation, targeting and positioning 4P’s/ 7P’s Marketing Mix: Marketing Programme Phase One – Goal Setting 1. Mission Planning framework McDonald (2007) 2. Corporate Objectives 3. Marketing Audit Phase Two – Situation Review Environmental 4. SWOT Analyses 5. Assumptions Phase Three – Strategy Formation 6. Marketing objectives & = Core strategy strategies 7. Estimated results 8. Alternative plans & mixes Phase Four – Resource Allocation & Monitoring 9. Budget 10. 1st yr detailed implementation plan analysis: PESTLE, SWOT Understanding customers: Buyer Behaviour Segmentation, targeting and positioning 4P’s/ 7P’s Marketing Measurement Mix & Review Other Authors’ suggested contents 1. Executive summary 2. Situation Analysis 3. Market Summary 1 2 6 7 5 3 4 8 Brassington & Pettitt, (2006) targets, demo-graphics , needs, trends, growth 4. 5. 6. 7. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. SWOT Analysis Competition Product Offering CSF’s – 19. opportunities and 20. threats 21. 8. Marketing Strategy 22. 9. Mission 10. Marketing 23. Objectives Financial Objectives Target markets Positioning Strategies Marketing Mix Marketing Research Financials Sales vs. Expense Forecasts Controls Implementation Milestones Marketing Organisation Contingency Planning Kotler & Keller (2009) Marketing Planning for Small Businesses (SME) Brassington & Pettitt, (2006) Executive Summary / Mission statement Should contain: brief overview of the proposed plan main objectives & recommendations clear indication of timescales involved And allow senior management to quickly grasp the plan’s major points Day (1990) 4 characteristics of effective mission statements: 1) Future oriented 2) Reflects value and orientations of the leader 3) States strategic purpose 4) Enabling – provides clear guidelines for each SBU Group Vision & Mission Mission statement or Corporate objectives Sets out: Specific long-term objectives for the company and organisation as a whole Like all objectives, should be SMART: Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, Timed Objectives will include: Performance Objectives Directional Objectives External Objectives Internal Objectives Current marketing situation or AUDIT Should include: Market situation Competitive situation Macro environment situation • (PESTLE) Product situation Price situation Promotion situation Place (distribution) situation Internal External Internal & External Situation Audit External Factors Macro Environment Political Economic Social/Cultural Technological Legal Environmental (CSR/Green/Ethics) Micro Environment Internal Factors Position Financial Situation Market Position Operations Marketing Research Products Pricing Selling and Distribution Advertising and Sales Promotion Capability Competitors Suppliers Distributors Customers/Market Trends Organizational Structure Management and Workforce Capability for Change SWOT Analysis INTERNAL FACTORS EXTERNAL FACTORS past and present past and present STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES Build on them Emphasise in Exploit them if possible promotional campaigns WEAKNESSES ACTION: Need to be identified and researched via environmental scanning and analysis THREATS Eliminate them if Develop possible Circumvent them contingency plans Must be addressed by Marketing Plan decisions Opportunity and issue Analysis Should include: Strengths and Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats Issue analysis defining the main or critical issues / CSF’s (issues given priority weightings) the plan must address Setting Objectives Types of Objectives: • Quantitative targets - e.g. financial, operating, etc. • Philosophical targets - vision and values. • Qualitative targets - service levels, etc. These are be expressed in terms of: Corporate objectives Marketing objectives Financial objectives Objectives need prioritising and to be SMART: Specific Measurable Achievable (Actionable) Realistic Timed (timescale provided) Qualitative targets Brassington & Pettitt, (2006) Marketing Strategy Includes: target market positioning marketing mix customer service research and development marketing research Marketing Strategies and Actions Strategic Actions provide the means by which a company sets out to achieve its marketing objectives. Achieved by (one or more): • Repositioning the product • Improving product packaging / other mix elements • Amending prices • Improving productivity • Standardisation • Changing sales or customer mix Action Programmes Attempts to answer: what will be done? when? who by? • at what cost and using which resources? Marketing & other Departments Marketing has a bridging / integration role with other operational departments: Research & Development (R&D) Engineering Purchasing Manufacturing Operations Finance & Accounts Credit Marketing Programme Marketing plan: Sample from Boudler Stop Café • Turning strategies into implementable actions. • A detailed written statement specifying target markets, marketing programmes, responsibilities, time scales and resources to be used within the defined budgets. Marketing (Action) programmes: • Actions, often tactical, using marketing mix variables to gain advantage within target market. • Specify means of implementing the marketing strategy. • Detailed as part of the marketing plan. Control and Evaluation Process Measures include: •performance measurements •evaluation mechanisms •feedback mechanisms •contingency planning •Budgets / Profit & Loss Brassington & Pettitt, (2006) Marketing Costs and Profitability Analysis Brassington & Pettitt, (2006) Problems with planning Companies become obsessed with the process or technique rather than the actual content and delivery of the plan!! Unreliable or insufficient market research data can make plans flawed from beginning! New companies • too busy? Small companies • not important/ no skills/ restrictive? Mature companies • Unnecessary / cumbersome? Fast changing markets • not useful / responsive? However all organisations should plan! Marketing Planning is Essential! Conflicting pressures make choices difficult: Enhancing customer service Vs. Increasing profitability Short-term profit Vs. Long-term value creation Revenue maximisation Vs. Cost minimisation Further reading Chapters as per Unit handbook. Texts: Burk Wood, M., (2007). Essential guide to Marketing Planning. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. Hatton (2000). The definitive guide to marketing planning. Kotler,(2003). Marketing Management. McDonald, M., (2005). Marketing Plans: how to prepare them, how to use them. Oxford: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. McDonald & Payne, (2006) (2e). Marketing plans for service businesses. Westwood, (2004) (2e). How to write a marketing plan. Journal articles: Gilmore, Carson, & Grant (2001). SME marketing in practice. Marketing Intelligence and Planning. 19 (1), p6-11. Greenley, Hooley & Saunders. (2004). Management processes in marketing planning. European Journal of Marketing. 38 (8), p933-955 .