Religions Continued
Spiritualism
• Spiritualism is a belief that spirits of the dead residing in the
spirit world have both the ability and the inclination to
communicate with the living. Spiritism, a branch of
Spiritualism developed by Allan Kardec and today found
mostly in continental Europe and Latin America, especially
Brazil, has emphasised reincarnation.
• Spiritualism developed and reached its peak growth in
membership from the 1840s to the 1920s, especially in
English-speaking countries.[1][2] By 1897, it was said to have
more than eight million followers in the United States and
Europe,[3] mostly drawn from the middle and upper classes.
Spiritualism Beliefs
• Although various Spiritualist traditions have their own beliefs, known as
Principles, there are some shared concepts:
• A belief in spirit communication.
• A belief that the soul continues to exist after the death of the physical
body.
• Personal responsibility for life circumstances.
• Even after death it is possible for the soul to learn and improve
• A belief in a God, often referred to as "Infinite Intelligence".
• The natural world considered as an expression of said intelligence.
Christianity
•
Christianity (from the Ancient Greek translation Χριστός, Christos of the Hebrew
ִׁ‫שיח‬
ִׁ ‫ ָמ‬, Mašíaḥ, meaning "the anointed one"[1] and the Latin suffixes ian and -itas) is
a nearly always[note 1] monotheistic[2] religion based on the life and oral teachings of
Jesus as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world's largest
religion,[3][4] with approximately 2.2 billion adherents, known as Christians.[5][6][7][8]
Most Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God, fully divine and fully human,
and the savior of humanity prophesied in the Old Testament. Consequentially,
Christians refer to Jesus as "Christ" or Messiah.
•
The foundations of Christian theology are expressed in ecumenical creeds that are
accepted by followers of the Christian faith. These professions state that Jesus
suffered, died, was buried, and was resurrected from the dead in order to grant
eternal life to those who believe in him and trust in him for the remission of their
sins. The creeds further maintain that Jesus bodily ascended into heaven, where
he reigns with God the Father. Most Christian denominations teach that Jesus will
return to judge all humans, living and dead, and to grant eternal life to his
followers
Christianity
Protestant– Rank Order
• Baptist
• Methodist
• Lutheran
• Christian (Church of Christ,
Disciples of Christ, etc.)
• Episcopalian
Catholic
• Holy Church– Vatican
• Rome, Italy
Protestant
•
vs.
Protestantism encompasses forms of
Christian faith and practice that originated
with doctrines and religious, political, and
ecclesiological impulses of the Protestant
Reformation against what they considered
the errors of the Roman Catholic Church. The
term refers to the letter of protestation by
Lutheran princes against the decision of the
Diet of Speyer in 1529, which reaffirmed the
edict of the Diet of Worms condemning the
teachings of Martin Luther as heresy.
However, the term has been used in several
different senses, often as a general term to
refer to Western Christianity that is not
subject to papal authority, including some
traditions that were not part of the original
Protestant movement; a "branch" of
Christianity.[
Catholic
•
The Protestant movement has its origins in
Germany and is popularly considered to have
begun in 1517 when Luther published The
Ninety-Five Theses as a reaction against
medieval doctrines and practices, especially
with regard to salvation, justification, and
ecclesiology. The various Protestant
denominations share a rejection of the
authority of the pope and generally deny the
Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation,
although they disagree among themselves
about the doctrine of Christ's presence in the
Eucharist. They generally emphasize the
priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of
justification by faith alone (sola fide) apart
from good works, and a belief in the Bible
rather than Catholic tradition as the supreme
authority in matters of faith and morals (sola
scriptura).
Protestant Religions differ in…
• Practices such as….
•
•
•
•
Worship Practices– Services and Missions
Baptism
Communion
Diet and Alcohol (Abstention)
Christianity
Holy Church-- Rome
Eastern Orthodox-- Constantinople
Christianity
Holy Church-- Rome
Eastern Orthodox-- Constantinople
Judeism
• Menorah, Torah, Star of David
Judeism
• Judaism (from the Latin Iudaismus, derived from the
Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός, and ultimately from the Hebrew
‫יהודה‬, Yehudah, "Judah";[1][2] in Hebrew: ‫יהדות‬,
Yahadut, the distinctive characteristics of the Judean
ethnos)[3] is the religion, philosophy and way of life of
the Jewish people.[4] Judaism is a monotheistic religion,
with its foundational text, the Torah (also known as the
Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral
tradition represented by later texts such as the
Mishnah and the Talmud. Judaism is considered by
religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal
relationship God established with the Children of
Israel.[5]
Mennonite and Amish (Anabaptists)
Amish by District
Menonnite and Amish by District
Mennonite and Amish (Anabaptists)
• The Mennonites are a Christian group based around the church
communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons
(1496–1561) of Friesland (Swiss—German) (at that time, a part of the Holy
Roman Empire). Through his writings, Simons articulated and formalized
the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The teachings of the Mennonites
were founded on their belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus
Christ, which they held to with great conviction despite persecution by the
various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the
majority survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families
were tolerant of their radical belief in believer's baptism. Over the years,
Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches
because of their commitment to pacifism. GERMAN- SWISS HERITAGE
Mennonite and Amish (Anabaptists)
•
Beliefs
•
•
•
•
•
Separation from the world.
Insistence on a church without classes or divisions.
Emphasis on the New Testament.
The church as a visible counterculture.
Belief that the gospel includes a commitment to the way of peace modelled
by the Prince of Peace. (Pacifism)
Plain Beliefs, Dress, Behavior of HUMILITY
•
•
Bible as describing baptism as a public sign of this choice and commitment
and thus argued against the common practice of baptizing infants. Because of
this, they were called "Anabaptist," meaning "re-baptizers."
American Religions
• Mormonism (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter
Day Saints)
• Seventh Day Adventist
• Scientology
• Christian Science
Mormonism 1820’s
• Joseph Smith, Brigham Young
• “The Burned Over District” and Utopian
Movemnts, New York
• Illinois, Nuavoo, Salt Lake City, Utah
Mormonism
Mormonism
Mormonism Beliefs
•
•
•
•
King James Bible and Book of Mormon
American Story- “updated”- “revealed” Bible”
Buried Plates– Joseph Smith
The Native Americans are partly the lost tribes of
Israel
• The Garden of Eden was in America
• Polygamy (ceased as a practice by most Mormons
and outlawed in the 1880s) (Pluralism)
Islam compared to Mormonism
• The religions differ significantly in their views on
God. Islam insists upon the
complete oneness and uniqueness of God (Allah),
while Mormonism asserts that the Godhead is
made up of three distinct
"personages."[52] Mormonism sees Jesus Christ as
the promised Messiah and the literal Son of God,
while Islam insists that the title "Messiah" means
that Jesus (or "Isa") was a prophet sent to
establish the true faith, not that he was the Son
of God or a divine being
Scientology Map
Scientology
• Who do you recognize???
Scientology
• Scientology is defined as a set of beliefs
written by founder L. Ron
Hubbard. Scientology describes itself as the
study and handling of the spirit in relationship
to itself, others, and all of life. One purpose of
Scientology, as stated by the Church of
Scientology, is to become certain of one's
spiritual existence and one's relationship to
God, or the "Supreme Being."[1]
Scientology cont. (optional)
• One belief of Scientology is that a human is an
immortal alien spiritual being, termed a thetan,
that is trapped on planet Earth in a physical body.
Hubbard described these "thetans" in "Space
Opera" cosmogony. The thetan has had
innumerable past lives and it is accepted in
Scientology that lives preceding the thetan's
arrival on Earth lived in extraterrestrial cultures.
Descriptions of space opera incidents are seen as
true events by Scientologists
Scientology (optional)
• Scientologists believe that an individual should discover for
himself/herself that Scientology works by personally applying its
principles and observing or experiencing desirable results.[citation
needed] Scientology claims that its practices provide methods by
which a person can achieve greater spiritual awareness.[3] Two
primary methods of increasing spiritual awareness are referred to in
Scientology as "Auditing" and "Training".[citation needed] Within
Scientology, progression from level to level is often called The
Bridge to Total Freedom. Scientologists progress from "Preclear", to
"Clear", and ultimately "Operating Thetan".
• Scientologists are taught that a series of events, or incidents,
occurred before life on earth.[4] Scientologists also believe that
humans have hidden abilities which can be unlocked
Scientology (optional)
• The Bridge to Total Freedom
• The Bridge to Total Freedom is the means by which
Scientologists undertake personal spiritual development.
The bridge has two sides: "training" and "processing".
Training is education in the religious principles of
"auditing." Processing is the actual practice of "auditing."[7]
• [edit]Morals and ethics
• Main article: Ethics (Scientology)
• Scientology teaches that progress on The Bridge requires
and enables the attainment of high moral and ethical
standards.[7] The main Scientology text on ethics is the
book Introduction to Scientology Ethics[1]
Scientology: L. Ron Hubbard
• The American science fiction author L. Ron
Hubbard is considered the sole source of
Dianetics and Scientology
Scientology (optional)
• Squirreling
• The Church of Scientology has argued that
unauthorized distribution of information about
Scientology practices will endanger mankind.
The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted
individual breakaway groups that have practiced
Scientology outside the official Church without
authorization.[citation needed] The act of using Scientology
techniques in a form different than originally described
by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as
"squirreling", and is said by Scientologists to be "high
treason".[19]
Scientology (optional)
• This story is the core belief in the religion
known as Scientology. If the people
Scientology tries to recruit knew about this
story, I don't think they would ever get
involved. This story is told to Scientologists
when they reach a higher leveI. If the people
in Scientology at the lower levels knew about
this story, I don't think they would would stay
on the Scientology hamster wheel. It is a road
to total something, but not freedom.
Scientology (optional)
• 75 million years ago, there was an alien galactic
ruler named Xenu who was in charge of 76
planets in our part of the galaxy, including our
own planet Earth, whose name at that time was
Teegeeack.
• All of the planets Xenu controlled were overpopulated by, on average, 178 billion people.
Social problems dictated that Xenu rid his sector
of the galaxy of this overpopulation problem, so
he developed a plan.
Scientology cont. (optional)
• Xenu sent out Tax Audit demands to all these
billions of people. As each one entered the
audit centers for the income tax inspections,
the people were seized, held down and
injected with a mixture of alcohol and glycol,
and frozen. Then, all 1.4 trillion of these frozen
people were put into spaceships that looked
exactly like DC8 airplanes, except that the
spaceships had rocket engines instead of
propellers.
(optional)
• Xenu's entire fleet of DC8-like spaceships then
flew to planet Earth, where the frozen people
were dumped in and around volcanoes in the
Canary Islands and the Hawaiian Islands.
When Xenu's Air Force had finished dumping
the bodies into the volcanoes, hydrogen
bombs were dropped into the volcanoes and
the frozen space aliens were destroyed.
(optional)
• However, Xenu's plan involved setting up
electronic traps in Teegeack's atmosphere
which were designed to trap the souls or
spirits of the dead space aliens. When the 1.4
trillion spirits were being blown around on the
nuclear winds, the electronic traps worked like
a charm and captured all the souls in the
electronic, sticky fly-paper like traps.
Scientology (optional)
• The spirits of the aliens were then taken to huge multi-plex cinemas
that Xenu had previously instructed his forces to build on Teegeack.
In these movie theatres the spirits had to spend many days
watching special 3D movies, the purpose of which was twofold: 1)
to implant into these spirits a false reality, i.e. the reality that WOGS
know on Earth today; and, 2) to control these spirits for all eternity
so that they could never cause trouble for Xenu in this sector of the
Galaxy. During these films, many false pictures were implanted into
these spirits, which resulted in the spirits believing in all the things
that control mankind on Earth today, including religion. The concept
of religion, including God, Christ, Mohammed, Moses etc., were all
an implanted false reality that to this very minute is used to control
WOGS on earth.
Scientology (optional)
• When the films ended and the souls left the cinema, they
started to stick together in clusters of a few thousand and
remained that way until mankind began to inhabit the
earth. Today on earth all the spirits of these aliens have
attached themselves to our bodies and are the root cause
of the false reality that all but Scientology's OT 8's on earth
experience. It is the job of all Scientologists to remove this
false reality from the world by auditing each and every
space alien spirit and human on earth to CLEAR not only
this planet but the universe. For those who oppose
Scientology and stand in their way like the LMT and all
Scientology critics, Scientology promises to do away with
them "quitely and without sorrow".
Scientology (optional)
• I have calculated that on average, each person
on planet earth has 2,314 of these Body
Thetans (BT's for short), Hubbard's term for
the alien spirits, causing you and all mankind
to be constrained by Xenu's false reality. The
average cost for Scientology to OT 8 is a mere
USD 360,000, meaning that each BT only costs
USD 155.57 to clear. Now that is a bargain if
there ever was one.
Sociology 1.30.14
• Finish and Turn in Notes and Observations on
North Korea FRIDAY- Take some time to
discuss it as Sociology.
• Unit 1 Introduction to Sociology
• Part 4 Religion-- Introduction:
• Handout– U.S. and World Religion Patterns
Sociology Unit 1 Intro to Soc. Part 4
• Religions- and other demographics
Poverty in America
2012 Election
2012 Election
2000 Poverty Map
Ancestry
Religion
U.S. Religions:
What pattern do you see? Ex. “Bible Belt”
World Religions
World Religions
World Religions
Sociological Themes in Religion (commonality)
•
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Confession, Profession of the Faith
A Pilgrimage- Religious Journey
Giving Alms, Charity
Acts of Humility (others)
The Supernatural/Miraculous Events
Faith: The substance of things hoped for, the
evidence of things not seen”
• 6. Messianic Leaders
• 7. Personal Sacrifice- Gestures, Signs of Humility
• 8. Converts- Missions of Redemption, Penitence, etc.
World Religions
Islam: Followers are called Muslims
Sunni vs. Shiia
• Another difference between Sunnis and
Shiites has to do with the Mahdi, “the rightlyguided one” whose role is to bring a just
global caliphate into being. As historian
Timothy Furnish has written,"The major
difference is that for Shi`is he has already
been here, and will return from hiding; for
Sunnis he has yet to emerge into history: a
comeback v. a coming out, if you will."
• for Sunni Muslims, approximately 90 percent
of the Muslim world
• The Sunni branch believes that the first four
caliphs--Mohammed's successors--rightfully
took his place as the leaders of Muslims.
• Shiites, in contrast, believe that only the heirs
of the fourth caliph, Ali, are the legitimate
successors of Mohammed
• There are five duties that one must live by if
one is a Muslim, these are often called the
Five Pillars of Islam.
1.
• Shahada This is the main religious belief of all Muslim
people and it is a declaration of their faith. The
English words are;
• There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the
messenger of Allah. Or as some muslims prefer...
"There is no god but the One God" meaning there is
only one God for all mankind. Anyone who says these
words and means it can become a Muslim.
2.
•
Salah This is prayer. Muslims pray five times a day and follow a special ritual to
do so. Firstly they wash (wudu). This is a special process...
– Wash hands up to the wrist three times
– Wash mouth three times
– Wash nostrils, breathing in and out through the nose three times
– Wash one's face three times
– Wash arms up to elbows three times
– Wipe head with wet hands, forehead to back, back to forehead
– The inside of the ears are cleaned with the wet forefinger then the back of the ears with the
thumb
– Wash feet up to the ankles three times
– Raise one's face to the sky, pointing up with the index finger.
2. continued
• The water must be pure, if there is no clean water symbolically,
the face and arms are just wiped with the hands. The prayers are
all said at the same times each day:
– Fajr- Morning, between dawn and sunrise
– Zuhr - Mid-day or early afternoon
– Asr - Late afternoon
– Maghrib - Evening, around sunset
– Isah - Night, before going to bed
•
3.
• ZAKAT
This is about looking after other people. Each
Muslim gives up a share of his wealth each
year to provide for those less fortunate. The
word zakat means to purify or cleanse. As the
person gives up a share of his or her wealth
they become cleansed from selfishness and
greed. This money might be to provide
education, keep up or build mosques or help
the needy.
4.
• HAJJ
All Muslims have a duty to try to make a
pilgrimage to the Ka'aba in Makkah at least once
during their lifetime. Very often whole families
will save to send one person at a time. The men
who make the pilgrimage wear an ihram which
is made up of two sheets. They must not be
sewn. Also they wear special open shoes. This
clothing is a symbol of peace and obedience to
God. The pilgrimage follows a set pattern.
5.
• SAUM
This is all about Ramadan. The ninth month of the Islam calendar.
It is special because it is when Muhammad (Pbuh) began receiving
the messages from God. For thirty days Muslims fast, they do not
eat or drink during daylight hours. It start when the new moon is
seen at the start of the month and ends when the new moon is
seen again at the end of the month. The fast is to remind them
how difficult it is to be poor, hungry and thirsty in a hot place. It
reminds them to thank God for his gift of the Qur'an. It also serves
to make them think about the essentials and luxuries of life and
so not be greedy.
•
During Ramadan…..9th Month, 29 days
• Obtain from Alcohol (All Times)
• Do not eat in public
• or 30 days. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in
which participating Muslims refrain
from eating, drinking, smoking and sex during
daylight hours and is intended to teach
Muslims about patience, spirituality, humility
and submissiveness to God.
Famous American Muslims
Famous American Muslims
•
•
•
•
•
Ice Cube
Snoop Dog
Muhammed Ali
Kareem Abdul Jabar
Rasheed Wallace
Hinduism
World Religions
Hinduism
Hinduism
Hinduism
Hinduism
• The Caste System
Talaka
• In Hinduism,
the tilaka, tilak or tika (Sanskrit: तिलक tilaka;
Hindustani pronunciation: [tɪ̪ ˈlək] tilak)[1] is a
mark worn on the forehead and other parts of
the body. Tilaka may be worn on a daily basis
or for special religious occasions
Talaka
• The tilaka symbolizes the third eye, or mind's
eye, associated with many Hindu deities, and
the idea of meditation and spiritual
enlightenment. The red dot or "Tika"
represents the third eye. In the past, tilakas
were usually worn by gods, priests, ascetics, or
worshippers, but is now a common practice
for most Hindus. It can express which Hindu
tradition one follows
Hinduism
•
•
•
•
•
The Caste System
Reincarnation
Sanskrit ( writing)
Karma
Yoga
Hinduism
• Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include
(but are not restricted
to), Dharma (ethics/duties), Samsāra (The
continuing cycle of birth, life, death and
rebirth), Karma (action and subsequent
reaction), Moksha (liberation from samsara),
and the various Yogas(paths or practices).[72]
Buddhism
Buddhism
• Zin Buddhism
• In America….Zin-Christian (Pacific Northwest)
(Phil Jackson) (Buddha and Jesus)
• Combines Religious Philosophies
Buddhism
Famous American “ Practicing” Buddhists
• Here's some famous Buddhists: Add more if you can.
Brad Pitt
Sharon Stone
Keanu Reeves
Leonard Cohen
Uma Thurman
Leonardo Dicaprio
Steven Segal
Jet Li
Alanis Morissette
Courtney Love
Tina Turner
Oliver Stone
Herbie Hancock
Wayne Shorter
Larry Coryell Susanne Vega
Ernestine Anderson Laurie Anderson
Orlando Bloom
Susan Blackmore
Goldie Hawn
Becky Johnston,
Jennifer Lopez,
Michael Stipe,
Mark Wahlberg
Keaneu Reeves
Richard Gere
Adam Yauch
Ricky Martin
Harrison Ford
Sting
Patrick Duffy
Buster Williams
Nestor Torres
Kate Bosworth
Cora L. E. Christian
George Lucas
Tina Turner,
Buddhism
• Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a
variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely
based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama,
commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the
awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the
eastern part of Indian subcontinent some time
between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[1] He is
recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or
enlightened teacher who shared his insights to
help sentient beings end ignorance (avidyā)
ofdependent origination, thus escaping what is seen as
a cycle of suffering and rebirth.
Buddhism Movie
• “The Little Buddha”
Buddhism 563 B.C.
• Suffering: is Life. Disire is the cause of
suffering, end desire and you end suffering.
This is the highest level of enlightenment
Buddhism: The ‘Impermanence of Life”
The Dalai Lama
Buddhism
Clock Buddies
• 4 o’clock As the 4th Largest religion in the world, Buddhism
has how many followers?
• 350 million
• 7 o’clock What is the region on the China/Nepal border
that is the holy land of Buddhism
• Tibet
• 11 o’clock According to Buddhism, what is the cause of ALL
suffering?
• Desire
• 2 o’clock Name 3 famous American followers of Buddhism
• …. Phil Jackson, Steve Jobs, etc
• 6 o’clock
SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA, commonly known as
the BUDDHA (Sanskrit for "the _________ ______").
• “Awakened” or “Enlightened One”
• 10 o’clock What other religion was Buddhism founded in?
• Hinduism
• 9 o’clock
Buddhist Sand Art symbolizes the I________ of life
• Impermanence
• 3 o’clock
• Buddha
The Best translation for “The Teacher” is
• 5 o’clock
What river valley was the foundation of India and who
migrated down from the Mountains?
• “Indus” and the Aryans”
• 12 o’clock
What is the cycle of rebirth referred to under Hiduism (2
words)
• The Caste System
Clock Buddies Continued
• 8 o’clock What group is at the top of the Caste System
• The Brahmans
• 2 o’clock What one’s position is in society as determined by
the castes system is one’s….
• Darhma (influence by Karma)
• 1 o’clock Samsare, Moksha and _______ are personal and social reasons for
doing your Darhma– It is what you do……The doer of good becomes good, evil
becomes evil
• Karma