Chapter 1-5 Review
Drafting 1 and 2



Why is it important to carefully think about a career
choice?
What steps are needed to build a career?
Take a sheet of paper…define two types of
engineering (from the list)
 Aerospace,
Architecture, Chemical, Civil,
Electrical, Industrial, Mechanical, Mining and
Metalurgy, Nuclear, Petroleum, Plastics and
Safety.
 *in
your own words
 Section1.1
 Career
Paths
 Engineering,
Architecture, Mechanical Design,
Technical Illustraction

Section 1.1

Entrepreneurship
 Entrepreneur

Tell me some Characteristics
 Section
1.1
 Computer
Aided Drafting
 Advantage,
Production input, Plan Extraction,
Disadvantages

Take a sheet of paper…define two types of engineering (from the
list)

Aerospace, Architecture, Chemical, Civil, Electrical, Industrial,
Mechanical, Mining and Metalurgy, Nuclear, Petroleum, Plastics and
Safety.
 Now…
we will go to the computer lab, you
will work in team’s of two and will write a
paper on the history of two types of
engineering.
 Section
 Skim
1.2
over and define all terms listed on the
first page.
Sketching and Lettering
 Arcs
 Axis (axes)
 Composition
 Concentric Circles
 Ellipses
 Gothic Lettering
 Guidelines
 Isometric Lines
 Isometric Sketching
 Lettering
 Line
 Non- Isometric Lines
 Oblique Sketch
 Overlay
 Plane
 Point
 Proportion
 Radius (radii)
 Tangent arcs
 Texture
**** YOU SHOULD WRITE THESE DOWN and
Define them.... Might be on a test!
 The
Design Process
 The
Design Process
 STEP
1: Identify the Problem -- Students
should state the challenge problem in their
own words. Example: How can I design a
__________ that will __________?
 The
Design Process
STEP 2: Identify Criteria and Constraints -Students should specify the design requirements
(criteria).
Example: Our growth chamber must have a growing
surface of 10 square feet and have a delivery
volume of 3 cubic feet or less. Students should list
the limits on the design due to available resources
and the environment (constraints). Example: Our
growth chamber must be accessible to astronauts
without the need for leaving the spacecraft.
 The
Design Process
STEP 3: Brainstorm Possible Solutions -Each student in the group should sketch his
or her own ideas as the group discusses
ways to solve the problem. Labels and arrows
should be included to identify parts and how
they might move. These drawings should be
quick and brief.
 The
Design Process
STEP 4: Generate Ideas -- In this step, each
student should develop two or three ideas more
thoroughly. Students should create new drawings
that are orthographic projections (multiple views
showing the top, front and one side) and isometric
drawings (three-dimensional depiction). These are
to be drawn neatly, using rulers to draw straight
lines and to make parts proportional. Parts and
measurements should be labeled clearly.
 The
Design Process
STEP 5: Explore Possibilities -- The
developed ideas should be shared and
discussed among the team members.
Students should record pros and cons of
each design idea directly on the paper next
to the drawings.
 The
Design Process
STEP 6: Select an Approach -- Students
should work in teams and identify the
design that appears to solve the problem
the best. Students should write a
statement that describes why they chose
the solution. This should include some
reference to the criteria and constraints
identified above.
 The
Design Process
STEP 7: Build a Model or Prototype -Students will construct a full-size or scale
model based on their drawings. The
teacher will help identify and acquire
appropriate modeling materials and tools.
See the design brief for a sample list.
 The
Design Process
STEP 8: Refine the Design -- Students will
examine and evaluate their prototypes or
designs based on the criteria and
constraints. Groups may enlist students
from other groups to review the solution
and help identify changes that need to be
made. Based on criteria and constraints,
teams must identify any problems and
proposed solutions.
 What
is spatial visualization?
 Isometric Drawings
 Sketching Isometric Drawings
 Coded Plans
 Visualization of Object
 Viewpoints
 Examples
The ability to mentally manipulate, rotate,
twist, or invert a pictorially presented object.
 Important skill for scientific & technical fields,
such as:

 Architects
& Engineers
 Doctors
 Computer
Programmers
 Anyone needing a creative solution to a
problem
 Sketching
is drawing freehand without the
aid of any drafting equipment except paper
and pencil. It is a very common form of
visual communication that is used in
virtually ALL areas of work and life.
1. Uses no drafting equipment - freehand
 2. Is an extremely fast form of visual
communication.
 3. Sketches increase clarity and understanding of
concepts, shapes, or directions.
 4. Is very convenient - can be done anywhere.
 5. Is an extremely valuable organizational tool,
which helps to minimize or prevent errors.
 6. Is a collection of all necessary information
required about an object - including detail, size and
shape descriptions.

 Critical
 A.
Factors
Key Reasons for Sketching
1) Communicate
2) Organize
3) Realize Ideas
 B. Key Factors while Sketching
1) Speed
2) Accuracy
3) Clarity
Construction Lines to Object Lines
1) ALL single lines - NO "fuzzy" art type
lines!
2) Point to Point
3) Dash to Dash
4) Draw Left to Right OR Bottom to Top B.
Block Technique
1) Establish outer proportions of object(s)
2) Divide into areas of major shapes
3) Add detail as required
4) Add text where necessary to clarify (notes
or
dimensions)
Graph Technique (Resizing or Duplicating an
Original)
1) Use original photo or drawing OR a xerox copy.
2) Draw Horizontal & Vertical grid lines on top of
object spaced an exact distance apart (ex. ½",
¼", etc.).
3) On clean sheet of paper reproduce grid at
desired size (enlarge / reduce)
4) Add line detail a block at a time.
One View Orthographic Projection
1) Always that view which would be considered the
front of the object.
2) Used when only one view is necessary to provide
shape description.
Two View Orthographic Projection
1) Front View and Top View.
2) Used for cylindrical objects when all side views
are identical.
Three View Orthographic Projection
1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View
2) Provides the most complete shape and size
description.
3) Is the industry standard for the manufacture of
objects.
Enlargement / Reduction (Templates)
1) Use of graph paper to enlarge or reduce grid
size
2) Complete sketch square by square, comparing
individual squares as you proceed.
Realize Ideas / Designing
1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View
2) Clarity is essential, use text notes whenever
necessary.
3) Be sure finished sketch reflects what is in your
mind.
 The
Glass BOX!
 Does
it exist?
 If it does….
 How
does it work?
 What’s it purpose?
 The
Glass BOX!
 Does
it exist? YES
 If it does….
 How
does it work? You will see….on next slide
 What’s it purpose? TO Help one visualize all the
views for an object.
 Imagine
that you have an object
suspended by transparent threads inside
a glass box.
 Then
draw the object on each of three
faces as seen from that direction. Unfold
the box (figure 4) and you have the three
views. We call this an "orthographic" or
"multiview" drawing.
 Figure
5 shows how the three views
appear on a piece of paper after
unfolding the box.
 Which
views should one choose for a
multiview drawing?
 The views that reveal every detail about the
object. Three views are not always
necessary; we need only as many views as
are required to describe the object fully.
 For
example, some objects need only two
views, while others need four. The
circular object in figure 6 requires only
two views.
Figure 6 An object
needing
only two
orthogonal
views
 Shows
the faces of an object
 Faces are parallel to the viewing plane
 Frontal
 Profile
 Horizontal
 Front
view shows height & width
 Side view shows height & depth
 Top view shows width & depth
 Visible edges are solid lines.
 Non-visible edges are dashed (hidden)
lines
 Views align with each other
 Rotation from one view to another
equals 90°
 A Pictorial
Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
 A Pictorial
Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
 An
oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
in which two of the axes are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other.
 A Pictorial
Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
 An
oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
in which two of the axes are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other.
 A Pictorial
Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
 An
oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
in which two of the axes are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other.
 An isometric sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
that relies on three axes to show width height
and depth. However , an isometric sketch,
shows the axes spaced equally. (120 degrees)
 A Pictorial
Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
 An
oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
in which two of the axes are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other.
 Used
to show 3-Dimensional projection on
a 2-Dimensional surface.
 Projected so that width and length are 30°
from horizontal and height is vertical.
 Shows
height of each “cube” stack.
 Each corner could be a viewpoint of the
object.
 Viewpoint means the direction in which an
observer is viewing the object.
 Similar to a top view in an Orthographic
Projection.
2
1
V = Viewpoint
1
V
FOR SKECTHING –
DO NOT SHOW EACH
CUBE. SHOW ONLY
VISIBLE SURFACES
AND EDGES, AS IF
CUBES HAVE BEEN
COMBINED.
V
2
1
V = Viewpoint
1
V
Note location of
viewpoint and coded
plan noting height of
object. Click to start
animation.
V
2
2
1
1
3
V
Click to start animation.
 Viewpoints
can make the object appear
differently.
 Example #2 is redrawn with a different
viewpoint.
2
2
1
1
3
V
Click to start animation.
 Different
look
 Optical illusion of height
 Viewpoints can show or exclude details
V
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
3
V
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
 Spatial
Visualization is an important skill
 Coded plans help you visualize a solid
object
 Viewpoints change look of object and can
hide details
 Sketches
are not usually made to scale
(exact measurement).
 It
is important to still show proportions, so that
each part of the drawing is roughly the right
size in relation to other parts of the drawing.
 First
what is a dimension?
 Dimensioning
is a way of enhancing the shape
description provided by the drawing. By
dimensioning the drawing, you are providing a
size description to enhance the shape
description provided.
 When
dimensioning a drawing, the drafter
must keep in mind the final object.
Therefore, all information must be included
such as sizes and the processes required
to make the final piece.
 All
drawings must be made to scale, with
that scale indicated either in the title block,
or below the detail's title on the sheet.
 There
are many standards or "rules" for
dimensioning a drawing. These may differ
depending on the type of drawing and the
accepted business standards for that
discipline.
 Rough
Sketch
 Refined Sketch
 Presentation Sketch
 Temporary Sketch
 Permanent Sketch
 The Overlay
 Paper
and Pencil
ISO A Drawing Sizes
(mm)
A4
210 X 297
A3
297 X 420
A2
420 X 594
A1
594 X 841
A0
841 X 1189
U.S. Customary
Drawing Sizes
A
8.5" X 11"
B
11" X 17"
C
17" X 22"
D
22" X 34"
E
34" X 44"
9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H
Hardest
→
F
Medium
H
B
B
2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B
→
Softest
Tone
U.S.
#1
#2
#2½ *
#3
#4
World
B
HB
F
H
Lettering is used on drawings to give dimensions
and other pertinent information needed to fully
describe the item.
 The lettering must be neat and legible if it is to
be easily read and understood.

 A drawing
will be improved by good
lettering.
 However, a good drawing will look sloppy
and unprofessional if the lettering is poorly
done.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
recommends that the Single-Stroke Gothic Alphabet be
the accepted lettering standard

It can be drawn rapidly and is highly legible because each
part of every letter is made by a single stroke.

This is because there are no serifs on the letters of this
alphabet.
 A serif is like a tiny foot on a letter; alphabets that have
serifs are more difficult to letter by hand. An alphabet
without serifs is always called a san serif alphabet.

Today, because of computers,
there are many different alphabet
styles (also called fonts).

When lettering a drawing, if the
single stroke Gothic alphabet is
not available, choose a san serif
font and use only upper case
letters.

Use guide lines
 Guide lines should be drawn so lightly they will not show
up on a print made from the drawing
 Vertical guide lines may be used to assure that the letters
will be vertical
 Inclined guide lines are drawn at 67 1/20 to the horizontal
line when inclined lettering is to be used.
INCLINED GUIDE LINES HELP KEEP
INCLINED LETTERING UNIFORM

Only one form of lettering should appear on a drawing.
AVOID COMbINING
SEVERAL fORMS
Of LETTERING.

Spacing:
 Proper spacing of the letters is important.
 The letters should be placed so spaces between the
letters appear to be about the same.
SPACED VISUALLY
SPACED BY MEASURING
Designing new products, adapting or
altering existing designs or creating
something brand new is always a
challenging task. However, if we can
follow a process or a plan, we can often
times shorten the time required to
complete the project as well as ensure
that we have not missed any necessary
elements or crucial steps.

Task
 Using
any available source, research and then write a one
page summary / explanation of "the design process." Be sure
to include the recommended steps that should be followed.
 Use the design process to create a new or original product
 Create 'several' brainstorming sketches as you attempt to
work out the final version of your product
 Sketch a FINAL three view orthographic projection of your
finished design. Be sure to include a title and as much detail
(and labels) as necessary to communicate your idea to
another person.
 Self evaluate...
 Staple your papers (Research report, Brainstorming sketches
& Final sketch) together and turn in.

Assignments starting Page 58
Problems 1, 3, 6, 9,10
Due in ONE WEEK
Complete on Graph paper
Chapter 3
Board- Drafting Equipment








Drawing Board
 Case instruments
Vocabulary
True Edge
 Dividers
T- Square
 Compass
Protractor
 Media
Scales
 Minimal
Irregular Curve
Template
Vellum
Drawing Board/ Table
 Is
usually a large, flat board on which you
attach a drawing sheet to make a drawing.
T-square

Used for horizontal lines & as a guide for other
instruments
Triangles
Tool for drawing vertical & inclined lines
 45° Triangle


30°-60° Triangle
Protractor

Used for drawing inclined lines & angles
Compass

Tool for drawing circles & arcs
French Curve
Also called an Irregular curve
 Consists of a variety of curves that can be used
when arcs are not satisfactory

Divider
Looks like a compass, but both legs have steel
pints at the end
 Tool used for measurement purposes

Templates
Used to help in drawing shapes & symbols
 Templates for producing squares, ellipses
triangles, etc.

Care of Tools
Store in cabinet when not in use
 Do not cut against edge of plastic tools
 Keep wooden tools & boards clean
 Occasionally check t-squares for blade alignment

Drawing Instrument Safety
Pass, do not throw, tools
 Use tools with points, such as the compass &
dividers, only as directed
 Use knives as directed & store them in proper
containers

SCALES
 The Architects
Scale
 The Mechanical Engineer’s Scale
 The Civil Engineer’s Scale
 The Decimal Inch Scale
Hand
out
Assignment
 Page
86
 Problems 1-3
 Page 87
 Problem 4
Complete
any drawings on Graph Paper
(sketching)
CHAPTER 5 and REVIEW
9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H
Hardest
→
F
Medium
H
B
B
2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B
→
Softest
Pencils
You should have 3 mechanical, ALL AT HB
 .5 mm
 .7mm
 .9mm


Use .9mm for the outline of an object, .7mm
for center and hidden lines, .5 mm for
construction lines
Pencils
You should have 5 different types of wood
pencils
 6H: Construction Lines (guide lines)
 4H: Section Lines Phantom Lines
 3H: Dimension Lines
 2H: Hidden and Center Lines
 H: Object lines, Boarder, and Letters

9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H
Hardest
→
F
Medium
H
B
B
2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B
→
Softest
The Alphabet of Lines

Page 104
Make a short hand list of these lines,
thickness, and any other important
information.
 Tape this list to your Drafting Desk

Chapter 5

Vocabulary











Geometry
Geometric Construction
Vertex
Bisect
Perpendicular
Parallel
Polygon
Inscribe
Circumscribe
Regular Polygon
Ellipse
5
Geometry for Drafting
Chapter Objectives
• Identify geometric shapes and constructions used by drafters.
• Construct various geometric shapes.
• Solve technical and mathematical problems through geometric
constructions using drafting instruments.
• Solve technical and mathematical problems through geometric
constructions using a CAD system.
• Use geometry to reduce or enlarge a drawing or to change its proportions.
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-2
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-3
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-4
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-5
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-6
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-7
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-8
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-9
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-10
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-11
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-12
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-13
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-14
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-15
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-16
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-17
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-18
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-19
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-20
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-21
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-22
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-23
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-24
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-25
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-26
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-27
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-28
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-29
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-30
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-31
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-32
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-33
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-34
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-35
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-36
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-37
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-38
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-39
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-40
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-41
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-42
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-43
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-44
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-45
Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Figure 5-46
Geometry and Geometric
Constuctions

What do you need to be able to
understand geometric constructions?
Pythagorean Theorem (page 135 FG 5-2)
 Page 136 FG 5-3
 Turn to Page 138, Pages 138-157
 You are to read each method, and in a short
definition explain each, and give a small
example on a sheet of paper, this is due
Friday 11/6 (drafting 1)

Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems

Vocabulary
Object Snap
 Ogee Curve
 Intervals
 Specify

Chapter 5.2

What do object snaps allow a drafter to do?








Midpoint
Nearest
Endpoint
Center
Intersection
Quadrant
Perpendicular
Tangent
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-48
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-49
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-50
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-51
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-52
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-53
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-54
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-55
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-56
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-57
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-58
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-59
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-60
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-61
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-62
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-63
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-64
Get your books…

Turn to page 160
Try each out thru page 169.
 You assignment is to complete

 Packet
4
 Chapter 5 Math Packet
 Test Next FRIDAY

Can cover anything from the beginning of the year until
now.