Ambassador School Model United Nations 2014
Study Guide
World Health Organization
Strengthening Research, and Response
Preparedness to Combat Pandemic Diseases
By
Sameeksha Bhatia and Madhovarshinii Rajesh
General Assembly
World Health Organization
INDEX
Introduction
6
Acronyms
7
History of the committee
8
Topic area: Strengthening Research, and Response Preparedness to
Combat Pandemic Diseases
Statement of the problem
9
Relevant UN actions
11
Regional Preparedness and Response coordination
12
Main threats
13
Case Study
14
Suggestions for further research
15
Requirements of a position paper
16
Closing remarks
17
Bibliography
18
World Health Organization
Letter from the Secretary General
Dear Delegates,
Welcome to the World Health Organization (WHO). My name is Janak
Bhojwani and I assure you that your journey through ASMUN with Sameeksha
Bhatia as your chair and Madhovarshinii Rajesh as your co-chair will be
memorable. They have written this study guide with a lot of dedication and with
the hope that it will give you ample information for the basic knowledge of the
topic.
This year at World Health Organization the topic that you would be discussing
is of paramount relevance as it is still faced by the United Nations today. In that
sense, as a representative of a member State, you are expected to do a thorough
analysis of the topic and your country's stance on it, while at the same time
keeping perspective of the mandate of WHO. Bear in mind that the most
substantial, assertive and enduring questions on the topic will be more than
welcome during the discussion, as it will enrich our endeavors of making this
committee the best learning experience it can be.
So bring in the best of your skills for the heated debate and discussion during
the sessions but always remember that diplomacy is the core of the proceedings.
You will be judged on the basis of your grasp over the Rules of Procedure and
as far as we can say a delegate is not the one who has the best research, but
rather the one who uses his/her research and convinces the committee to act in a
way that he/she wants with a adroit articulation of his/her relevant ideas and
exhibition of discipline and professionalism. The best outcome will depend on
your negotiation skills, diplomacy and will of cooperation.
Go carefully through the study guide and if you have any concern, don’t hesitate
to contact Sameeksha. Wish you the best of luck in this challenge!
Sincerely,
Janak Bhojwani
(Secretary General)
World Health Organization
Letter from Director General
Dear Delegates,
It is with great pleasure that I welcome you to Ambassador School Model
United Nations and World Health Organization. My name is Hrisha Jayshankar
and I assure you that Sameeksha and Madhovarshinii of WHO will guide you
and lead you towards the path of tremendous knowledge and bright success.
This study guide will build the base for the research on Strengthening
Partnerships, Research, and Response Preparedness to Combat Pandemic
and Resistant Diseases. I request you, a fellow delegate, to use this guide
religiously, as it makes up the foundation of your research. The topic chosen has
been decided by WHO because it is one of the trending issues that the world
faces today.
I hope you are excited by the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. Being
a delegate will require your best efforts, and I am confident that you will
properly prepare for this unique experience over the coming months.
As a delegate at Model UN, you will be challenged to think critically. You will
be presented with topics that require much research and analysis, and you will
be pushed by your committee chairs to recognize the nuances and complexities
of these issues. The more time and effort you devote to understanding your
topic and your country's position, the more capable and convincing a delegate
you will be.
At Model UN, your skills as a leader will be tested and proven. Through the art
of diplomacy and a commitment to respect, tolerance, and unity, you will excel
as a delegate. These vital traits make the very foundation of the official United
Nations as well.
Model UN is not merely a chance to learn about the United Nations, nor is it
simply the opportunity to debate the issues currently shaping our world - it is a
critical moment to learn about ourselves, the connections we have to people
around the globe, and the responsibility that those connections create. Model
UN is an opportunity to recognize our roles as global citizens. It is a chance to
look beyond our immediate selves, to think bigger and broader and to see the
role that we can play in shaping and creating our world and global community.
World Health Organization
It is my sincerest hope that you walk away from this year's conference with
respect for your chairs, and an appreciation for the tremendous power and
responsibility you have to, in the prophetic words of UN Secretary General Ban
Ki Moon, "help the world see and believe in a better future."
Best of luck!
Hrisha Jayshankar (Director-General)
Janak Bhojwani
Hrisha Jayshankar
Secretary General
Director General
World Health Organization
INTRODUCTION
Today, there is growing recognition
that an outbreak anywhere can
potentially represent an emergency of
international public health concern.
Outbreaks threaten the health of the
world’s population. They require
regional and global alert and response
mechanisms to ensure rapid access to
technical advice and resources and to
support national public health
capacity. No single institution or
country has all of the capacities to
respond to international public health
emergencies caused by epidemics and
by new and emerging infectious
diseases. Being prepared to prevent,
respond to, and recover rapidly from
public health emergencies can save
lives and protect the health and safety
of the public and emergency
responders. The effects that public
health emergencies have on the wellbeing of our nation were obvious in
the aftermath of such events as
Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the
outbreak of severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS) in 2003, and the
terrorist attacks of 2001.
The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) plays a key role in
preparing our nation for public health
threats that include natural, biological,
chemical, radiological, and nuclear
incidents. To prepare for public health
emergencies, Congress appropriates
Terrorism
Preparedness
and
Emergency Response (TPER) funds
to CDC. This funding supports a
range of activities at CDC and state
and local levels to help develop the
capabilities and capacities needed to
respond effectively to public health
threats. In fiscal year (FY) 2007,
Congress allocated approximately
$1.5 billion for TPER projects.
The same way WHO continues to
track the evolving infectious disease
situation, sound the alarm when
needed, share expertise, and mount
the kind of response needed to protect
populations from the consequences of
epidemics, whatever and wherever
might be their origin. WHO ensures
that countries have rapid access to the
most
appropriate
experts
and
resources for outbreak response
through the Global Outbreak Alert
and Response Network (GOARN).
World Health Organization
and
streamlined
administrative
processes to ensure rapid mobilization
of field teams.
ACRONYMS
GOARN was created in April 2000 to
improve
the
coordination
of
international outbreak responses and
to provide an operational framework
to focus the delivery of support to
countries. GOARN’s primary aims
are to:
•Assist countries with disease control
efforts by ensuring rapid and
appropriate technical support to
affected populations.
•Investigate and characterize events
and assess risks of rapidly emerging
epidemic disease threats.
•Support
national
outbreak
preparedness by ensuring that
responses contribute to sustained
containment of epidemic threats.
GOARN has helped to build
consensus on guiding principles for
international outbreak alert and
response and to establish operational
protocols
to
standardize
field
logistics, security, communications,
 EPR- Epidemic Preparedness
and Response
 FAO- United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization
 OIE-International
Animal
Health Organization
 CDC- Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
 NHS-National Health Service
 IHRInternational
Health
Regulations
 GBD -Global Burden of
Disease
 PED-Pandemic and Epidemic
Disease
 SHOCStrategic
Health
Operations Centers
 PIPF- the Pandemic Infection
Preparedness Framework
 GIPCGlobal
Infection
Prevention and Control
World Health Organization
HISTORY OF
COMMITTEE
THE
The World
Health
Organization (WHO) is a specialized
agency of the United Nations (UN)
that is concerned with international
public health. The logo of the
Organization features the Rod of
Asclepius as a symbol for healing.
Its
predecessor,
the Health
Organization, was an agency of
the League of Nations. It was
established on 7 April 1948, with its
headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
which has been there since 1966.
W.H.O.’s Constitution came into
force on 7 April 1948 – a date now
celebrated every year as World Health
Day. Its Constitution states that its
objective is “the attainment by all
people of the highest possible level of
health". The use of the word "world",
rather
than
"international",
emphasizes the truly global nature of
the organization. The W.H.O. was the
first specialized agency of the United
Nations to which every member
subscribed. The first meeting of the
World Health Assembly finished on
24 July 1948.
Andrija Stampar was the Assembly's
first president, and G. Brock
Chisholm was appointed as DirectorGeneral of W.H.O. The first priorities
of the committee were to control the
spread of malaria, tuberculosis and
S.T.D.s, and to improve maternal and
child
health,
nutrition
and
environmental hygiene. Its first
legislative act was concerning the
compilation of accurate statistics on
the spread and morbidity of disease.
Some achievements of WHO are as
follows: Malaria eradication-In 1955,
a malaria eradication program was
launched, although it was later altered
in objective. Diabetes Report and
IARC- 1965 saw the first report on
diabetes and the creation of the
International Agency for Research on
Cancer. Health for all-In 1978, the
ambitious goal of "health for all" was
declared. Small pox eradication- After
over two decades of fighting
smallpox, the W.H.O. declared in
World Health Organization
1980 that the disease had been
eradicated – the first disease in history
to be eliminated by human effort.
Polio eradication- The Global Polio
Eradication Initiative was established
in 1988. HIV/AIDS initiative- In
2006, the organization endorsed the
world's first official HIV/AIDS
Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed
the basis for a global prevention,
treatment and support plan to fight the
AIDS pandemic.
STATEMENT OF THE
SITUATION
It is due to the uncontrollable nature
of the timing of outbreaks of the
pandemic diseases, their severity, and
their location that a cooperative
globalized response is needed in order
to contain the outbreak and limit the
damage on human life. In order to
fully achieve these goals, the World
Health Organization acts as a massive
umbrella organization to consolidate
all of the data and research of many
sub-committees and organizations
with the aim of “intensifying
communicable disease surveillance
for early warning of outbreaks so that
appropriate control measures can be
implemented as soon as possible.”
Among the organizations that WHO
coordinate, are the Department of
Pandemic and Epidemic Disease
(PED), the Pandemic Infection
Preparedness Framework (PIPF), the
Strategic Health Operations Centers
(SHOC), the Global Outbreak Alert
and Response Network (GOARN),
and the Global Infection Prevention
and Control (GIPC) Network.
The Department of Pandemic and
Epidemic Disease (PED) recently
identified the major pandemic
prevention goals of WHO in the
Twelfth General Program of Work,
which was finalized 10-13 September
2012 in Malta by the Regional
Committee for Europe. The goal of
this session was to redefine the
concept of “health” through strategic
imperatives that are newly adapted to
a world recovering from an economic
downturn. One of the strategic
imperatives created during this
Twelfth General Program of Work
addresses the need to reduce the
burden of communicable disease
through increased surveillance and
effective
response
to
disease
outbreaks, while identifying HIV,
tuberculosis, and malaria as the three
most prevalent threats to global
security. This document and its
strategic imperatives became pivotal
World Health Organization
in the recent restructuring of the PED;
and the PED now implements
recommendations from the Twelfth
General Program of Work throughout
its 5 strategic imperatives of research,
protection, preparedness, health care,
and global response.
The Global Outbreak Alert and
Response Network (GOARN) is a
collaboration of existing organizations
that collects all the knowledge and
resources within that network into an
information pool to rapidly combat
disease. GOARN allows information
sharing through a cooperative system
of Member States and the United
Nations, which is vital to preemptively predicting a disease and
coordinating international effort when
one occurs.
In contrast to GOARN, the Pandemic
Infection Preparedness Framework
(PIPF) uses the information it gathers
in order to “improve pandemic
influenza preparedness and response,
and strengthen the protection against
the pandemic influenza by improving
and strengthening WHO global
influenza surveillance and response
system.” This means that the majority
of their work is based in global need
for influenza immunization, to
coordinate accurate reports and date,
and in the creation of “Essential
Regulatory Laboratories,” which are
WHO-approved research bases for
research and production of influenza
immunization.
The Global Infection Prevention and
Control (GIPC) Network was
launched in June of 2011, and
currently provides support to Member
States through offering education on
WHO policies and helping Member
States develop their own effective
national
policies
on
disease
prevention. Furthermore, the network
focuses on studying the education of
both
patients
and
health-care
providers globally in order to address
basic pandemic requirements, such as
sanitation and the impact of disease
on the patient’s family.
Finally, all of the information that is
coordinated
through
these
organizations is sent to the JW Lee
Centre
for
Strategic
Health
Operations (SHOC), which is the
center of WHO information of
pandemic diseases. It is “the hub of
alert and response operations”, and
they are the center that will always
make the final call on response to
disease outbreaks. It is through the
collaboration of these organizations,
and the consolidation of their data
through SHOC, that the international
community is able to stay informed of
any information regarding pandemic
disease
World Health Organization
RELEVANT
SOLUTIONS
UN
To prevent the occurrence and spread
of a potential pandemic disease,
support should be regularly given to
countries in the area of the disease
preparedness and response. Over the
past few years WHO has extensively
supported
countries
in
the
development, finalization and pilot
testing
of
pandemic
diseases
preparedness and response plans
Providing surveillance tools to state
and local epidemiologists for
detecting potential health threats
Approximately 100 organizations
used CDC’s Early Aberration
Reporting System to improve health
threat detection through analysis of
data from diverse sources such as
emergency departments, 911 calls,
physician offices, and over thecounter drug sales
.
Improving Preparedness
Health Monitoring and Surveillance
Objective: Integrate and enhance the
existing surveillance systems at local,
state, national, and international levels
to detect, monitor, report, and
evaluate public health threats.
 BioSense provided situational
awareness during national
events such as the Super Bowl
and the State of the Union
Address. In addition, BioSense
detected data anomalies related
to health problems associated
with California wildfires.
 The National Poison Data
System enhanced government
response to the melamine
outbreak in pet food and
toothpaste. Poison control
centers submit data to the
system every 4 minutes to 10
minutes.
Tracking hazardous substances and
alerting emergency partners about
accidental releases
The Hazardous Substances
Emergency
Events
Surveillance
program provided more than 1,600
alerts leading to evacuations of more
than 35,000 people.
Improving research and assessing
sciences
Objective: Support and strengthen
human
and
technological
World Health Organization
epidemiologic resources to prevent,
investigate, mitigate, and control
current, emerging, and new public
health threats and to conduct research
and development that lead to
interventions for such threats.
Assessing the vaccine and treatment
options for anthrax
CDC assessed the current
administration routes and dosage for
the licensed anthrax vaccine, with the
goal of maintaining effectiveness with
fewer side effects.
Developing methods to detect the
presence of anthrax in potentially
contaminated areas
CDC developed, field tested,
and is refining a new sampling
strategy to better detect anthrax
contamination.
Evaluating emergency medicine kits
for at-home use
CDC evaluated a strategy to
provide
emergency
MedKits
containing antibiotics for home use in
the event of an anthrax release. The
MedKit prototype is currently
undergoing additional testing.
Enabling
secure
and
rapid
communication to detect health
threats
CDC’s web-based Epidemic
Information Exchange (Epi-X) alerted
health officials about incidents
including Salmonella infections,
foodborne botulism, travel-related
measles, and an outbreak of a rare
type of adenovirus.
REGIONAL
PREPAREDNESS AND
RESPONSE
COORDINATION
Implementation of the Preparedness
plan will require major investment at
the Regional, sub-regional and
country levels. This investment will
only be effective if countries have
access to evidence based standards
and guidelines, technical support and
immediate access to operation support
in the face of emergent pandemic
World Health Organization
diseases. Therefore, the following
activities are imperative for enhancing
regional preparedness and response to
the pandemic:
• Activate the Regional task force on
Pandemic disease. Members should
include WHO (EPR, IHR, GBD,
CDS, NHS and HPR), regional panel
of experts and FAO, OIE
• Reinforce the existing laboratory
network on the Disease,
• Reinforce and re orient the EPR
network of consultants on the disease
• Develop guidelines for coordination
of capacity building by various health
organizations
• Provide briefing materials and
technical advice on acceleration of
drug registration and licensing.
•
Facilitate
procurement
and
propositioning of medical supplies
and vaccines
• Collate surveillance data on disease;
identify clustering of cases and
hotspots to guide resource allocation.
• Establish a regional outbreak
verification and response operational
center.
MAIN THREATS
HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)
and
acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
are retroactive autoimmune diseases
that originated in west-central Africa
during the early 20th century. HIV
can be spread through three methods:
sexual contact, exposure to infected
body fluids and from mother to child
during pregnancy.
AIDS
was
officially recognized in the 1980’s by
the World Health Organization, and
since that point, WHO has thoroughly
readdressed their policies regarding
contagious diseases and pandemics.
With the AIDS pandemic, WHO
transformed its approach from one of
collecting information at a distance
into taking action on the front lines by
providing
both
aggressive
antiretroviral treatment (ART) and
new,
consolidated
international
guidelines for the treatment of at-risk
people.
SARS
In late 2002, Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a
viral respiratory disease, first
appeared in Southern China and
spread to 37 other countries within a
matter of weeks. Because of this,
SARS had a 9.6% fatality rate, and
was therefore unique in both its
severity and its high rate of
World Health Organization
transmission. Dr. Anarfi AsamoaBaah, Assistant Director General
(Communicable Diseases for WHO)
identified SARS at the time as the
first disease whose spread was likely
due to the effects of globalization.
However, he assured WHO that
previous methods of dealing with
pandemics could be adopted to meet
differing needs, and in June
2003,WHO held their first Global
Conference on SARS in Kuala
Lumpur, with the goal of creating an
international scientific task force to
combat SARS.As a result of this, in
October of 2004, WHO released an
official framework on risk assessment
and preparedness entitled the SARS
Risk Assessment and Preparedness
Framework that was to be used at
both the international and the national
level.
H1N1
The H1N1 virus, an influenza A
subtype colloquially known as “swine
flu” which broke out in 2009, forced
WHO to retract their previous
reporting and data requirements for
infectious
diseases.H1N1
could
spread faster, when compared to most
other viruses, in six weeks than most
diseases could spread in six months.
In 2009, WHO released a pandemic
briefing stating that they would
change the data needed for risk
assessment. WHO issued nearly
immediate consultations on restricting
mass gatherings and shutting down
classrooms? The result was that while
these measures were effective on a
local level, they were expensive and
did not prevent transmission on a
large scale. As well, issues of
discrimination were present, and
WHO began advising Member States
that epidemiology should be their
utmost priority above social and class
separation concerns. Member States
in East Asia found that encouraging
citizens to wear masks in public areas
prevented disease spread, and that
communication was vital to ensure
that key transportation routes and
borders could remain open.
CASE STUDY: Situation
with MERS-CoV
Currently, WHO is dealing with an
emerging pandemic threat called
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), an avian
flu that is spreading through the
Middle East and Southern Europe
with a fatality rate of 50%. At the
time that this guide was written,
MERS-CoV has been seen in 9
countries, with cases increasing.
However, WHO has been utilizing
their previously successful strategy of
a secret Emergency Committee to
combat the outbreak; and as it
continues, they are consistently
updating WHO with news and data.
WHO is also emphasizing global
communication and collaboration, and
has a strong emphasis on preventative
World Health Organization
measures, as according to the new
policies implemented during the
AIDS and SARS pandemics. It is
likely due to these preventative
measures that on 17 July 2013, the
Director-General of WHO has
accepted the Emergency Committee’s
assessment that the current MERSCoV situation is ‘serious and of great
concern, but does not constitute a
Public
Health
Emergency
of
International Concern (PHEIC) at this
time.’. This, above all other successes,
proves the effectiveness of the recent
restructuring of WHO policies, in that
their new preventative measures have
essentially averted MERS-CoV from
being classified as a pandemic at this
time.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is through the work
of international subsidiary bodies
under WHO, and through the recent
global pandemics of HIV/AIDS,
SARS, and H1N1 that WHO has been
able to restructure their outbreak
policies to ensure current and future
pandemic-shutdown
success.
However, there are still areas left that
are not addressed by the current
policies that impede WHO from
reaching full global success in
combating pandemics and diseases,
especially in social and political areas.
These missing areas will need to be
addressed in the immediate future
with the increasing threat of a
potential MERS-CoV pandemic in the
Middle East currently proving to be of
mounting concern for WHO. Moving
forward, delegates should consider
questions such as: How can exist
flaws in the current international
infrastructure are improved to aid in
quicker
response
to
potential
outbreaks? What can be done to
address the political and social issues
affected by outbreaks, such as social
stigma and political unrest? How can
we encourage Member States to
possess accountability for the Global
Burden
of
Disease
Project’s
suggestions? How should we analyze
WHO’s response to MERS-CoV,
considering that it is a current
outbreak? What can be done preemptively to aid in issues of low
supply and high demand of vaccines
during outbreaks? Although many
aspects of this field have been
addressed before, there are still
challenges remaining in order to
combat pandemic and resistant
diseases.
SUGGESTIONS
FOR
FURTHER RESEARCH
The topic is vast and we have covered
only a small portion of it so as to give
you a starting point for research. It is
definitely best to use online materials,
the most recent publications and the
speeches given by big personalities
regarding your topic when you
prepare for the conference. I will
recommend you to divide the topic
World Health Organization
and take one area at a time to do the
research. The advancements in our
topic are ever evolving thanks to the
high volume of research that the
scientific community is currently
conducting on the topic. Therefore,
while it may be useful to consult older
resources and books to learn about the
history of the topic, you should use
mostly recent materials to develop
your nation’s current position on the
issue.
As you can see through the
bibliography of this study guide, one
of the best resources that will serve
you over the next few months is the
World Health Organization’s website.
The WHO website contains a plethora
of publications, web pages, and
documents on this topic. While the
sheer amount of information may be
overwhelming, the WHO does a great
job categorizing the information into
topics like background, policy,
projects, publications, partnerships,
and links to further materials.
Finally, I want to really emphasize
that your job is to represent your
country’s stake in this issue. This
guide provides an overview of how
this topic affects the world at large
and how diverse the health concerns
are globally. However, it is your
responsibility to really explore how
the topic is relevant to your nation and
then report that to the committee
during our conference. While you
may be able to find all of the
information through the Internet and
online databases, you can also contact
your nation’s health ministries and
interview health officials if you are
feeling brave!
REQUIREMNTS OF A
POSITION PAPER
Your position paper must have your
countries stand on the topic. It must
one and a half page long with 3
distinct paragraphs, where in the first
and second paragraphs build up to
your third and final paragraph which
should make the bulk of your paper.
Your paper should be 14 point times
new roman. With your name, country
name, school, and topic area in the
upper right hand corner.
The first paragraph should talk about
your country’s experience on
regarding the topic. For example- Has
your country ever faced a pandemic
disease? What did it do to control it?
So far has the research work
strengthened? Does your country have
a response team? If yes how strong is
it?
The second paragraph should discuss
your nation’s policy on the issues, as
supported by relevant national
documents. This differs from the first
paragraph because it should also
include a short description of
agreements, statements, and lessons
World Health Organization
learned from your history and choices
in the past. You should also discuss
your current diplomatic arrangements
with relevant nations in this
paragraph.
Research
for
this
paragraph could include speeches
given by heads of state or
ambassadors, or national studies and
policy statements.
The third paragraph, which is the
most important, should be about what
your country’s plan of going ahead
especially in the matter discussed
through your position paper (the
topic). It should answer questions
like- what is the best course of action
for your country? What priorities does
your country assign to different
matters, and why? This paragraph
should be a mixture of your past
experiences, results and the most
swiftest and effective method of
addressing any pandemic breakouts.
This paragraph includes facts as well
as for power of creative ways to solve
issues. Understanding your country,
however, is important for creating a
plan to undertake on an international
level, and I highly encourage you to
conduct your investigations and
learning with vigor and curiosity. And
of course absolutely do not hesitate to
contact me with questions.
CLOSING REMARKS
Thank you very much for taking the
time and effort to read through that
material! While this guide has indeed
explained some of the chief concerns,
it has also shown how diverse these
concerns can be. However, in my
opinion, this represents the beauty of
such a topic. There are no simple
answers and no easy compromises.
You will really have to delve deeply
into the fundamental issues at stake
and work together to make health a
central element of climate change
discussions, actions, and policies.
I highly encourage you to research as
much as you can about your nation’s
role in this subject and how it
interacts with the roles of other
member states. There are countless
reports and research materials
‘strengthening research and response
preparedness to combat pandemic
diseases’, so while you may not be
able to get through it all, you should
find the most relevant information for
your country. By doing your share of
the research, you will benefit us all
during the conference and allow us to
learn more about how the topic relates
to different countries and situations.
Additionally, being a good delegate
not only requires a comprehensive
understanding of your topic, but also a
desire and willingness to negotiate
and develop resolutions to these
issues. If you truly treat ASMUN
World Health Organization
Dubai 2014 as an opportunity to
assume the role of an ambassador,
you will definitely broaden your
perspective on the critical world
health issues of our time and the
challenges that accompany them.
Ultimately, however, you should have
fun with it! Although it is sometimes
difficult
to
bridge
conflicting
viewpoints and foster compromise, I
hope you take some enjoyment in the
challenge. If you have any questions
or concerns during the course of your
research and studying, do not hesitate
to contact me. Get ready for some
awesome simulations, and aim to
make the most of your weekend –
after all, you only have two days to
come up with a resolution!
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