Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash and Coarse Aggregate
with Coconut Shell on properties of concrete
Neetesh Kumar
Abhinav Singh
Research Scholar
Research Scholar
Civil Engg. Department
Civil Engg. Department
M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur
M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur
niteshmmmec@gmail.com
abhinavsinghbaghel@gmail.com
Abstract: An effort has been made to study
the suitability of replacing the 25% of fly
ash obtained from N.T.P.C. Tanda Uttar
Predesh is common for all mixes with
cement and simultaneously by replacing
10%, 20% and 30% of coconut shell as
coarse aggregate for concrete of grade M
25. Check strength characteristics such as
compressive strength of concrete mix are
found for 7 days, 14 days, 28 days of
curing period and results are analyzed and
compared with the regular (conventional)
mix. Test for grade as per specified
procedure of IS codes. The materials are
proportioned by their weight. The water
cement ratio is obtained by conducting
workability tests. The results found were
comparable with that of conventional mix.
The proportion used in this study is
1:1.49:3.03 and water cement ratio is
0.47.
aggregates, coal fly ash, ground clay brick
and pervious paver block system. Further,
substantial
research
work
has
been
conducted on fiber-reinforced concrete
which is a concrete primarily made of a
mix of hydraulic cement, aggregates, water
and reinforcing fibers.
The Coconut Shell-cement composite is
compatible and no pre-treatment is required.
Coconut Shell concrete has better workability
because of the smooth surface on one side of
the shells. The impact resistance of Coconut
Shell concrete is high when compared with
conventional concrete. Moisture retaining and
water absorbing capacity of Coconut Shell are
more compared to conventional aggregate
In Asia the construction industry is yet to
utilize the advantage of LWC in the
Keywords:
Coarse
aggregate,
fine
aggregate, coconut shell, compressive
strength,
concrete,
fly
ash,
slump,
compaction factor.
investigated
in
construction engineering research. Some
examples
of
high
rise
structures.
Coconut Shell (CS) are not commonly
used in the construction industry but are
The aim of this study is to spread
Sustainable materials are currently widely
and
of
often dumped as agricultural wastes.
INTRODUCTION
considered
construction
sustainable
research
worldwide are the use of recycled concrete
awareness
of
coconut
fibres
as
a
construction material. Typical concrete is a
mixture
of
fine
aggregates,
coarse
aggregates, cement and water. Because of
its convenient use, it is not only used in
Cement: Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade
building construction but also in other
was used conforming to IS 8112 – 1989 and
areas roads, harbors, bridges and many
physical property was given below:
more. The usage of concrete is very wide.
S.N.
Physical property
It is one of the most important constituent
materials. It is comparatively economical,
easy to make offers continuity solidity and
indeed it lays the role of developing and
improving our modern society. Coarse
aggregates not only constitute the bulk of
concrete but also contribute the most
towards its compressive strength through
high particle strength and close particle
interlock. But, the construction industry
worldwide is facing a shortage of this
1.
2.
3.
Compressive
Strength(MPa)
Fineness (%)
Specific Gravity
Test
result
48.35
6
3.06
Fly Ash:
The burning of harder, older anthracite and
bituminous coal typically produces Class F
fly ash. This fly ash is pozzolanic in
nature, and contains less than 20% lime
(CaO).
S.N.
Physical property
Test result
of
1.
Specific Gravity
2.37
demolished masonry rubble as coarse
2.
Bulk
1050
natural
resource.
The
recycling
Density(kg/m3)
aggregate in concrete is an interesting
possibility
due
to
its
environmental
Fine Aggregate: Sand conforming to Zone-III
benefits. It is not only a viable alternative
was used as the fine aggregate, as per I.S 383-
to natural coarse aggregate but also solves
1970. The sand was air dried and free from
the
any foreign material, earlier than mixing.
major
demolition
problem
of
of
waste.
disposal
of
Recycling
construction and demolition waste into
aggregate would ultimately lead to fewer
quarries and landfills.
DESCRIPTIONS OF MATERIALS
The materials used in this experiment were
S.N.
Physical property
Test result
3.
Fineness modulus
2.45
4.
Specific Gravity
2.56
5.
Bulk
1530-1600
3
Density(kg/m )
Water Absorption 0.80
(%)
6.
locally available and these were Ordinary
Portland Cement (O.P.C), Fly ash as partial
crushed granite and coconut shell both as
Coarse Aggregates: Crushed granite was used
as coarse aggregate of size 20 mm and 10 mm
both.
coarse aggregate. Potable water was used for
S.N.
replacement of cement, sand as fine aggregate,
mixing and curing.
Physical property
Test result
Density(kg/m3)
2.
Maximum
Size 20
(mm)
Fineness modulus
7.25
5.
3.
Specific Gravity
2.70
6.
4.
Bulk
Density(kg/m3)
Water Absorption
(%)
Aggregate
Crushing
Value
(%)
Aggregate Impact
Value (%)
1480-1610
1.
5.
6.
7.
Water Absorption
(%)
Aggregate
Crushing
Value
(%)
Aggregate Impact
Value (%)
Moisture Content
(%)
Shell
Thickness(mm)
7.
0.12
8.
16.60
9.
11.01
23
2.49
8.55
4.2
3-6
Compressive Strength Test
For compressive strength test cubes of size
Coconut Shell: In this work coconut shell was
used
as
partial
replacement
of
coarse
aggregate which is crushed granite. Coconut
150×150×150 mm3 made. Test was done
on
the
hydraulic
Compressive
after that it was cleaned, sun dried, removed
resistance of concrete to axial loading.
fibers to evaluate its properties. Coconut shell
Cubes are put in the machine and after
needs no pre treatment, except for water
tighten its wheel start button is pressed as
absorption. Coconut shell has very high water
pressure is begin to apply. Reading of
absorption. Due to this property, before use
meter is note down when cracks are there
coconut shells were soaked in potable water
on
S.N.
Compressive
defined
strength
as
is
calculated by following formula:
Physical property
Test
result
Size 20
2.
Maximum
(mm)
Fineness modulus
6.48
3.
Specific Gravity
1.56
4.
Bulk
510-600
1.
cubes.
is
machine.
shells were unruffled from the local temple
for 24 hours.
strength
testing
Compressive Strength =
P
A
Where P is load and A is area of
cube
Fig: Compressive Testing Machine
Workability
Shear: If one half of the cone slides down
The word ‘workability’ signifies much wider
then it is called shear slump.
and
True: If concrete slumps evenly it is
deeper
meaning
than
the
other
terminology “consistency” often used loosely
called true slump.
for workability. Consistency is to indicate the
Compaction Factor Test
degree of fluidity or degree of mobility. Two
Compacting factor of fresh concrete is
tests basically have done for workability
done to determine the workability of fresh
namely slump test and compaction factor test
with fresh mix.
Slump test
Collapse: In a collapse slumps the
concrete by compacting factor test as per
IS: 1199 – 1959. The compaction factor
test provides us the workability more
accurate
than
slump
test
concrete collapses completely.
CASTING OF CONCRETE CUBES
Then moulds are cleaned and oiled on all
The moulds of size 150×150×150 mm3 are
contact surfaces of the moulds and place
kept ready before mixing. Total 36 cubes
the moulds on vibrating table. The
are casted. The bolts of the moulds
concrete is filled into moulds in layers and
carefully tightened because if bolts are not
then vibrated. The top surface of concrete
kept tight the concrete mixture coming out
is struck off level with a trowel. The
of the mould when vibration takes place.
number and date of casting are put on the
shall be expressed to the nearest N/mm2.
top surface of the cubes.
Compressive
strength
is
defined
as
resistance of concrete to axial loading.
TESTS FOR CONCRETE
Test
for
Compressive
Cubes are put in the machine and after
strength
of
concrete cubes
pressure is begin to apply. Reading of
To calculate the compressive strength of
concrete
cubes
tighten its wheel start button is pressed as
the
universal
testing
machine (UTM) having capacity of 2000
meter is note down when cracks are there
on
cubes.
Compressive
strength
calculated by following formula:
KN was used. In this test the strength
obtained
in
KN.
The
Compressive Strength =
measured
compressive strength of the specimen shall
be calculated by dividing the maximum
is
P
A
Where P is load and A is area of
cube
load applied to the specimen during the
test by the cross sectional area calculated
from mean dimensions of the section and
Days
Conventional
10%CS and
25% fly ash
20%CS and
25% fly ash
30%CS and
25% fly ash
7
29.78
26.08
24.54
22.89
14
31.56
28.13
26.23
25.36
28
36.44
33.56
32.75
29.39
Fig: Testing of cubes
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
Compressive Strength Variation with age
40
35
30
25
20
7 days
15
14 days
10
28 days
5
0
Conventional0
10% CS, 25% FA
20% CS, 25% FA
30% CS, 25% FA
% of replacement with coconut shell and fly ash
comparison with the conventional
concrete.
Workability test results
S.N
Slump (mm)
3. The specific gravity of coconut
84
shell is lower than to the coarse
1
Conventional
2
35
10%CS and
25% fly ash
41
20%CS and
25% fly ash
47
30%CS and
25% fly ash
Compaction Factor
aggregate and the water absorption
3
4
is higher for coconut shell than
coarse aggregate so the strength
decreased as comparison with the
conventional concrete.
1
Conventional
0.912
4. 25% fly ash when replaced with
2
10%CS and
25% fly ash
20%CS and
25% fly ash
30%CS and
25% fly ash
0.916
cement and coconut shell as 10%,
3
4
20%, and 30% when replaced with
0.917
coarse aggregate it is found that
0.922
compressive strength of concrete is
lower
CONCLUSIONS
1. The
compared
to
conventional concrete.
slump
of
the
concrete
increased when the percentage of
coconut
when
shell
increases
and
decrease as comparison with the
conventional concrete.
2. The compaction factor increased
when the percentage of coconut
shell increases and increased as
5. The compressive strength of the
cubes reduced as the replacement
with coconut shell increased.
6. The cube compressive strength of
concrete at the age of 7 days
resulted in marginal reduction with
10% and 20% replacement of
coarse aggregate with coconut
Journal
of
Engineering
Science
shell.
Invention, Vol.2, Issue 5, pp 07-11
4. Gunasekaran, K., Annadurai, R. &
FURTHER SCOPE OF WORK
Kumar, P. S., “ Long term study on
1. The study can be carried out with
compressive and bond strength of
varying percentage substitution of
coconut shell aggregate concrete” .
the material for specific low cost
Construction and Building Materials
housing applications.
28 (1) 208-215 , 2012
2. The
properties
like
water
absorption, light weight concrete
and study on economic aspects can
be carried out.
5. K.Gunasekaran, P.S.Kumar et al 2008,
Proceedings
of
International
Conference on Advances in Concrete
and
Construction,
ICACC-2008”,
2008, Hyderabad, India pp 450-459
3. The effect of temperature on the
concrete developed can be studied.
6. Amarnath
Yeramala,
Ramchandrudu.C, (2012), “Properties
4. The study can be extended to
of concrete with coconut shell as
assess the durability aspects of the
aggregate replacement”, International
concrete with varying replacement
Journal
proportions.
Inventions,Vol.1, Issue 6, pp 21-31
5. Many other waste materials can be
also used in low cost constructions.
of
Engineering
7. B.Damodhara Reddy (2014) et al,
“Experimental analysis of the use of
coconut shell as coarse aggregate”,
IOSr Journal of Mechanical and Civil
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