Micro and Nanotechnology: An Overview
Dr. Kristy M. Ainslie
From Dr. Tejal Desai’s Lab, UC San Francisco
June 20, 2007
The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More
Ant
~ 5 mm
-3
10 m
Dust mite
0.1 mm
100 mm
200 mm
1,000,000 nanometers = 1 millimeter (mm)
10-4 m
Fly ash
~ 10-20 mm
Red blood cells
(~7-8 mm)
10-6 m
0.1 mm
100 nm
0.01 mm
10 nm
~10 nm diameter
10-5 m
Visible Infrared
0.01 mm
10 mm
10-7 m
10-8 m
DNA
~2-1/2 nm diameter
Atoms of silicon
spacing 0.078 nm
0.1 nm
Soft x-ray
ATP synthase
10-9 m
Head of a pin
1-2 mm
Micro-technology
“The Micro World”
1,000 nanometers = 1 micrometer (mm)
Ultraviolet
Human hair
~ 60-120 mm wide
10-2 m
Microwave
1 cm
10 mm
1 nanometer (nm)
10-10 m
Nanotechnology
“The Nano World”
Nanoscale Fits the Molecular World
One 5’5” Student (our example molecule)
A 8’ desk?
A 2’ 6” desk?
Or a 5’ desk?
Compared to what we can see, an atom scale is about a million times smaller!
Imagine a desk a million times too big!
Nanomaterials Have More Atoms on the Surface
Materials of the micro (1x10-6m) and especially nano (1x10-9m) size have more
atom exposed on the outside then inside
Nanomaterial
A 1x1x1
Micro-scaled Material
3
cm cube will have
0.00072%
of the atoms
exposed to the surface
Volume = 18x19x1 nm3 or
15x8x16 atoms = 1920 atoms
total
Volume = 3x3x0.7 mm3 or
~4 million atoms total
976 or 51% of the atoms are
at the surface
976 or 4% of the atoms are at
the surface
Surface Atoms Interact more with the Environment
Light
Temperature
Heat
Sound
Cold
The forms of energy that affect us in the environment can affect
molecules.
Energy comes from the environment to affect molecular nature.
Since more molecules are on the surface, the affect is more
pronounced.
Nanotechnology has mechanical applications
Self-assembled,
Nature-inspired structure
Many 10s of nm
Quantum corral of 48
iron atoms on copper
surface
positioned one at a
time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm
MicroElectroMechanical
(MEMS) devices
10 -100 mm wide
Carbon buckyball
~1 nm diameter
Carbon nanotube
~1.3 nm diameter
A Stretched Out Buckey Ball Becomes a Nanotube
Fullerenes (aka buckyballs)
• Discovered in 1985 at the University of Sussex and Rice
University
• Named after Richard Buckminster Fuller
• Geodesic domes (Epcot Center)
• Made entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere,
ellipsoid, or tube.
• Used for microelectrics, sensors and composite materials
MEMs: MicroElectroMechanical Systems
• High proportion of atom on the surface changes characteristics
– electrostatics (static electricity)
– wetting
• Can be fabricated with semiconductor fabrication technology (microchips)
• Made of silicon, polymer or other metals (e.g. gold, nickel, platinum)
• Used for sensors, computer processors, an inkject printer
Quantum Dot Colors Vary with Size
• Semiconductor based material
• Confines electron motion in three
directions
• Releases discrete quantized energy
• Used in LEDs, sensing, and lasers
Nanotechnology Includes Nanomaterials
• Any material that has nano-scale features are termed a nanomaterial
Nanowires
Nanomembranes
Nano-others
Nanoparticles
In Addition, Nanotechnology has biomedical applications
Therapeutic Drug
Delivery Devices
10nm-100 mm
Lab on a Chip
Technology on the micron
scale
Biosensors
Detection from DNA to
Proteins
10nm-100 mm
Kinesin walks on
Microtubule
~100 mm
DNA to Bind and Detect
Proteins
10nm-100 mm
The Scale of the Biological World
100 mm
1x10-4 m
10 mm
1x10-5 m
Plant & Animal
Cells
Bacterial
Cells
1 mm
1x10-6 m
100 nm
1x10-7 m
Viruses
10 nm
Proteins
1x10-8 m
Small Molecules
1 nm
Atoms
1Å
1x10-9 m
DNA
1x10-10 m
Microfluidics are Microscale Piping
•
•
Smaller piping means smaller volumes
of fluids are needed
The area the fluid is moving in is so
small, that the liquid does not mix
Biosensors Detect Analytes from Bodily Fluids
• Biosensors use antibody or other specific
binding molecules to capture the
substance of interest
• Output can be light, movement, an
electrical signal
Lab on a Chip: Diagnosis at the Hospital Bedside
• Lab on a chip integrate
nanomaterials, microfluidics,
biosensors, microelectrics, and
biochemistry
Therapeutic Delivery of Drugs Can Reduce Side-effects
• Small scale “pills” can be taken up by cells
• Adding of antibodies can be used to target sick cells
• Administered through IV, the skin, inhaled, orally
Micro and Nanotechnology can be used for Tissue Engineering
• To grow a cell needs to adhere and spread
• Nanomaterials can navigate cell growth
• Cells can adhere to nanomaterials more strongly
Nanomaterials can Change Cell Behavior
• Stem cells can be grown on nanomaterials
• The differentiation of the stem cell can be changed with nanomaterial
interactions
Review of Micro and Nanotechnology
Things on the nanoscale are a billion times smaller then a meter-stick.
Things on the microscale are a million times smaller then a meter-stick.
Higher % of molecules on the surface leads to different properties.
Micro- and nano-scale materials include Buckeyballs and nanotubes
Micro and Nanotechnology are on the scale of the biological world.
These materials can help treat, diagnose and research diseases.
References
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http://www.science.doe.gov/bes/scale_of_things.ht
ml
Scale of Biological World
– http://www.cimaging.net
– http://library.thinkquest.org
– http://www.becomehealthynow.com
– http://efl.htmlplanet.com
– http://www.sciencemusings.com
– http://i86.photobucket.com/
– http://www.3dchem.com/
– http://depts.washington.edu
– http://www.scharfphoto.com
– http://www.computing.dcu.ie
– http://www.p450.kvl.dk
– http://upload.wikimedia.org/
– http://www.genelex.com
– http://www.csb.yale.edu/
– http://serc.carleton.edu/
– http://www.nanosensors.co.kr/
http://www.manhattanchurch.org/
Biomedical Applications
– http://monet.unibas.ch
– https://buffy.eecs.berkeley.edu
– http://www.naclgroup.org
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http://nanopedia.case.edu/image/build.buckyball.j
pg
http://content.answers.com/
http://www6.ufrgs.br/
MEMs
– http://www.aero.org/
– http://www.devicelink.com/
– www.cs.duke.edu
– http://mems.nist.gov/
– http://web.mit.edu/
Quantum Dots
– http://www.imem.cnr.it
– www.greenspine.ca
– http://www.evidenttech.com/
– http://z.about.com/
Nanomaterials
– www.cvd.louisville.edu
– http://www.micronova.fi/
– www.itmweb.com/
– http://www.worldhealth.net
– http://usinfo.state.gov
– http://www.meliorum.com
– http://www.innovations-report.com
– http://nanoprism.net
– http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/
– http://cjmems.seas.ucla.edu
– http://www.ceic.unsw.edu.au
– http://www.chem.ufl.edu
– http://www.mri.psu.edu/
– http://www.laser-zentrum-hannover.de
References
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Biosenors
– http://www.sensortec.dk
– http://www.primidi.com
– http://www.primidi.com
– http://www.media.mit.edu
– http://www.physics.mcgill.ca
– http://www.schaefer-tec.com
– http://www.bme.cornell.edu
Therapeutic Drug Delivery
– http://www.azonano.com
– http://www.sigmaaldrich.com
– http://www.cfdrc.com
– http://www.pevion.com
– http://www.s3.kth.se
Stem Cells
– http://www.sciencedaily.com
– http://web.uconn.edu
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Lab on a chip
– http://www.medgadget.com
– http://images.vertmarkets.com
– http://www.berkeley.edu
– http://www.pi2.uni-stuttgart.de
– http://www.i-math.com.my
Microfluidics
– http://www.medgadget.com
– http://www.niherst.gov.tt
– http://www.bme.utexas.ed
– uxlink.rsc.org
– http://www.ichf.edu.pl
– http://www.mrsec.harvard.edu
– http://www.leelab.org