Cu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

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A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll
show you how it works.
containers
We’ll construct this cell. We start with two empty containers…
copper
electrode
We place a strip of copper metal in one of them. We call this a copper electrode.
copper
electrode
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
A metal is composed of neutral atoms. We’ll show (click) a few neutral copper
atoms on this electrode.
zinc
electrode
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
In the other container, we’ll place a piece of zinc metal, which we call the zinc
electrode.
zinc
electrode
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Cu
We’ll show a few neutral zinc atoms (click) on this electrode.
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
A
ammeter
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
We obtain an ammeter. A ammeter measures the rate of flow of electrons, or
current.
A
– –
+ +
wires
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
We’ll attach the ammeter to each electrode using conducting wires.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
Wires are
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
composed
of neutral
atoms
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Zn
Zn
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
wires are composed of neutral atoms, which have the same number of protons as electrons.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
protons
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Zn
Zn
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Because protons are positive, we’ll represent protons in the wires by positive
charges
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
electrons
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Zn
Zn
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
And electrons are negative, so we’ll represent electrons by negative charges.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
protons are in
+
+
+
–
–
–
fixed positions
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Protons in all materials are in fixed positions in the nuclei of atoms, so they don’t
move in the wires.
–+
–+
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
A
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
–
–
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+
electrons
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Cu
But in metals, electrons can move easily
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Cu(NO3)2
In the container with the copper electrode, we add some copper(II) nitrate solution
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
NO3
NO3
Cu
Zn
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
Cu
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Zn
NO3
Zn
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Copper(II) nitrate consists of (click) copper 2 plus ions and (click) nitrate ions.
These ions are free to move around in the solution.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
NO3
Cu
Zn
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
Cu
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Zn
NO3
+6
Zn
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
The three copper 2+ ions we’ve represented here, have total charge of positive 6.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
NO3
Cu
Zn
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
Cu
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Zn
NO3
–6
Zn
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
And the six nitrate ions we’ve represented have a total charge of negative 6, so at
this point, charges are balanced in this solution.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
NO3
NO3
Cu
Zn
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
Cu
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Zn
NO3
Zn
+
+
+
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
–
–
–
Zn(NO3)2
In the beaker with the zinc electrode, we add zinc nitrate solution.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
NO3
NO3
Cu
Zn
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
Cu
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn 2
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
Zinc nitrate solutions consists of (click) zinc 2 plus ions and (click) nitrate ions
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
NO3
NO3
Cu
Zn
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
Cu
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
NO3
Zn
+2
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn 2
Zn
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
The zinc 2+ ion we’ve represented here has a charge of positive 2.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
NO3
NO3
Cu
Zn
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
Cu
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
NO3
Zn
–2
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn 2
Zn
+
+
+
–
–
–
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
And the two nitrate ions we’ve represented have total charge of negative 2. So at
this point, charges are also balanced in this solution.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
+
+
+
–
–
–
KNO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
NO3
NO3
Cu
Zn
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
Cu
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
Between the two containers we add (click) an inverted U tube with a solution of a
salt like potassium nitrate, KNO3.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
+
+
+
–
–
–
KNO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
Zn
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
Cu
NO3
Zn
salt bridge
NO3
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
We call this a salt bridge.
Zn
Zn 2
Zn(NO3)2
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
K+
KNO3
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
K+
Zn
K+
NO3
Zn
NO3
NO3
NO3
Cu 2
Cu(NO3)2
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
–
–
–
K+
Zn
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
KNO3 solution consists of K plus and NO3 minus ions. Like all ions in solutions,
these ions are free to move.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn
NO3
NO3
NO3
Cu 2
Cu(NO3)2
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
Now we’ll focus on the zinc electrode and have a look at one of the zinc atoms.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu 2
Cu
Cu 2
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
K+
––
Zn
Zn
K+
NO3
2
NO3
NO3
NO3
Cu 2
Cu(NO3)2
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
This zinc atom loses two electrons and changes into a zinc 2 plus ion, as shown by the equation Zn
gives Zn2+ plus 2 electrons. This ion then (click) leaves the metal and is dissolved in the solution.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
2
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
K+
Zn
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu 2
–
–
–
––
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
The electrons supplied by the zinc push the other electrons through the wire (click
twice while watching)
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K
K
–
+
+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
2
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
K+
Zn
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn 2
Zn(NO3)2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu 2
–
–
–
–
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
+
+
+
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K
K
–
NO
NO
–
K

3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
salt bridge
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
Cu
2
Cu 2
Cu
NO3
NO3
Cu
Cu

3
+
K+
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu 2
–
–
–
+
+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
Meanwhile, over at the copper electrode, a copper 2+ ion moves to the surface of
the electrode.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K
K
–
NO
NO
–
K

3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
salt bridge
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
2
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
NO3
Cu
Cu

3
+
K+
Cu
–
–
–
+
+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
The two extra electrons on the copper electrode (click), move onto the Copper 2+
ion
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
K+
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
–Cu
Cu Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
K+
K+
NO3
NO3
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu 2
Cu
Zn 2
NO3
2
Cu
Zn
NO3
Zn
NO3
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
The copper 2+ ion gains these electrons and changes into a neutral copper atom, as
shown by the equation Cu2+ plus 2 electrons forms Cu.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
This whole process keeps repeating itself, causing electrons to continuously move
through the ammeter.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
Now, we’ll focus on the ions in the container with the copper(II) nitrate solution
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
Cu(NO3)2
In our example, one copper(II) ion was used up.
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
NO3
K+
–
–
–
K+
K+
used
up
+
+
+
Zn 2
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
+4
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
The two copper ions that now remain, have a total charge of positive 4.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
–6
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
And the six nitrate ions have total charge of negative 6.
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
excess of
negative
charge
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
So there is an excess of negative charge in the solution in the container on the left.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
excess of
negative
charge
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Zn(NO3)2
Now, we’ll focus on the container on the right, with the zinc nitrate solution.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
produced
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
excess of
negative
charge
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn 2
Zn(NO3)2
In our example, one zinc 2+ ion was produced…
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
excess of
negative
charge
Zn
+4
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
The two zinc 2+ ions that are now present, have total charge of positive 4
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
Zn
Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
excess of
negative
charge
Zn
–2
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
And the two nitrate ions have a total charge of negative 2.
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
Cu 2
2
NO3
NO3
excess of
negative
charge
Zn
Zn
NO3
excess of
positive
charge
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
Zn
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
So there is an excess of positive charge in the solution in the container on the
right.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
salt bridge
K+
Zn
NO3
K+
K+
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
Cu 2
2
NO3
NO3
excess of
negative
charge
Zn
Zn
NO3
excess of
positive
charge
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu
Zn
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
+
+
+
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
In order to balance charges, positive ions tend to move (click) toward the left through the salt bridge,
away from the side with excess positive charge and toward the side with excess negative charge.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
salt bridge
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
2
NO3
Zn
K+
Zn
Cu Cu
Cu
NO3
NO3
Zn 2
NO3
NO3
excess of
negative
charge
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
K+
Zn 2
NO3
–
–
–
K+
K+
Cu
Cu
NO3
NO3
+
+
+
excess of
positive
charge
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
And negative ions tend to (click) move toward the container on the right, away from the side with
excess negative charge and toward the side with excess positive charge.
A
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
NO3
NO3
Cu
Cu Cu
Cu 2
Cu
NO3
K+
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
K+
NO3
Allows
ions to
move so
charges
are
balanced
–
–
–
K+
NO3
Zn
salt bridge
Cu
Cu
NO3
+
+
+
Zn
K+
NO3
Zn
Zn 2
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
NO3
Zn 2
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
So the salt bridge is an important part of a chemical cell. It allows positive and negative ions to move through
it so that the charges in the solutions remain balanced. Without a salt bridge, a chemical cell would not work.
V
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu 2
NO3
Zn
K+
NO3
Zn
Zn 2
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
NO3
–
–
–
K+
salt bridge
Cu
Cu
NO3
+
+
+
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
K+
NO3
NO3
Zn 2
Cu 2
NO3
If we were to replace the ammeter with a voltmeter,
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
V
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
Voltage = 1.1 volts
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
Zn
K+
NO3
Zn
Zn 2
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
NO3
–
–
–
K+
salt bridge
Cu
Cu
NO3
+
+
+
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
K+
NO3
NO3
Zn 2
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
Under what are called standard conditions, this cell would initially have a voltage
of 1.1 volts.
V
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
Zn
K+
NO3
Zn
Zn 2
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
NO3
–
–
–
K+
salt bridge
Cu
Cu
NO3
+
+
+
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
K+
NO3
NO3
Zn 2
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
As this cell operates (click), zinc atoms will continue to dissolve to form zinc ions
as they lose electrons…
V
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
Zn
K+
NO3
Zn
Zn 2
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
NO3
–
–
–
K+
salt bridge
Cu
Cu
NO3
+
+
+
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
K+
NO3
NO3
Zn 2
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
And (click) copper 2+ ions will continue to gain electrons as they form copper
atoms.
V
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu Cu
Cu 2
NO3
Zn
K+
NO3
Zn
Zn 2
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
NO3
–
–
–
K+
salt bridge
Cu
Cu
NO3
+
+
+
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
K+
NO3
NO3
Cu 2
NO3
As zinc atoms on the zinc electrode dissolve,
Zn 2
Zinc atoms
are dissolved
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
V
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
– + Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
Zn
Zn 2
NO3
Cu Cu
Zn
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
NO3
–
–
–
K+
salt bridge
Cu
Cu
NO3
+
+
+
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
K+
NO3
NO3
Cu2+ ions
are used up
Zn 2
Zinc atoms
are dissolved
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
And copper 2+ ions in the copper(II) nitrate solution are used up, the voltage
supplied by this cell will gradually decrease,
V
– + +– +– –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+ –+
–+
Voltage = 0 volts
–+
K+
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
NO3
Zn
NO3
Cu 2
Cu 2
NO3
NO3
Zn
Zn 2
NO3
Cu Cu
Zn
K+
NO3
Cu
Cu
NO3
K+
NO3
–
–
–
K+
salt bridge
Cu
Cu
NO3
+
+
+
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
NO3
K+
NO3
NO3
Cu2+ ions
are used up
and will over time, drop to zero.
Zn 2
Zinc atoms
are dissolved
Zn
Zn
NO3
Zn Zn
Zn Zn
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