 Wear safety glasses
 Wear protective clothing
 Know the location and use of all safety equipment
 Use proper techniques and procedures
 Add acid to water
 Be very cautious when testing for odors
 Use hoods whenever poisonous or irritating fumes are evolved
 Discard wastes properly - flush liquids down the sink with a large excess of water
 Report any accident, however minor, to the instructor at once
 All the times think about what you are doing
 Be alert, serious, and responsible

 Eat or drink in the lab
 Perform unauthorized experiments
 Leave anything unattended while it is being heated or is reacting rapidly
 Aim the opening of a test tube or flask at yourself or at anyone else
 Add water to acid
 Insert droppers, pipettes and other laboratory equipment into reagent bottles – this is a sure way of contaminating the contents
 Return unused reagents to stock bottles
 Clutter your work area
 Take unnecessary risks
 Enter chemical storage area



 Wear approved eye protection at all times in the laboratory and in any area where chemicals are stored or handled. The only exception is when explicit instructions to the contrary are given by your instructor.
► Eye protection should protect against impact and chemical splashes. Goggles are strongly recommended and may be required.
► If you should get a chemical in your eye, wash with flowing water from a sink or fountain for at least 15 min. Get medical attention immediately.
► Contact lenses are not considered protective eye wear.
Wearing of contacts is allowed only if safety glasses are
also worn. Contact lenses prevent rinsing chemical splashes from the eye. Vapors in the laboratory (HCl, for example) dissolve in the liquids covering the eye and concentrate behind the lenses. "Soft" lenses are especially bad as chemicals dissolve in the lenses themselves and are released over several hours. If a burning sensation is experienced in the eyes while wearing contacts, immediately remove the contacts and rinse the eyes thoroughly. Also clean the contacts well before replacing in eyes.

 Perform no unauthorized experiments . This includes using only the quantities instructed, no more. Consult your instructor if you have any doubts about the instructions in the laboratory manual.
 Do not smoke in the laboratory at any time. Not only is smoking a fire hazard, but chemicals in laboratory air (both as vapors and as dust) are drawn into the lungs.
 In case of fire or accident, call the instructor at once. Note the location of fire extinguishers and safety showers now so that you can use them if needed.

 Report all injuries to your instructor at once. Except for very superficial injuries, you will be required to get medical treatment for cuts, burns, or fume inhalation. (Your instructor will arrange for transportation if needed.)

 Do not eat or drink anything in the laboratory.
This applies to both food and chemicals.
The obvious danger is poisoning.
Not so obvious is that you never should touch chemicals. Many chemicals are absorbed through the skin. Wash all chemicals off with large quantities of running water.
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water when leaving the laboratory.

 Avoid breathing fumes of any kind.
a. To test the smell of a vapor, collect some in a cupped hand.
b. Work in a hood if there is the possibility that noxious or poisonous vapors may be produced.
 Never use mouth suction in filling pipettes with chemical reagents. Always use a pipette bulb.

 Never work alone in the laboratory. There must be at least one other person present in the same room. In addition, an instructor should be quickly available.
 Wear shoes in the laboratory. Bare feet are prohibited because of the danger from broken glass. Sandals are prohibited because of the hazards from chemical spills.

 Confine long hair and loose clothing (such as ties) in the laboratory. It may either catch fire or be chemically contaminated.
a. A laboratory apron or lab coat provides protection at all times. A lab apron or lab coat is required when you are wearing easily combustible clothing (synthetic and light fabrics).
b. It is advisable to wear old clothing to laboratory as it is not as expensive to replace.
 Keep your work area neat at all times . Clean up spills and broken glass immediately. Clutter not only will slow your work but it leads to accidents.
Clean up your work space, including wiping the surface and putting away all chemicals and equipment, at the end of the laboratory period.

 Be careful when heating liquids. Flammable liquids such as ethers, hydrocarbons, alcohols, acetone, and carbon disulfide must never be heated over an open flame.
 Always pour acids into water when mixing.
Otherwise the acid can spatter, often quite violently. "Acid into water is the way that you oughter”
 Dispose of excess liquid reagents by flushing small quantities down the sink. Consult the instructor about large quantities. Dispose of solids in crocks. Never return reagents to the bottle.

 Carefully read the experiment and answer the questions in the prelab before coming to the laboratory. An unprepared student is a hazard to everyone in the room.
 Spatters are common in general chemistry laboratories. Test tubes being heated or containing reacting mixtures should never be pointed at anyone. If you observe this practice in a neighbor, speak to him or her or the instructor if needed.
 Finally, and most important, think about what you are doing. Plan ahead. Do not cookbook. If you give no thought to what you are doing, you predispose yourself to an accident.

 Title
 Objective
 Introduction
 Procedure
 Results
 Discussions
 Conclusion
 Question
 Reference

 It should state main objective of the experiment.

 Some of the background for this experiment needs to be state.
 Do not repeat or copy introduction from lab module

 This part should describes every step done during experimentation with passive form and have to simplified the step (ex: in flow chart) from the procedure given to you.

 This part deals with the management of data obtained after experiment. Data can be presented as a series of figures, tables, etc with descriptive text and numbered but no discussion.

 This section must emphasize on discussing the outcome of the experiment. It can be written in two ways:
– Compare the expected outcome of the experiment with theory or
– Make an appropriate graph on which the theory is represented and experimental data by points.
 A critical part of discussion is error analysis. In comparison of theory and experiment you may not get a perfect agreement. It does not necessarily mean that your experiment was failed. The results will be accepted, provided that you can account for discrepancy. Precision and accuracy of the instrument or your ability to read the scales may be one limitation. A part from this, data analysis requires you to open your mind and critical approach to your work and that routine methods may not be sufficient.

 The conclusions should contain several shorts statements closing the report. They should inform the reader if the experiments agreed with the theory. If there were differences between measured and expected results, explain possible reasons for these differences. You may also say what could have been done differently, how experiments may be improved, or make other comment on the laboratory report.

 When citing references to literature, the author should use the author-year format
(Khairul, 2003; Khairul et al ., 2002). List all references cited at the end of the paper. Start each reference on a new line.
A spacing of one line is required between references (Khairul and Harbant, 1999).

 Websites sources should also be referenced if appropriate (Online Library, 2002). A website reference should include the full address of the website, and the date the website was accessed, as well as the date the website was originally published, or last revised. If the date of publication or revision is not available, use the notation n.d. to indicate this unavailability (Khairul and
Harbant, n.d.).
 References should be arranged in alphabetical orders.

 Students are encouraged to refer to books, journals and conference papers


In case of any problem or uncertainty, please contact me at: khairulfarihan@unimap.edu.my
kfk_an@yahoo.com
04-9798837
013-4384185