OJ Simpson Case Study Compilation

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OJ Simpson Case Study
Compilation
SUPA Forensics Period 8
O.J. Simpson Case:
Background
Sara Starr, Michelle Hao, Mariam Momjian,
Rebecca Song, Tristan Jeong
Who was O.J. Simpson?
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Born on July 9th, 1947
He was raised by his mother, along with three siblings
Joined a street gang called the Persian Warriors at age 13
Was a very successful college football player for USC
o he won the Heisman Trophy
Went on to play football (as a running back) in the NFL until 1979
o he played for the Buffalo Bills
o only became successful after the Bills changed their style of
offense to showcase his talent
Changed career paths and went into acting and commentating (was
fairly successful)
The Personal Life of O.J. Simpson
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O.J. married Marguerite L. Whitley in 1967
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O.J. and Marguerite got a divorce in 1979
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Before he got a divorce, O.J. met Nicole Brown, who was 17 years old
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In 1985 O.J. and Nicole were married
o together they had two children
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In 1992, Nicole filed for divorce
o Nicole had often complained that O.J. was abusive towards her (which
O.J. always denied)
O.J. had three children with Marguerite
o their daughter Aaren Lashone died just before her birthday at age 2
(1979)
When, where, what?
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Murder occurred on June 12th, 1994
Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman were found dead
outside Nicole Brown’s luxury condominium
875 Bundy Drive
(Supposedly) OJ Simpson brutally stabbed Nicole
Brown and Ronald Goldman to death
Ronald Goldman was there just to drop off Nicole
Brown’s sunglasses
He was in the wrong place at the wrong time
Victims
Nicole Brown
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She was born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1959; moved with her family to Southern California as a toddler
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She was working as a waitress when she met O.J. Simpson in 1977; she was 18
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She began dating Simpson, who was still married though he divorced his wife in 1979
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In 1977 Nicole Brown married O.J. Simpson
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Had two kids with Simpson; Sydney and Justin
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Nicole Brown was a devoted mother, as well as the owner of a small interior decorating business
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O.J. was arrested for beating her (after a long history of bruises on her body), and they got divorced in 1992
Ronald Goldman
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born and raised in Buffalo Grove, Illinois
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moved to Southern California at age 18
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extremely athletic; enjoyed fitness clubs and surfing
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was not in a relationship with Nicole Simpson Brown, was merely returning
sunglasses she had left at the restaurant where he was a waiter
Suspects
OJ Simpson
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Evidence found and collected at the scene led investigators to believe OJ was guilty
6:20pm a chase began when OJ was seen being driven in his white Bronco, by his friend, and
holding a gun to his head. A captured conversation revealed Simpson repeatedly saying that he
was “the only one who deserved to get hurt”- his actions were interpreted as an admission of
guilt.
The chase ended at 8:00 pm at his home in Brentwood, and Simpson was granted an hour to
speak to his mother.
The authorities arrived, and upon Simpson’s surrender, they discovered $8000 in cash, clothing,
a loaded .357 Magnum, passport, fake goatee, mustache, and family pictures in his Bronco.
By race: 9 blacks, 1 hispanic, 2 whites
By sex: 10 women, 2 men
By education: 2 college graduates, 9 high school graduates, 1 without diploma
5/12 thought it appropriate to use force on a family member
5/12 reported that they had a negative experience with the police
9/12 thought that Simpson was less likely to become a murderer because he
was an athlete
12/12 were Democrats
The jury was mostly black people because the case was filed in LA rather than
Santa Monica. A poll showed that most blacks found Simpson innocent while
most whites found Simpson guilty.
Jury
When the trial initially began, on September 8 2008 in the court of Nevada
Court, the judge was Jackie Glass
Simpson testified asking the judge for retrial, but he was denied by Judge
Linda Marie Bell
Judge
Prosecutors
Marcia Clark, lead attorney in the case, Special Trials Division.
Christopher Darden, co-counsel. Darden had completed a six-and-a-half year assignment with the
Special Investigations Division before joining the prosecution team.
Gil Garcetti, Los Angeles District Attorney, elected in 1992..
Hank Goldberg, joined the District Attorney's Office in 1985.
William Hodgman, director of the Bureau of Central Operations, which includes the Special Trials
Division.
Lisa Kahn, DNA coordinator for the district attorney's office.
Cheri Lewis, assisted in the research and preparation of prosecution motions and pleadings.
Defense Attorneys (“The Dream Team”) - His criminal case cost at
least $3 million, possibly as much as $6 million.
F. Lee Bailey - celebrity attorney
Johnnie Cochran Jr
Alan Dershowitz
Carl Douglas
Robert Kardashian
Peter Neufeld - specialized in DNA evidence
Barry Scheck - specialized in DNA evidence
Robert Shapiro
Gerald Uelmen
The Crime
By:
Rebecca Weimer, Brenna Wiegand, Kalette deMarrais and Noelle
Lawler
Type of Murder
• Murder weapon- knife
• O.J. Simpsons ex-wife and her friend were found murdered outside
of Nicole Brown Simpons home.
The Crime
• Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald L. Goldman were murdered
Charges
• O.J. Simpson was charged with two counts of first degree murder
• First degree murder means that he planned to kill his ex-wife and her friend
• He was eligible for death penalty
Suspect
• OJ Simpson
Victims
• Nicole Brown Simpson
• Ronald Goldman
In court:
• Judge Lance Ito- Judge
• Mark Fuhrman- Detective of the LAPD
• Supposedly planted the famous bloody glove
Witnesses
• Kato Kaelin
• Was currently staying in a guest house on Simpsons property
• He was present on the night of the two murders
• Rosa Lopez
• Former maid to Simpsons neighbor
• Said when she was walking the dog and saw his white bronco parked outside
his house
Defense
• Johnnie Cochran
• Robert Shapiro
• F. Lee Bailey
• Robert Kardashian
Prosecution
• Marcia Cross
The Car Chase
• O.J. was in passenger seat while Al Cowlings drove
• On Interstate 405 in LA in White Ford Bronco
• Hour long chase
• O.J. held a gun to his head and laid in the back seat- 50 miles total
• Detective Lange was talking to O.J. to convince him to throw the gun
out of the car
Return to house
• O.J. wanted to speak to his mom before he surrendered
• He was allowed to go into his house for an hour
• Lawyer Robert Shapiro arrived
• Simpson surrendered
Search of house:
• After Simpson surrendered police searched the bronco and found:
• $8,000 cash
• Change of clothes
• Loaded gun
• Passport
• Family pictures
• Fake goatee and Mustache
** None of this was used in court as evidence**
Crime Scene Evidence
Michael Leon, Max Cepeda, Dan Desiderio, Kat Hroncic
Evidence from the Crime
• XL Aris Gloves
• Size 12 Bruno Magli Shoes
• The Bronco car
• Strange reaction to call about the death of Nicole Brown.
• Simpson had fresh cuts on his left hand the day after the murder.
• Blood on OJ’s sock matched the blood of Nicole Brown.
• Hair Fibers similar to Simpson’s hair
XL Aris Gloves
• During the trial Simpson was
asked to try on the exact pair of
gloves from the crime scene.
• Simpson bought a pair of these
gloves at Bloomingdale’s
• Simpson’s Lawyer asked to try
on the gloves with latex gloves
on underneath the Aris Gloves
Size 12 Bruno Magli Shoes
• Simpson was also asked to try
on these pair of size 12 Bruno
Magli Shoes
• The shoe print was found at the
crime scene which match the
pair that Simpson had in a size
12
The Bronco
• Simpson try to escape the cops
in a white Ford Bronco which
was reported to be covered with
blood on the inside of the car.
Fresh cuts on hand
• The day after the murder of
Nicole Brown and Ronald
Goldman fresh cuts were found
on Simpsons left hand
Hair Fiber
• The Hair fibers found at the
Crime Scene matched
Simpson’s.
Bloody sock matching Nicole Brown’s
• These socks were found in
Simpson bed room they
matched the blood type from
the crime scene of Nicole
browns blood.
Witnesses in the
OJ Simpson Case
Mark Wittkamp, Jane Murphy,
Richie Myers, & Danielle LoGuercio
OJ SIMPSON TRIAL
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• Also known as the “People of the State of California vs Orenthal James
Simpson”
• Opening statements started on January 24, 1995 and until the verdict was
reached on October 3, 1995
• OJ Simpson (Former actor and football star) was tried on two counts of
murder:
• Murder of his wife, Nicole Brown Simpson
• Murder of waiter, Ronald Lyle Goodman
• It became the most publicized case in US history.
• Was the longest trial ever held in California, costing over $20 million to
fight and defend, running up 50,000 pages of trial transcript in the
process.
•There were 150 witnesses called to give
evidence before a jury that was sequestered at
the Hotel Intercontinental in downtown L.A.
from January until October.
•Here are our key players
Jose Camacho
• Knife salesman at Ross Cutlery who claimed to
have sold Simpson a 15-inch (380mm) Germanmade knife similar to the murder weapon three
weeks before the murder.
Cynthia Shahian
•A friend and jogging partner of Nicole Simpson.
•Testified on Monday, February 6th
•Said Nicole Simpson was “distraught” after she
received a letter from her ex-husband saying she
could no longer use his mansion as her legal
address.
Detective John Edwards
• Replied to the 911 phone call from Nicole
Brown Simpson
• She screamed that her husband was, “going to
kill me.”
Steven Schwab
• Neighbor who said he found Akita (the
Simpson’s dog) with blood on its paws at
about 10:55pm while walking his own dog.
• He said Akita behaved unusually, barking at
houses while following him home
• He turned dog over to neighbor Sukru
Boztepe.
Sukru Boztepe
• Said that Akita led him and his wife, Bettina
Rassmusen, to Nicole’s condo, where they
found the bodies.
• They got an “old man” to call 911 at about
12:10 am on June 13th.
Detective Mark Fuhrman
• Principal target of defense’s police conspiracy theory
• Testified about finding a bloody glove at OJ’s estate
• He was called a racist and was accused of planting the
glove at the Simpson’s estate.
• He entered the Simpson’s estate without a search warrant
because he was concerned that OJ himself might have
been harmed.
• On July 5th, 1996, charges of perjury were filed against
Fuhrman for his use of racist language
• On October 2nd, 1996, Fuhrman accepted a plea bargain
and pleaded no contest to the charges.
• He was sentenced to three years probation and fined $200.
Detective Philip Vannatter
• Reconstructed how the crime scene was treated.
• He said that bloody glove and trail of blood at
estate led him to regard OJ as only suspect.
• Said that he could see Detective Fuhrman at all
times during inspection of OJ’s Bronco and that
OJ voluntarily gave police statement
Brian “Kato” Kaelin
• Simpson’s house guest
• Was on stand for five days.
• Said that he had dinner with OJ until 9:35pm.
• Testified to hearing thumps on wall of guest house at 10:38pm,
and then saw OJ again around 11:00pm when he helped load
limo.
• Said that OJ was “upset,” “not fine” in talking about Nicole not
letting him see daughter at recital.
• Closed by saying that he did not plan to write a book about his
role and insisting he felt “some obligation” to OJ but would not
lie for him.
Brian “Kato” Kaelin Cont.
• 20 years after the murder, Kaelin finally admitted
that OJ killed his wife.
• He stated that, “The statute of limitations has now
passed … so I can now say … yes, he did it.”
• When asked why he didn’t tell the truth while on the
stand, Kaelin responded, “I was too scared. I was
terrified.”
Collin Yamauchi
• Los Angeles Police Dept. criminalist.
• Testified that he recommended the department withhold some blood
samples to Cellmark Diagnostics.
• Admitted he had expectations of what the test results would be since
he thought Simpson was in Chicago at the time of the murders
• Said he made a numbering error on a vial of Simpson's blood, but he
said it had no baring on test results.
• Said he ran 23 samples at once during the first batch of DNA analysis,
instead of the recommended he also said he spilled some of
Simpson's blood.
• He was called “messy”
Allan Park
• Limo driver OJ hired to take him to the airport.
• Testified that he arrived at the estate at 10:22pm, didn’t see
the Bronco on the street, and couldn’t get OJ to answer
doorbell.
• At 10:55pm, he saw a shadowy figure enter house; OJ
answered at 11:00pm saying that he had overslept.
• Said that OJ was not bleeding and that he saw no injuries
on his hand.
• Said he saw five bags at OJ’s house but OJ guarded a
small bag.
Gary Sims
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• Senior criminalist of California Dept. of Justice laboratory
in Berkeley.
• Testified that blood from right hand glove found on
Simpson's estate matched Goldman's blood
• Testified that the odds were 1 in 240,000 that blood at
the crime scene could have come from a black person
other than O.J. Simpson.
• Prosecutors mocked him if DNA could "fly” due to how
poorly handled the evidence was.
• Sims denied that he was part of an evidence-tampering
conspiracy.
Robin Cotton
• Lab director at Cellmark
Diagnostics of Germantown, MD.
• Testified that DNA tests matched
OJ’s blood at crime scene, victim’s
blood at his estate, and in his
Bronco (witness Bernie Douroux,
who towed OJ’s Bronco to police
headquarters, said he didn’t notice
any blood).
Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran
• Los Angeles County Coroner on stand
for nine days in place of Irwin Golden,
who conducted autopsies but was
shaky in preliminary hearing.
• He testified that Golden made up to 30
mistakes in autopsies.
• Said killer used a single-edged knife on
both victims.
• Backed off assertion that killer was
right handed.
Results of trial
•Questioning of Witnesses did not end until
October 3, 1995 when verdict was reached
•Simpson was acquitted after trial that
lasted more than eight months
Blood & DNA Evidence
Aaron Baker, Emily Males, Matthew
Mircovich, Eleanor Ratner
Thesis
Due to the broken chain of custody, the
possible conspiracy involved, and the lack of
understanding behind DNA evidence, it was
not possible to if determine OJ Simpson
murdered Nicole Brown and Ronald
Goldman.
Major Players
Nicole Brown -Victim
Ronald Goldman-Victim
Robin Cotton-DNA expert/Molecular Biologist
Peter Neufield-DNA expert and defense lawyer
Alan Dershowitz- defense lawyer, expert on theory and
mechanics of law
Barry Scheck-DNA expert/Molecular Biologist
Collin Yamauchi-LAPD criminalist
DNA EVIDENCE AT THE SCENE
-Trail of blood from inside Ford Bronco to
Rockingham House
-Bloody Rockingham Glove
-Bundy
-Bloody Socks in Rockingham Bedroom
Robin Cotton
-Advocated that drops of blood found near Brown and
Goldman originated from OJ Simpson.
-There was a 1 in 170 million chance that someone had
the same blood as OJ Simpson.
-She also deemed that there was a 1 in 1.68 billion
chance that someone matched the DNA profile of OJ
Simpson, which was also found at the scene.
-Stated the blood on OJ’s sock in his bedroom matched
Brown’s.
Peter Neufield
-Argued the problem with this Cotton’s method of
extrapolation of this information could have been an
inaccurate method.
-A pool of samples from 240 African Americans in
Michigan were taken to gain these statistics-Not a valid
statistic as the sample pool was too small.-Peter
Neufield
-Also argued there was a conspiracy theory against OJ
Simpson-the crime was set up to seem as though he did
it
Alan Dershowitz
-Most experienced defense attorney but was lost with regards to DNA
evidence
- “If you find a cockroach in a bowl of spaghetti, you don't look for another
cockroach before you throw out the whole bowl of spaghetti” -Dr. David Lee,
part of the closing argument.
- Argument following the quote was that “you couldn’t trust any of the blood
and DNA evidence that these policeman provided because we proved they
lied about certain for things and planted at least some evidence” -Alan
Dershowitz
Barry Scheck
-DNA expert—briefed defense team on DNA
-Delivered closing argument, argued that
evidence was tampered with or planted
-Argued that Andrea Mazzola collected blood
samples without approval
Collin Yamauchi
-Member of unreliable and faulty LAPD Forensic team
-LAPD forensic team was known to mishandle evidence
and to frequently break the chain of custody due to lack
of training and enforcement of protocol
-Supposedly spilled blood when he was examining the
Rockingham Glove and Bundy
-Fueled argument of possible contamination
Synopsis
The OJ Simpson trial was complicated. There
was DNA evidence found that pointed to OJ
Simpson and should have convicted him.
However, because the evidence was handled
poorly and there was much speculation about
a conspiracy against OJ, the evidence was
not enough to convict him.
OJ Simpson Civil Case
By: Rebecca Wasserman, Robbie Lombardi, Shamus Barnes, Tyler Kane
Case Background
• OJ Simpson was a pro football player in the NFL
• He went to college at USC
• He was one of the most decorated athletes of his time
• He was married to Nicole Brown
• OJ Simpson was accused for the murder of his wife but was acquitted
and found not guilty for that accusation
Major Players
Civil Court Case
Nevada Case
• O.J. Simpson
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Oj simpson
Walter Alexander
CJ Stewart
Charles Cashmore
Charles Ehrlich
Tom Scotto
Michael McClinton
Thomas Riccio
Bruce Fromong
Alfred Beardsly
Set the Scene
Civil Court Case
Nevada Case
• O.J. Simpson
• Bruce Fromong was held at
gunpoint by a group of men led
by OJ Simpson for his sports
memorabilia in his hotel room in
Las Vegas, Nevada.
Crime
• Goldman Family Civil Case:
• The families of Ronald Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson brought OJ to
court
• They were seeking compensation for their lost ones
• The Judge: Superior Court Judge Hiroshi Fujisaki
• Fred Goldman said civil suit was his “last opportunity for justice”
Crime (cont.)
• State of Nevada vs. Orenthal James Simpson
• Criminal case prosecuted 2007-2008
• September 13, 2007
• O.J. and a group of men entered a room armed in the Palace Station hotel in Las Vegas,
Nevada
• September 16, 2007
• O.J. was arrested and held without bail
• Simpson was trying to take back his sports memorabilia he claimed was
stolen
• December 5, 2008
• Simpson was sentenced to 33 years in prison with eligibility of parole in 9 years
Suspects
Civil Court Case
Nevada Case
• O.J. Simpson
• O.J. Simpson
• Walter Alexander
• Clarence “C.J.” Stewart
• Charles Cashmore
• Charles Ehrlich
• Tom Scotto
• Michael McClinton
• Thomas Riccio
Apprehension or Not of Suspects
Civil Court Case
• O.J. was ordered to appear in court.
Nevada Case
• Simpson was originally named a
suspect.
• They brought him in for questioning
and released him soon after.
• Walter Alexander was arrested the
next day on multiple counts on his
way to McCarran International
Airport.
Evidence Trail
Civil Court Case
• The Goldman’s attorney introduced
Simpson’s failure of a lie detector test
about the murders.
• There was a picture of OJ at a Buffalo
Bills game in 1993 where he can be
seen wearing the same shoes as the
man who killed Goldman and Brown.
Nevada Case
• TMZ had an audio tape of OJ during
the robbery.
Trial or No Trial
Civil Court Case
• Took place over four months in Santa
Monica.
Nevada Case
• Simpson tried and found guilty on 10
convictions.
• Was not televised by order of court.
• Simpson filed for retrial in 2013 but
was refused by Clark County District
Court.
Verdict/Sentence
Civil Court Case
• Because the standards of proof are
lower in a civil trial the plaintiff won
• O.J. Simpson was ordered to pay the
Goldman family $33.5 million
• Simpson’s children, Sydney and Justin
received 12.6 million each.
Nevada Case
• Convicted October 3, 2008.
• Charged with robbery, kidnapping,
coercion, and conspiracy.
• O.J. Simpson was sentenced to 33
years in jail with eligibility of parole in
9 years.
Unanswered Questions
• Did he commit the murder?
• Could it be his son?
• Could it be a random person?
• Did he hire someone to do it?
• What were his motives?
• Does the glove fit?
• Was the jury impartial?
• Does this prove that he was lying about not having his memorabilia for the
civil case?
Update on Present Situation
• OJ is currently in jail for robbing memorabilia (his own) –worth $,sold it-armed
robbery
• Civil court
• Goldman’s- never got there $ from OJ
• OJ lost $, bankruptcy
• Lied to court
Works Cited
• "O.J. Simpson Appeals Civil Suit Verdict." ABC News. ABC News Yahoo! News, n.d.
Web. 5 Feb. 2014. <http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=94696&page=1>.
• "Simpson Civil Trial Explainer." CNN.com. Cable News Network, 1996. Web. 5
Feb. 2014. <http://www.cnn.com/US/9609/16/simpson.case/>.
• "Young O.J." Club Tuki News. Club Tuki, n.d. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.
<http://clubtukinews.com/1950/
chicken-soup-for-the-souls-inspirational-stories/>.
• "O.J. Simpson Hearing." Huffington Post. Huffington Post, 15 May 203. Web. 5
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oj-simpson-las-vegas-court-hearing_n_3277792.html>.
Work Cited
PHIL REEVESin, Los A. "Simpson Trial Puts DNA on the Lips of Every American." The Independent: 10. May 13 1995. ProQuest. Web. 23 Jan. 2014
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<http://search.proquest.com.libezproxy2.syr.edu/docview/295034371?accountid=14214>.
"DNA Evidence Links Simpson to Murder Scene: Drop of Blood Nearby Bodies Matches OJ's." The Spectator:
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<http://search.proquest.com.libezproxy2.syr.edu/docview/312323292?accountid=14214>.
Thompson, William C. “PROVING THE CASE: THE SCIENCE OF DNA: DNA EVIDENCE IN THE O.J. SIMPSON TRIAL.” Diss. University of California, Irvine. Print
“Simpson Trial: The DNA Evidence.” UMK Law School. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Feb. 2014. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Simpson/Dna.htm>.
"Attorney: OJ Simpson's Defense Operated "on Shoestring" at Robbery, Kidnap Trial." NBC Southern California. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2014.
"The Daily Mirror." In the News: Nicole Brown Simpson, July 3, 1994. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2014.
"Robin Cotton, Director of Cellmark Diagnostics, Sh..." Robin Cotton Director Of Cellmark Diagnostics Shows The... News Photo. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2014.Ronald Goldman." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Jan. 2014. Web.
05 Feb. 2014.
"The Murder Trial of O.J. Simpson." Trail of Blood — — Crime Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2014.
“CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2014
"Barry Sheck." University of Missouri Kansas City. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/simpson/Scheck.htm>.
Dershowitz, Alan. Interview. Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., 4 Oct. 2005. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/oj/interviews/dershowitz.html>.
Jones, Thomas L. "The Murder Trial of O.J. Simpson." Crime Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. <http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/famous/simpson/blood_12.html>.
Works Cited:
• "Brian 'Kato' Kaelin." Nydailynews.com. NY Daily News, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://static1.nydailynews.com/polopoly_fs/1.1163907.1348174314!/img/httpImage/image.jpg_
gen/derivatives/landscape_485/kato21n-1-web.jpg>.
• "Butcher Knife." Homeimprovementbasics.com. Home Improvement Basics, n.d. Web. 23 Jan.
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<http://edition.cnn.com/US/OJ/players/index.html>.
• Davis, Sara D. "Edwards on stand." ABC [Chigaco]: n. pag. Print.
• "Kato Kaelin Finally Admits: OJ Simpson Killed His Wife." Laist.com. Laist, 20 Sept. 2012. Web. 24
Jan. 2014. <http://laist.com/2012/09/20/kato_kaelin_finally_admits_oj_simps.php#photo-1>.
• Law2.edu. Law2, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.
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<http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/index/nns3.htm>.
• Usatoday.com. USA Today, 18 Oct. 1996. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.
Work Cited
• "OJ Simpson." http://usatoday30.usatoday.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 6
Feb. 2014.
<http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/index/nns25.htm>.
• "The Trial of O. J. Simpson: The Incriminating
Evidence." http://law2.umkc.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2014.
<http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/simpson/evidence.ht
ml>.
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