1869
Friedrich Miescher
1. Discovery. He discovered nuclein in other types of cells also, including salmon sperm.
2. Scientists involved. Helped by running Felix Hoppe-Seyler, and located in the vaults of an old castle
where Friedrich Miescher studied.
3. The impact of the discovery (how it affected future research, new discoveries, medical treatments
etc) Miescher isolated a material rich in phosphorus from the cells and called it nuclein.
4. Country scientist working in when made---Tübingen
5. Nobel awards or other awards received--none
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680349
1865
Gregor Mendel http://www.genome.gov/25520230
http://www.icr.org/article/science-man-god-gregor-johann-mendel/
1. Gregor Mendel did his experiments with peas to show that heredity is transmitted in discrete units.
2. none
3. traits can mask others. But the traits don't blend: they are inherited from the parents as discrete units
and remain distinct. Giving rise to similar characteristics generation after generation. He studied easily
distinguishable characteristics like the color and texture of the peas, the color of the pea pods and
flowers, and the height of the plants.
4. Vienna Austria
5. no awards
3. Walter Flemming
http://timerime.com/es/evento/1398196/walther+Flemming/
1. He discovered the behavior of chromosomes during animal cell division.
2. None
3. This helped him to completely explain mitosis. a book published in 1882. His terms, like prophase,
metaphase and anaphase
4. Germany http://www.dnalc.org/view/16235-Biography-7-Walther-Flemming-1843-1905-.html
5. Nonehttp://www.genome.gov/25520234
4. Archibald Garrod
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Garrod
1. He discovered the disease alkaptonuria that is inherited from Mendelian rules.
2. The scientists involved were French group led by J.L. Guenet.
3. This helped by scientists isolated a gene from the region, and called HGO. A variety of mutations in
the HGO gene can cause alkaptonuria; most of the mutations lead to disease change parts of the gene
that normally are conserved between the human gene and the equivalent gene in other species. In 1996
4.
5.
5. Walter Sutton
http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/guyer.htm
1. http://www.genome.gov/25520242
2. In 1902, Sutton, a graduate from Columbia University, discovered the Chromosome Theory of
Heredity. While observing meosis, he realized that the sperm and egg cells only receive one
chromosome of each type. This segregation lined up with Mendel’s gene theory pattern. His work was
similar to that of another scientist from Germany named Boveri
3.
4.
5.
6.Wilhelm Johannsen
In 1909, Danish scientist ,Wilhelm Johnnsen, used the word “gene” to describe the “distinct part” that
Mendel found in heredity. This part was now called a “gene”. He also made the further distinction
between geotypes and phenotypes. Another scientist, William Bateson, used the term genetics in 1905,
but the term did not stick until Johnansen called it a gene. http://www.genome.gov/25520244
http://www.wjc.ku.dk/wilhelm/
Thomas Hunt Morgan
1911
1. He used fruit flies to show that genes, on chromosomes, are the units of heredity.
2. He worked with his group at Columbia University.
3. He manly studied the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The fruit flies showed that chromosomes
carry genes, discovered genetic linkage also the fact that genes are arranged on linear chromosomes
and described chromosome recombination.
4. Worked at Columbia University.
5. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
http://www.dnalc.org/view/16266-Gallery-10-Thomas-Hunt-Morganportrait-1920.html
George Beadle
1941
1. Verified the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.
2. George Beadle and Edward Tatum
3. This showed that certain amino acids had to be present in order for cells to
survive.
4. T. H. Morgan's lab at Caltech
5. Beadle and Tatum shared, with J. Lederberg, the 1958 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine.
http://www.nndb.com/people/783/000129396/
William Astbury
http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/leeds/hi/people_and_places/newsid_9228000/9228394.stm
1943
1. Obtained the first X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA.
2.
3. The X-ray diffraction patterns off this strand revealed that DNA must have a regular, periodic
structure.
4. Britain
5. none
Oswald Avery
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/technologies/dna_image_2.html
1944
1. Showed that DNA transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes.
2. Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty
3. They had isolated DNA. So it was the agent that could produce an enduring, heritable change in an
organism. Until then, biochemists had assumed that deoxyribonucleic acid was a relatively unimportant,
structural chemical in chromosomes and that proteins, with their greater chemical complexity,
transmitted genetic traits.
4. country?
5.none
Barbara McClintock
http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/LL/p-nid/49
1944
1. She discovered that genes can jump around on chromosomes, showing that the genome is more
dynamic than previously thought.
2. No one else
3. "Jump" or be transposed from one position to another on chromosomes
4. US
5. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983
Alfred Hershey
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/hershey-bio.html
1952
1. Discovered that only the DNA of a virus needs to enter a bacterium to infect it.
2. Worked with Martha Chase
3. Found that virus transferred genetic material into the bacterium to direct the production of more
viruses.
4.
5. None
Francis Crick
1953
http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/dna/people/crick.html
1. Described the double helix structure of DNA.
2. Worked with James Watson
3.
4.
5. Watson, Crick and Wilkins received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Joe Hin Tjio
1955
1. He defined 46 as the exact number of human chromosomes.
2. Worked with no one else
3. He prepared metaphase spreads that showed the chromosome arrays particularly neatly. He found
that all unbroken cells had 46 chromosomes.
4.
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n8/fig_tab/nrg1917_F4.html
1955
Arthur Kornberg
1.He and colleagues isolated DNA polymerase, an enzyme later used for all kinds of recombinant DNA
techniques and for sequencing. he one Kornberg's group found is chiefly used to repair DNA. His son
Roger later found the polymerase that has the main job of replicating E. coli DNA when a cell divides.
2.Impact In modern molecular biology labs, purified DNA polymerase is used routinely - to copy DNA by
PCR (the polymerase chain reaction), for various recombinant DNA techniques, and to run sequencing
reactions.
3. other Collegues
4.Nobel prizeThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959
5. California
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/kornberg-facts.html
1958
1. Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl demonstrated that DNA replicates semiconservatively, with
each strand in a DNA molecule from the parent generation pairing with a new strand in the daughter
generation.
2. as predicted by Watson and Crick, DNA strands serve as templates for their own replication.
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/molecular_bio/problem_sets/nucleic_acids/02t.html
3. working in usa
4. no prize
1959: Chromosome Abnormalities Identified
1.Professor Jerome Lejeune and his colleagues discovered that Down syndrome, first classified by J. L. H.
Down in 1866, is caused by trisomy 21 - that is, having three instead of 2 copies of chromosome 21. The
extra copies of the genes on chromosome 21 affect the development of the brain and body.
2. impact was disease was discovered as genetic problem
3. Paris
http://lejeuneusa.org/
4. érôme Lejeune received numerous awards and was elected as a member of several academies. In
1962 he was honored in Washington, D.C. by President John F. Kennedy with the first Kennedy Prize for
his research into genetic intellectual disability and for finding the genetic cause of Down syndrome. In
1969 he received the William Allen Award from the American Society of Human Genetics – the highest
award possible for a geneticist.
1961
1.Sydney Brenner, Francois Jacob, and Matthew Meselson discovered that mRNA is the molecule that
takes information from DNA in the nucleus to the protein-making machinery in the cytoplasm.
http://www.salk.edu/faculty/brenner.html
2. above of the collogues
3. awards and Honors
Fellow of the Royal Society
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
Albert Lasker Medical Research Award, 1971
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2002
4. California
In 1961, Robert Guthrie
http://www.pkutest.com/2012/07/22/dr-robert-guthrie-father-mass-newborn-screening/
First Screen for Metabolic Defect in Newborns
1. a doctor and bacterial scientist at the University of Buffalo Children's Hospital, developed a way to
test whether newborn babies have phenylketonuria (PKU), an inability to digest the amino acid
phenylalanine. He tested for the presence of excess phenylalanine in the blood by seeing whether
newborns' blood specimens encouraged the growth of a bacterial strain that requires a phenylalanine
supplement to grow.
2.Buffalo NYork
3. helped to screen all babies for future
4. none
1966Genetic Code Cracked
http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/nirenberg/bios.htm#Nirenberg
1. Marshall Nirenberg, Har Khorana and Severo Ochoa and their colleagues elucidated the genetic code
showing how nucleic acids with their 4-letter alphabet determine the order of the 20 kinds of amino
acids in proteins. –
2. Khorana and Nirenberg, along with Robert Holley, won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis."
3. usa
1975-1977
1.Sanger and his colleagues, and Maxam and Gilbert developed rapid DNA sequencing methods.
2.Sanger's method, where a marker attaches to the growing ends of DNA chains, is used most commonly
in labs now. In the past, scientists used radioactivity to mark the ends of DNA chains; now, they use
colored dyes.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/sanger-facts.html
3. Nobel prizeThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958
4. united kingdom