AP US Review
1914-present
Entrance into WWI
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Submarine Warfare
Lusitania, Sussex Pledge, others.
Economic Links with Britain and France.
Public Opinion
Zimmerman Telegram, Russian Rev.
Mobilization
– War Boards
– Espionage and Sedition Acts
Treaty of Versailles
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Terms- League of Nations
Irreconcilable
Reservationists led by Henry Cabot Lodge
Wilson’s Tour and stroke
Not Ratified
Postwar Problems
Social Events of the 1910s
• The Red Scare
– Palmer Raids
• Labor Conflict
– Strikes of 1919
• Race Riots in the North
Republican Control
• Harding Administration- “return to normalcy”
– Pardon’s Debbs
– Scandals- Teapot Dome- bribes for oil leases
• Coolidge Administration
– Election of 1924
– Strong belief in limited government- vetos
• Election of 1928
– Hoover vs. Smith (Roman Catholic)
– Hoover wins a landslide. Even some southern
states
Economy of the 1920s
• Causes of business boom
– Productivity- Taylorism and Ford’s atomization
– Energy Technologies- oil and electricity
– Gov’t policy- corporate tax cuts and few regs.
• Farm Problems
– Diminished market after WWI
• Labor Problems
– Unions declined because of the open shop
– John L. Lewis (UMW) lost several strikes
Culture of the 1920s
• The Jazz Age
• Consumerism
– Automobiles
– Entertainment- radio, movies
– Popular heroes- entertainment, sports, Lindbergh
• Gender Roles
– “laborsaving devises”, flappers, divorce
• Religion
Arts and Literature
• Alienation- Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Sinclair
Lewis, T.S. Eliot, Eugene O’Neill
• Harlem Renaissance- poets: L . Hughes;
music: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong
• Marcus Garvey (UNIA) – Black Star, Backto-Africa
Cultures in Conflict
• Fundamentalism and Scopes
• Prohibition- 18th Amend.
• Nativism– Quota laws in 1921 and 1924
– Sacco and Vanzetti case
• Ku Klux Klan
Fiction of Isolation after WWI
• Washington Conference (1921)– 5 Powers Treaty- ship ratios for US, B, J, F, I
– Four Power Treaty- respect territory in Pacific
– Nine-Power Treaty- respect Open Door policy
• Kellogg-Briand Pact
• Use diplomacy to advance business in L.A.
– Mexico and Troops in Nicaragua and Haiti
• War Debts: Dawes Plan establishes a cycle of
Debts
Causes of the Great Depression
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Uneven distribution of Income
Stock Market Speculation
Buying on Margin
Overproduction and under
consumption
• Weak Farm economy
• Little Regulation of Businesses
• Global Economic Problems
Liberal vs. Conservative
Responses
• Hoover
– Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930
– Debt moratorium (suspension)
– Federal Farm Board- temporary hold surplus
grain
– Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
• Roosevelt
– New Deal
• Election of 1932- Bonus Army
New Deal Legislation
Legacy of the New Deal
Road to WWII
American Isolationism
• Revisionist History of WWI
Nye committee
• Neutrality Acts
1935- prohibit arms and travel
1936- forbade loans and credit
1937- forbade aid to Spain
• America First Committee
Charles Lindbergh
Arsenal of Democracy
• Quarantine Speech
• Rearmament
• Neutrality Act of 1939
“Cash and Carry”
• Selective Service
• Destroyers-for-bases
• Four Freedoms
want, fear, speech, worship
Arsenal of Democracy
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Lend-Lease
Atlantic Charter
Shoot on Sight
Disputes with Japan
– US economic actions
– Negotiations
Changes as a result of WWII
• United Nations
• Two Superpowers
Historical interpretations of the
nature of the Cold War
• Psychological
• Strategic
• Economic
• Political
Psychological
• The United States was looking for enemies
to affirm its unique goodness.
-Britain from the Revolution to as late as 1895
(Cleveland in South America).
-Germany in WWI an WWII.
-Communists from 1917 to the end of the
Cold War (two Red Scares).
Strategic
• Soviet Empire was a threat to America’s
National Security
Postwar Europe was in ruins and the Soviet
Army occupied half the continent.
Communist parties vied for control of
governments in countries the Soviets did
not control (did not matter if they took
orders from the Kremlin or not)
Economic
• The Cold War resulted from America’s desire
to export capitalism around the globe.
Fear that another depression would destroy the
American way of life.
To prevent this America needed to open up as
many markets as possible around the world.
This interpretation puts the Soviets on the
defensive
Political
• The Cold War became a long running issue
in American politics.
Since it was institutionalized it became
difficult to end.
Joseph McCarthy to Ronald Reagan and
beyond.
What caused the Cold War?
• Geopolitical causes
• Ideological causes
Geopolitical causes
• Since 1783 the United States has been extending its
influence.
initially West but into European affairs with WWI and
WWII
• Russia had been expanding in the other direction.
The two countries had bumped in Alaska but not again
until 1945.
Ideological causes
• Capitalism vs. Communism (Socialism)
Beginning in 1917, Wilson launched a
campaign to make the world safe for
democracy. Lenin to make the world safe
for socialism.
Fascism postpones the conflict for fifty years.
Early Cold War events- Truman
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin Blockade
• NATO
• National Security Act – DOD, NSC,
CIA
• Soviet A-bomb
• NSC-68
Truman’s Domestic Policy
• Fair Deal
• Election 1948
Red Scare of the 1950s
• Un-American activities Committee
(HUAC)
Hollywood 10- choices and outcome
Blacklists
• Alger Hiss
• Rosenbergs
• The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy
Eisenhower and the Cold War
• John Foster Dulles
advocates a “New Look”
Massive Retaliation
“Brinkmanship”
Concept of Deterrence (M.A.D.)
Covert Operations in the Third World
Iran and Guatemala
Ike in Asia
• Koreans Armistice (1953)
• Fall of Indochina
Dien Bien Phu (1954)
• Division of Vietnam
1954 Geneva Accords
• SEATO (1954)
Ike in the Middle East
• Suez Crisis (1956)
• The Eisenhower Doctrine
• OPEC and Oil
Ike and US-Soviet Relations
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Spirit of Geneva
Hungarian Revolt (1956)
Sputnik Shock (1957)
Second Berlin Crisis
U-2 Incident
• Eisenhower‘s farewell address
Election of 1960
• Nixon vs JFK (chooses LBJ to balance the
ticket)
• First televised debate- significance
• “missile gap”
• Very close election
• JFKs inaugural address
Foreign Affairs
• Bay of Pigs (1961)
• Berlin Wall (1961)
Ich bin ein Berliner (‘63)
• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
• Change from Massive Retaliation to
Flexible Response.
Green Berets in Vietnam
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
• Peace Corps
John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier
• Spirit of Camelot
• JFK called for aid to education, federal
support of health care, urban renewal and
civil rights but languished in Congress.
• Assassination in Dallas
The Great Society
• Shortly after taking office LBJ passes an
expanded version of JFK’s Civil Rights bill
and JFK’s income tax cut.
• War on Poverty
influenced by Michael Harrington
Office of Economic Opportunity created and
given a billion dollar budget.
Head Start, Job Corps, literacy programs, legal
services.
Great Society Reforms
• Medicare and Medicaid.
• Elementary and Secondary School Act.
• Abolish discriminatory immigration quotas from
the 1920s. Asian & Latin Americans immigrate.
• Nat’l Foundation on the Arts and the
Humanities.
• Dept. of Transportation (DOT) and Housing and
Urban Development (HUD) are created.
• Increased funding for higher education.
• Increased funding for public housing and crime
prevention.
Warren Court• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): required that state
courts provide counsel for indigent defendants.
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966): extended Escobedo to
include the right to a lawyer during questioning.
• Reapportionment
• Freedom of Expression and Privacy
Modern Civil Rights Movement
• barriers to integration
• Changing Attitudes about Race
• Influence of Demographics and the Cold
War
Path to Equality
• Warren Court: Brown v. The Board of Ed.
– NAACP and Kenneth Clark.
– “The Southern Manifesto.”
– Ike uses the 101st airborne to protect the black
students
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
SCLC and SNCC
The Sit-in Movement
Freedom Rides
Path to Equality
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Birmingham, Alabama- JFK was forced to act
March to Washington, 1963
1964 Civil Rights Act
Freedom Summer of 1964
Selma, Alabama. 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Alternative Civil Rights
• Malcolm X advocated Black Pride, Black
Separatism and armed self defense.
• Stokely Carmichael calls for Black Power
• The Black Panthers
• Violence in the North
• The Kerner Commission
Escalation in Vietnam
• Gulf of Tonkin incident and resolution
• Hawks vs. Doves
• Soldiers Experience
Opposition to Vietnam
• The New Left
• Students for a Democratic Society- Hayden
• The Tet Offensive (1968)
Chicago 1968
• George Wallace- white backlash; American
Independent Party
• Nixon Wins in 1968. Combined with Wallace
for 57% of the National Vote. Time to heal.
• Chicago Seven- political radicals accused of
conspiring to incite the riots that occurred
during the Democratic National Convention.
Nixon and Vietnam
• “peace with honor.”
• “Vietnamization”
• Nixon Doctrine- Asian allies would receive US
support without extensive ground troops.
• Cambodia. Four killed at Kent State and two at
Jackson State.
• Senate (not the House) repeals the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution.
Opposition Grows
• Nixon appeals to the Silent Majority.
• In 1969 Americans were shocked to hear
about the My Lai massacre.
• Pentagon Papers in the New York Times.
These had been leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, a
former Defense Department analyst.
Peace talks and bombings
• Kissinger had been conducting secret peace
talks and announced “peace is at hand” in ‘72.
• Nixon increases bombings of North Vietnam to
force talks- “Christmas bombings”
• The Paris Accords of 1973 called for the US to
withdraw its troops and get back over 500
POWs. It called for a cease fire and free
elections.
• North Vietnamese remained in South Vietnam.
Fall of Saigon, 1975
• Cease-fire collapsed
• On April 30, 1975
North Vietnamese
tank rolled into
Saigon and captured
the city.
• South Vietnam
surrenders to North
Vietnam afterwards.
The Counterculture
• “hippies” went with the New Left.
• Dress, music, drug use, communal living.
• Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Beatles Rolling Stones,
Jim Morrison and Janis Joplin.
• Woodstock (1969) was the high point (no pun
intended).
• Somewhat idealistic but turned off older
Americans. Ended in the 1970s due to excess
and economic uncertainty.
The Sexual Revolution
• Alfred Kinsey’s research begins to
change norms in the 1940s and 1950s.
• Birth Control Pill in 1960.
The Women’s Movement
• Increased education, employment and the
civil rights movement contributed.
• Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique
(1963)
• Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title IX of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
• Friedan helped to found NOW in 1966.
• Roe v. Wade (1973)- a woman's right to
an abortion fell within the right to privacy.
The Women’s Movement- ERA
• Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment
in 1972:
“Equality of rights under the law shall not
be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any state on account of sex.”
• There was a conservative reaction to feminism
in the 1970s and it was not ratified.
Nixon’s Other Foreign Policy
• Détente
Visit to China (1972
Arms Control (SALT I
Nixon’s Domestic Issues
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New Federalism
Southern Strategy
The Burger Court
Stagflation in the 1970s.
Watergate
• The Imperial Presidency-“dirty tricks”
conducted by CREEP.
• White House lawyer John Dean links the
president to cover-up.
• VP Agnew resigns in 1973.
• United States v. Nixon 1974
• Woodward and Bernstein- Washington Post
• Impeachment and Resignation
Ford- Domestic
• Pardons Nixon
“Our long national nightmare is over.”
• Congress investigates the CIA
Assassinations, etc.
• George Bush appointed to reform the CIA.
• Inflation continues
Ford- Foreign
Helsinki Accords- promise greater
cooperation between the nations of Eastern
and Western Europe.
• Mayaguez incident
• Bicentennial celebrations in 1976 restore
some pride
Carter’s Domestic AgendaEnergy Crisis
Carter urges Americans to cut their
consumption of oil and gas.
Reps from gas producing states and auto
lobbyists resist
• National Energy Act- tax on gas-guzzling
cars, remove price controls on domestic
fuels, and provides tax credits for the
development of alternative energy supplies.
Economic Crisis worsens in 1979
• Violence in the Mid. East and OPEC price
increases deepens the crisis in America.
• Carter tries a variety of measures that don’t
work.
• “malaise” speech fuels uncertainty about his
leadership
• By 1980 inflation was 14% and US standard
of living went from first to fifth in the world.
The economy had changed
• Manufacturing jobs had been lost to
automation and foreign competition.
• Service sector expanded but this required
more education.
• “Rustbelt” of deteriorating industries from
Detroit to New York.
Civil Rights under Carter
• Administration included more African
Americans and women than any other.
• However, backlash continued:
Regents of the Univ. of CA v. Bakkeaffirmative action policies of the university’s
medical school were unconstitutional.
Foreign Policy
• Emphasis on Human Rights.
• Return Panama Canal- 12/31/99
• Collapse of Détente over human rights.
SALT II never signed.
• Afghanistan in 1979 and Summer Olympic
boycott in 1980.
Carter’s Middle-East Triumph
• The Camp David Accords- Peace between
Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli
prime minister Menachem begin.
• First break in hostilities since ’48.
Middle-East Crisis
• Revolution overthrows the American
supported and brutal shah of Iran in 1979.
• US embassy seized and 52 hostages were
taken. Demand that the shah be returned to
Iran from the US.
• Failed rescue attempts
Growing demands for minority
rights
• Mexican Americans
Cesar Chavez
• Native Americans
AIM
Alcatraz 1969, Wounded Knee 1973
• Asian Americans
• Gay Liberation
Environmental Activism
• Silent Spring, Rachel Carson ’62
• 1963 Clean Air Act and the US gov’t outlaws
DDT in 1972.
• Nixon and Carter are active
• First Earth Day April 22, 1970
• Nixon creates the EPA
• AK Oil Pipeline but conservation.
• Nuclear power and Three Mile Island
Election of 1980
• New Right- an alliance of conservative
special interest groups stressing cultural,
social and moral issues.
• Conservative coalition- alliance of some
intellectuals, many business leaders,
frustrated middle class voters, disaffected
Democrats, and fundamental Christian groups
• Moral Majority- evangelical and
fundamentalist Christians who interpret the
Bible literally. Jerry Falwell, Jim Baker, Oral
Roberts, Jimmy Swaggart, Pat Robertson.
“Reaganomics”
• Reduce money spent on social
programs
• Cut taxes for the wealthy- supply
side economics
• Deregulation
• Increase military spending- Strategic
Defense Initiative (SDI)
America in the 1980s
Reagan’s Foreign Policy
• Supports right-wing dictators in Central America.
• The Iran-Contra Affair
• Middle East Setbacks- Beirut/Lebanon
Dealing with the Soviet Union
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“Evil Empire” speech ’82
Gorbachev
“Tear down that wall" ‘87
INF Treaty (1987/88)
Gorby pulls out of
Afghanistan in 1988.
• Relations had improved by
the end of Reagan’s term.