The Real Ambassadors:
Jazz Greats, Jazz Diplomacy and the
Globalization of Jazz
The Essential Elements of Jazz
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Rhythm
Syncopation
Improvisation
Riff
Break
Tone Color
Blue Notes
Harmony
Percussion
Call and Response
Counterpoint
Polyphony
Harlem Airshaft
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Introduction
First Chorus
Second Chorus
Third Chorus
Fourth Chorus
Duke Ellington
• Born: April 29, 1899
• Died: May 24, 1974
• Performed as: Pianist,
composer and Bandleader of
the Duke Ellington Orchestra
• Contributions to Jazz:
– Reinvented the art of jazz
composition
– Ceaseless productivity
• Music: “Take the A Train”
“It Don’t Mean a Thing If It
Ain’t Got That Swing”
Dizzy Gillespie
• Born: October 21, 1917
• Died: January 6, 1993
• Performed As: Songwriter,
singer, trumpet player, bandleader
• Contributions to Jazz: Founder
of Bebop
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Publicized new music
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Cubop
“Master of rhythm and harmony
balanced by wit.” - Wynton Marsalis
Supported young musicians
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• Music: “Salt Peanuts” “Swing
Low, Sweet Cadillac”
“Umbrella Man”
Dave Brubeck
• Born: December 6, 1920
• Died: December 5, 2012
• Performed As:
Pianist
Bandleader of the Dave Brubeck
Quartet
US Jazz Ambassador
• Contributions to Jazz:
Unusual time signatures
Contrasting rhythms, meters,
tonalities
Integrated band
• Music: “Take Five,” “The
Duke,” “Travellin’ Blues”
Origins of the Cold War
Soviet Policy
Leader:
Stalin
Primary Objective:
Security
Strategy:
Spheres of Influence
Satellite States
Seaports
Goals:
-Spread Soviet System
-Support Struggling
People
American Policy:
Franklin Roosevelt
Internationalism
Wartime Conferences
United Nations
World Bank
WWII:
Transition point in American
foreign relations, American
politics and American
culture.
Rabbi Roland B. Gittelsohn
Eulogy at Iwo Jima, March 1945
“Here lie men who loved America. Here lie officers
and men, Negroes and whites, rich and poor, together.
Here no man prefers another because of his faith, or
despises him because of his color. . . Among these
men there is no discrimination, no prejudice, no
hatred. Theirs is the highest and purest democracy.”
“Too much blood has gone into this soil for us to let it
lie barren. Too much pain and heartache have
fertilized the earth on which we stand. We here
solemnly swear: it shall not be in vain. Out this will
come, we promise, the birth of a new freedom for the
sons of men everywhere.”
Essential Question
“How could American democracy be a beacon
during the Cold War, and a model for those
struggling against Soviet oppression, if the United
States itself practiced brutal discrimination against
minorities within its own borders?”
Mary Dudziak
Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of
American Democracy
American Policy:
Harry Truman (1945-1953)
Containment
• George F. Kennan
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• National Security
Council
• Berlin Airlift
• NATO
• Recognition of Israel
• Korean War
Robert E. Cushman
Professor, Cornell University
Member of Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights, 1948
. . . the nation finds itself the most powerful
spokesman for the democratic way of life, as
opposed to the principles of a totalitarian state.
It is unpleasant to have the Russians publicize
our continuing lynchings, our Jim Crow statutes
and customs, our anti-Semitic discriminations
and our witch-hunts; but is it undeserved?
American Policy:
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)
Massive Retaliation
• John Foster Dulles
• Hungarian Revolution
• Covert Actions
• Domino Theory
• SEATO
• Suez Crisis
• NDEA
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• U-2 Incident
Little Rock, 1957
“The tale of the American
racists, who abuse human
dignity and stoop to the
level of animals, must be
told.” Izvestia, (Dudziak, p. 123)
. . . “this situation is ruining
our foreign policy. The
effect of this in Asia and
Africa will be worse for us
than Hungary was for the
Russians.” John Foster Dulles, 1957
(Dudziak, p. 131)
American Policy:
John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)
New Initiatives:
• Peace Corps
• Alliance for Progress
• Space Program
Continues Cold War
Views of Predecessors
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Bay of Pigs
Berlin Crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
John F. Kennedy
June 11, 1963
We preach freedom around the world, and
we mean it, and we cherish our freedom
here at home, but are we to say to the world,
and much more importantly, to each other
that this is a land of the free except for the
Negroes; that we have no second-class or
caste system, no ghettoes, no master race
except with respect to Negroes?
Fighting Communism With Jazz:
State Department Aims
Essential Question
“Why did policymakers
feel for the first time in
history that the country
should be represented by
jazz?”
Penny Von Eschen
Satchmo Blows Up the
World
Why Jazz?
Steps on the Road
to Jazz Diplomacy
Steps on the Road
to Jazz Diplomacy
Constant Controversy
“I never heard so much
noise in all my life. . . To
send such jazz as Mr.
Gillespie, I can assure you
that instead of doing good
it will do harm and the
people will really believe
we are barbarians.”
Senator Allen J. Ellender of Louisiana
Aims of the Jazz Musicians
Paradoxical Role of Jazz
Musicians as Ambassadors
“For the past 25 years,
social protest and pride in
the history of the Negro
have been the most
significant themes in
what we’ve done.”
-Duke Ellington
State Department Tours:
Dizzy Gillespie (1956)
State Department Tours:
Benny Goodman (1956-1957)
State Department Tours
Dave Brubeck (1958)
State Department Tours:
Louis Armstrong (1960-1961)
State Department Tours:
Benny Goodman (1962)
State Department Tours:
Duke Ellington (1963)
Impact of Jazz Diplomacy on Jazz:
Duke Ellington
Impact of Jazz Diplomacy on Jazz:
Dizzy Gillespie
Impact of Jazz Diplomacy on Jazz:
Dave Brubeck
The Real Ambassadors:
Collaboration and Significance of
Louis Armstrong
Born: August 4, 1901
Died: July 6, 1971
Performed As: Trumpeter,
singer, bandleader
Contributions to Jazz:
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Father of modern jazz trumpetrange, clarity of tone
First jazz soloist
Scat
World renowned entertainer
Music: “West End Blues”
“Hello Dolly,” “Wonderful World”
Creating
The Real Ambassadors
The Real Ambassadors
The Joy of Swinging:
Billy Strayhorn’s 4 Freedoms
He demanded freedom of expression and lived in
what we consider the most important and moral
of freedoms: freedom from hate, unconditionally.
Freedom from self-pity (even throughout all the
pain and bad news).
Freedom from fear of possibly doing something
that might help another more than it might help
himself.
Freedom from the kind of pride that would make
a man feel he was better that his brother or
neighbor.
The Joy of Swinging:
The Globalization of Jazz
South African Jazz
C. Sipho Mabingani
School of Music, ASU
Jazz in the Communist Bloc:
Ben Beresford
School of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, ASU
Slide Credits
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Hutchinson album collection
Wikimedia Commons
Library of Congress- William P. Gottlieb Collection
Library of Congress- William P. Gottlieb Collection
Wikimedia Commons- Roland Godefroy
Library of Congress- Carl Van Vechten
Wikimedia Commons- National Archives and Records Administration
National Archives (United Kingdom)
White House
Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights p. 10
Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, p. 3
U.S. National Gallery
Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, p.29
U.S. National Gallery
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14091050 Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights pgs. 123, 131
Wikimedia Commons- White House
Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, pgs. 179-180
Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World http://www.meridian.org/jazzambassadors/
Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement- Images, Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Library of Congress- James J, Kriegman, National Archives and Records Administration
Hutchinson cd collection, Wikimedia Commons- Voice of America
Wikimedia Commons- Library of Congress
Slide Credits
Slide Number
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Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World, Hutchinson album selection
U.S. Army, Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Wikimedia Commons
Hutchinson album collection
Turkish Culture and Tourism Office and Turkish Airlines Ad in NY Times (4/28/2013), Hutchinson album collection
Library of Congress- William P. Gottlieb Collection
http://www.biography.com/blog/remembering-dave-brubeck-and-the-real-ambassadors-21056437
Hutchinson album collection, Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Library of Congress- William P. Gottlieb Collection
Turkish Culture and Tourism Office and Turkish Airlines Ad in NY Times (4/28/2013), Hutchinson photo collection
Hutchinson album collection, Wikimedia Commons- Roland Godefroy
Jam Session: America’s Jazz Ambassadors Embrace the World
Collaboration
Consider:
• How can this workshop help your students’ performance in
National History Day or jazz competitions?
• Which objective(s) of this workshop will be the basis of
your lesson?
• What resources will be most helpful in your lesson
planning?
• How can you use jazz to enrich your students’
understanding of history?
• How will the workshop help you teach Common Core
College and Career Readiness standards?
Are You an ASU Affiliate?
Future Events!
• February 20- June 1- State of Deception: The Power
of Nazi Propaganda exhibit by United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum at Burton Barr Central
Library (Phoenix)
• February 22- Monuments Men- “Movie and a Mixer”
sponsored by the Arizona Council for History
Education at Tempe Marketplace
• March 3- Educators’ Conference on the Holocaust
sponsored by The Bureau of Jewish Education and
The Phoenix Holocaust Survivors Association
• March 8- “Teaching About The Holocaust and
Propaganda” educator workshop by United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum at Burton Barr Central
Library (Phoenix)
Future Jazz from A to Z Events!
March 5-6- Essentially Ellington Festival
March 7- Clayton-Hamilton Big Band, Ikeda Theatre
– Young People Concert, 11:45 am
– Evening Concert, Pre-performance Talk-back (free for participants
who submit a lesson plan)
April 11 and 12- Dave Brubeck Concert and The Real
Ambassadors- Live Stream from J@LC! JALC.org/live
April- JAM@MAC
– NHD projects on display, 3rd floor MAC
April 23- Mesa Arts Center
– Celebration of Westwood, Willis and New Horizons students and
teachers and ASU mentors
– Free concert, U.S. Army Jazz Band
Ideas for Future Workshops?
Marcie Hutchinson
mary.j.hutchinson@asu.edu
Survey
Melissa Kovacs, PhD
melissa.s.kovacs@gmail.com