Cover Slide The American Pageant Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775-1783 The 2nd Continental Congress ► All 13 colonies present ► Delegates still not interested in independence ► Took conservative position re: British rule ► Selected George Washington to head Continental Army ► Olive Branch Petition (John Dickinson) George Washington This fine portrait of George Washington appears in multiple versions depicting the victorious general against different backgrounds, including the battles of Princeton and Yorktown. The painter, Charles Willson Peale, served under Washington at Princeton, and the French commander at Yorktown, the Count de Rochambeau, took an appropriate version home with him in 1783. Early Battles ►Ticonderoga ►Crown Point ►Bunker Hill ►Invasion of Canada (1775) What was the outcome? Militarily? Political? The Battle of Bunker Hill A violent confrontation between rifle-wielding colonial rebels and British redcoats during the Battle of Bunker Hill. Independence?? ►Most Americans proud to be British citizens ►Loyalty shifts in the mid 1700s Hiring of Hessians Burning of Falmouth & Norfolk Servile Insurrections Supported by Brits ►Impact: persuaded many southern elite to join New England in the war Thomas Paine’s Common Sense ► Instant best-seller in the colonies ► Effective Propaganda ► Colonial policy was inconsistent ► Why should tiny England control huge North America? ► Attacked Idea of Monarchies & Kings ► America on a “mission from God” ► Independence French Financial & Military Aid ► US should be a Republic ► http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezk0e1VL80o Join or Die When rotated, Franklin's snake imitated the North American coastline; he omitted Georgia, which was newly founded and inhabited largely by convicts freed from British prisons. Don't Tread on Me The Gadsden flag, used initially by the U.S. Navy. By 1775 the lines indicating the divisions among the colonies have disappeared. The snake has become the rattlesnake, a reptile unique to North America, and one with a highly poisonous venom. "Don't Tread on Me" captured the revolutionaries' insistence that they fought only to defend their liberties. Corbis / Bettmann Images of a Tea Party Rally - 2009 The Declaration of Independence Written by Jefferson; based primarily on John Locke An effort to explain the Revolution to the rest of the world 3 Parts: Preamble, List of 27 Grievances, Formal Declaration Based on concepts of: Natural Rights Social Contract Popular Sovereignty Patriots & Loyalists for colonial rule "whigs“ ► Usually conservative: educated & wealthy; ► American rebels who fought both British ► fearful of “mob rule” soldiers and loyalists ► Older / King's officers ► Most numerous in ► Anglican clergy / New England followers ► Constituted a ► Entrenched in NY, SC, minority movement PA, and NJ ► Least numerous in N.E. ► Ineffective gaining allegiance of neutral colonists ► Sometimes called ► fought Ch 9 & 10 Quiz ►Online ►In-class Quiz Due by Tuesday Evening Quiz on Wednesday Sept. 29th Women in the Revolution Many traveled with husband / soldiers ► Most did domestic chores ► Some actually fought in battle ► Margaret Corbin ► Mary Hayes aka “Molly Pitcher” ► Several women earned military pensions as a result of their service ► Others ran family farms and businesses ► Abigail Adams – “Remember the Ladies!” ► New Touch on the Times… By a Daughter of Liberty Living in Marblehead, 1779 New Touch on the Times… By a Daughter of Liberty Living in Marblehead, 1779 Americans on the home front as well as in the front lines experienced crippling wartime hardships. This illustration of a female partisan holding a musket accompanied a poem by Molly Gutridge, whose theme was women's sacrifice and suffering in a seaport economy upset by war. (© Collection of the New York Historical Society) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Articles of Confederation (1777) ► Set up by 2nd Continental Congress ► organize a nation & an army; maintain order ► establish international recognition and credit ► defend its territory from the British ► resolve internal quarrels and competition ► Did not go into effect until 1781 ► 1st constitution in U.S. history ► Congress had power to: conduct war, handle foreign relations & secure loans, borrow money ► No power to regulate trade, conscript troops, tax Why the Colonists Won ► Effective Guerilla Tactics ► British commanders unprepared / timid ► Outstanding Leadership Political / Diplomatic / Military ► French (& Dutch and Spanish) Aid Key ► Luck! ► Historical Inevitability ► Perseverance / Tenacity ► The costs & benefits of maintaining an Empire Costs of the War ►Over 25K Patriot Deaths (most from Disease) ► Tremendous US Foreign Debt (Over $11 million) ► State Debts totaling over $65 Million ► Massive Inflation ► Increased State Taxation The Treaty of Paris, 1783 ► Granted US generous boundaries ► US gets share of Newfoundland fisheries ► Brits promised they would not take slaves ► Loyalists would not be persecuted ► U.S. states would pay British creditors for debts long owed ► partial cause of War of 1812 ► America alone gained from the war ► Britain lost colonies & other territories ► France got revenge but became bankrupt ► Spain gained little North America after the Peace of Paris, 1783 The results of the American Revolution redrew the map of North America, confining Britain to Canada and giving the United States most of the area east of the Mississippi River, though Spain controlled its mouth for most of the next twenty years. Ideas of freedom & equality inspires struggles around the world Traditional women’s roles are challenged; Idea of “Republican Motherhood” emerges Britain recognizes the US as an independent nation The American Revolution Indians are pushed further west & face increased attacks Ideas of freedom & natural rights spread CHANGE IN SOCIETY DUE TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Conservative Loyalists flee Democratic Reforms ► Anti-slavery societies / abolition in the north ► Northwest Ordinance of 1787 ► Slave trade abolished in 1808 under Constitution ► 1000s of slaves in the South became free blacks ► Yet, slavery remained strong in the South, especially after 1793 (cotton gin) ► Stronger emphasis on equality / growth of patriotism ► Reduction of Property Qualifications for voting ► Abolition of ancient inheritance laws ► Growth of trade organizations ► Inspired US Patriotism ► Anglican / Congregational Churches disestablished ► Idea of “Republican Motherhood” took hold ► Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and future president of the United States. Mather Brown, an American artist living in England, painted this picture of Jefferson for John Adams while the two men were in London on diplomatic missions in 1786. A companion portrait of Adams that Jefferson ordered for himself also survives. Brown’s sensitive portrait of a thoughtful Jefferson is the earliest known likeness of him. Ye Foil'd, Ye Baffled Britons This print shows the capture of Major John Andre, the British agent who acted as the go-between for British authorities and the American General Benedict Arnold, who planned to turn over the American fortress at West Point to them. The three militiamen who captured Andre, who was later hanged as a spy, reportedly refused a bribe for his release. The strange facial expressions of all the John Laurens John Laurens who hoped to raise the black troops in South Carolina as a prelude to the general abolition of slavery, was the only member of George Washington's staff to be killed in battle. This commemorative portrait by Charles Wilson Peale bears the Latin inscription "sweet and proper it is to die for one's country" Bon Homme Richard This engraving, published in London 1779, shows an apocryphal incident during the battle in which John Paul Jones' ship Bon Homme Richard defeated the British Serapis. During the fighting, Jones supposedly shot an American sailor who attempted to lower the ship's flag as a sign of surrender; actually Jones only knocked him down with a pistol. Legend (and the artist) may have confused this incident with an earlier onewhile Jones was still a Scotsman- in which Jones did kill a mutineer. Yorktown 1781 American soldiers at Yorktown in 1781 as drawn by a young officer in the French army, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine de Verger. The African American on the left is an infantryman of the First Rhode Island Regiment; the next, a musketeer; the third, with the fringed jacket, a rifleman. The man on the right is a Continental artilleryman, holding a lighted match used to fire cannons. George Washington, Appointed Commander in Chief On June 15th 1775, the Continental Congress elected George Washington Commander in Chief of all forces raised for the defense of the Colonies. Valley Forge, 1777 An illustration depicting General George Washington riding into the snow covered encampment with ailing soldiers of the Continental Army at Valley Forge in 1777. Benjamin Franklin at the Court of France Benjamin Franklin conducted the negotiations that brought the French into the American Revolution against the British. Had this not occurred, it is doubtful that the American colonists, alone, could have held out against the British. George Washington's Revolutionary War Account Book, pg 49 George Washington received no salary, but did have his expenses reimbursed, while Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. This image shows page 49 of his original account book, submitted in 1783 to the Continental Congress. When Washington submitted his expenses to Congress, he left the door open to future claims: ''July 1, 1783: Amount of the Expenditures for the Years 1777, 8 + 9, and 1780, 1 + 2, and to the pres't date[:] 160,074 [dollars] [;] 7070 [pounds sterling], 15 [shillings], 4 [pence]'' Hauling guns by ox teams from Fort Ticonderoga for the siege of Boston In the early stages of the Revolutionary War, capturing armament from the British was as important as holding territory. Here, cannons captured at Fort Ticonderoga are moved to the American lines surrounding Boston. The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor, 1773 Copy of lithograph by Sarony & Major, 1846. Members of Boston's Sons of Liberty, dressed as ''Indians'' to conceal their identity, dumped the British East India Company's cargo of tea into Boston harbor in December 1773, to protest taxes placed on tea and other ''necessities.'' The Battles of Lexington and Concord This map shows the area around Boston, Massachusetts, where in April 1775 British and American forces fought the first military engagements of the Early Fighting, 1775– 1776 As this map clearly reveals, even the earliest fighting occurred in widely scattered areas, thereby complicating Britain’s efforts to subdue the Americans. The War in the North, 1776–1777 Most of the fighting between the British and Americans during the first part of the war occurred in the North, partly because British authorities assumed that the New England colonies were the most rebellious. The War on the Frontier, 1778–1779 Significant battles in the Mississippi Valley and the frontiers of the seaboard states added to the ferocity of the fighting and strengthened some American claims to western lands. The War in the South, 1778–1781 During the latter part of the war, most of the major engagements occurred in the South. British forces won most of the early ones but could not control the immense territory involved and eventually surrendered at Yorktown. A View of the Town of Concord, 1775 A View of the Town of Concord, 1775 In 1775 an unknown artist painted the redcoats entering Concord. The fighting at North Bridge, which occurred just a few hours after this triumphal entry, signaled the start of open warfare between Britain and the colonies. (Courtesy of Concord Museum, Concord, Massachusetts) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation were debated for almost as many years as they were in effect. Proposed in 1775, they were not ratified until 1781. Eight years later, the Constitution replaced them. Eighteenth-century citizens hotly debated the virtues and shortcomings of the Articles, and historians have continued to disagree over the merits of this blueprint for a first American government. (The National Archives of the United States published by Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Photograph by Jonathan Wallen.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Boston Massacre Boston Massacre Shortly after this incident, one Bostonian observed that "unless there is some great alteration in the state of things, the era of the independence of the colonies is much nearer than I once thought it, or now wish it." (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party In this 1775 drawing of the Boston Tea Party, bare-chested Americans, their hair pulled back Indian-fashion, pour tea into the harbor. The British lion appears as the figurehead of the tea ship, in case the true object of the protest was in doubt. The artist also added a large crowd of colonists content to watch rather than do anything to prevent this destruction of private property. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Lafayette at Yorktown by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon, 1783 Lafayette at Yorktown by JeanBaptiste Le Paon, 1783 The brilliant young French general appears here with his African-American aide, a Virginia slave named James. Among other services to Lafayette, James spied on Cornwallis before the latter's surrender. (Art Gallery, Williams Center, Lafayette College ) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Mr. Rivington, pro-British editor, hanged in effigy Mr. Rivington, pro-British editor, hanged in effigy The Sons of Liberty, an organization that united elite and working class protesters, first appeared in Boston but spread quickly to other American cities. In 1775 a pro-British editor in New York, James Rivington, used this illustration while reporting that a New Brunswick mob had hanged him in effigy. The New York Sons promptly made good on the threat to Rivington, attacking his office, destroying his press, and forcing his paper to close. (Mr. Rivington: Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Pulling Down the Statue of George III by William Walcutt Pulling Down the Statue of George III by William Walcutt A statue of George III, standing in the Bowling Green in New York City, was one of the first casualties of the American Revolution; colonists marked the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by pulling it down. Much of the metal was melted to make bullets, but in the twentieth century the head--largely intact--was unearthed in Connecticut. (Lafayette College Art Collection, Easton, Pennsylvania) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Stamp Act protest Stamp Act protest A Boston crowd burns bundles of the special watermarked paper intended for use as stamps. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Alternative of Williamsburg by Philip Dawe, 1775 The Alternative of Williamsburg by Philip Dawe, 1775 In this cartoon, drawn by Philip Dawe in 1775, armed patriots in Williamsburg, Virginia, obtain a merchant's written agreement not to import British goods. The "alternative" is the containers of tar and feathers hanging in the background. (Library of Congress ) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Edenton Ladies' Tea Party The Edenton Ladies' Tea Party In October 1774, fifty-one women gathered at Edenton, North Carolina, and declared it their "duty" to support the boycotting of all British imports. Nevertheless, the British man who drew this cartoon chose to satirize the event as an unruly "tea party." (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. A Rare View of a Black Woodcutter at Work in Shelburne, Nova Scotia, by William Booth, 1788 A Rare View of a Black Woodcutter at Work in Shelburne, Nova Scotia, by William Booth, 1788 Black loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia faced serious racial discrimination and open hostility from white refugees. This woodcutter may have been among the African-American loyalists who chose to relocate to Sierra Leone in the 1790s. (National Archives Canada, Ottawa, C-40162) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Battle of Princeton by James Peale Battle of Princeton by James Peale At the Battle of Princeton in early 1777, American forces under George Washington cemented the victory they had won a few days earlier at Trenton. This view was painted in 1787 by James Peale, who fought in the battle. (Princeton University Library) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Eighteenth-century British military kettledrum, surrendered at Saratoga Eighteenth-century British military kettledrum, surrendered at Saratoga This kettledrum belonged to the band of the Royal Norfolk Regiment, a British infantry unit that surrendered to the Americans at Saratoga. The drum was sent to West Point, where it has remained ever since, a symbol of the new nation's first great victory of the Revolution. (The West Point Museum Collection, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York. Photo by Paul Warchal.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Eighteenth-century medicine chest Eighteenth-century medicine chest Measles, typhus, diphtheria, dysentery, and other diseases ravaged military encampments, making medicine chests like the one shown here essential equipment for the army. Doctors used crude remedies that often did more harm than good, for little was known about the causes of such afflictions. Smallpox was one of the few epidemics that eighteenth-century doctors could combat; inoculation was known to be an effective preventive measure as early as the 1720s. (The West Point Museum Collection, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York. Photo by Josh Nefsky.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. George III by A. Ramsay, 1767 George III by A. Ramsay, 1767 Although unsure of himself and emotionally little more than a boy upon his accession to the English throne, George III possessed a deep moral sense and a fierce determination to rule as well as to reign. (Indianapolis Musum of Art, The James E. Roberts Fund) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. George Washington's copy of Common Sense George Washington's copy of Common Sense That America's patriot leaders read Thomas Paine's inflammatory Common Sense soon after it was published in early 1776 is indicated by this first edition, owned by George Washington himself. (Boston Athenaeum) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Joseph Brant by Charles Willson Peale, 1797 Joseph Brant by Charles Willson Peale, 1797 Joseph Brant, the Iroquois leader who helped to persuade the Mohawks, Senecas, and Cayugas to support the British in the latter stages of the Revolution, as painted by Charles Willson Peale in 1797. (Independence National Historic Park Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Surrender of the British at Yorktown Surrender of the British at Yorktown French naval power combined with American military savvy to produce the decisive defeat of the British. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Tarleton's Cavalrymen After the Battle of Cowpens 1781, by William Ranney Tarleton's Cavalrymen After the Battle of Cowpens 1781, by William Ranney In this painting patriots stand their ground against cavalrymen led by Lieutenant Banastre Tarleton in a 1781 skirmish near Cowpens. As the painting shows, black as well as white Americans supported the revolutionary cause in the South. (Collection of the State of South Carolina. Photo by Hunter Clarkson, Alt Lee, Inc.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Flutist, Barzillai Lew, African American fifer and drummer The Flutist, Barzillai Lew, African American fifer and drummer Barzillai Lew, a free African American born in Groton, Massachusetts, in 1743, served in the Seven Years War before enlisting with patriot troops in the American Revolution. An accomplished fifer, Lew fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Like other freemen in the north, he cast his lot with the revolutionaries, in contrast to southern bondspeople, who tended to favor the British. (Courtesy of Mae Theresa Bonitto) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Thomas Paine Thomas Paine Having arrived in the colonies less than two years earlier, Paine became a bestselling author with the publication of Common Sense in 1776. (Art Gallery, Williams Center, Lafayette College ) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters shows the commander and his friend, the young aristocrat from France, sharing a moment of conversation while soldiers huddle together around a fire at Valley Forge. While British officers enjoyed the social life of Philadelphia, General Washington, his officers, and his men suffered from inadequate food, supplies, firewood, and shelter in their winter encampment, a situation due, in part, to the corruption and greed of military suppliers and the incompetence of the quartermaster corps. (Stock Montage ) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: Campaign of 1777 Campaign of 1777 The crucial campaign of 1777 was fought on two fronts: along the upper Hudson and Mohawk River valleys, and in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The rebels won in the north; the British triumphed--at least nominally--in the south. The capture of Philadelphia, however, did the redcoats little good, and they abandoned the city the following year. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: Cession of Tribal Lands, 1775-1790 Cession of Tribal Lands, 1775-1790 The land claims of the United States meant little as long as Indian nations still controlled vast territories within the new country's formal boundaries. A series of treaties in the 1780s and 1790s opened some lands to white settlement. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: Indian Land Cessions, 1768-1799 Indian Land Cessions, 1768-1799 During the last third of the eighteenth century, Native Americans were forced to give up extensive homelands throughout the eastern backcountry and farther west in the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Campaign The Burgoyne Campaign The defeat of General John Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga was a major turning point in the war. It led to the recognition of American independence by France and later by Spain and to a military alliance with both these European powers. This map shows American and British troop movement and the locations and dates of the Saratoga battles leading to the British surrender. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: The Second Southern Campaign, 1778-1781 The Second Southern Campaign, 1778-1781 This map of the second attempt by Britain to crush the rebellion in the South shows the many battles waged in the Lower South before Cornwallis's encampment at Yorktown and his surrender there. This decisive southern campaign involved all the military resources of the combatants, including British, loyalist, French, and American ground forces and British and French naval fleets. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: The War in the South The War in the South The southern war--after the British invasion of Georgia in late 1778--was characterized by a series of British thrusts into the interior, leading to battles with American defenders in both North and South Carolina. Finally, after promising beginnings, Cornwallis's foray into Virginia ended with disaster at Yorktown in October 1781. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: The War in the West, 1776-1782 The War in the West, 1776-1782 Carolina militiamen drove attacking Cherokees far back into the Appalachians in 1776. George Roger Clark's victory at Vincennes in 1779 gave the United States effective control of the Ohio valley. In retaliation for their raids on New York and Pennsylvania, John Sullivan inflicted widespread starvation on the Iroquois by burning their villages and winter food supplies in 1779. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.