Panayiotis Christodoulou
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How do I run Microsoft ScanDisk?
How do I run Microsoft Defrag?
How do I restore Windows back to an earlier
copy?
How to erase my hard drive and start over?
How to fix an invalid page fault?
How to fix a fatal exception error?
How to fix a general protection fault?
How to enter the BIOS or CMOS setup?
Windows runtime errors
How to get to an MS-DOS prompt or Windows
command line
How to use the Window command line (DOS)
To run ScanDisk and check your hard
drive for errors follow the steps below for
your version of Windows. Before running scan
disk on the computer, keep in mind that it
can take several hours to complete
depending on the size of your hard drives,
and any errors that may exist with the drive.
Microsoft Windows XP, 2000, Vista, and 7 users
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Keep in mind that these versions can be a networking operating
system and it's possible that the privileges to run Scandisk may
have revoked by the system administrator. To run 3candisk we
recommend you follow the recommend steps.
Double-click My Computer
Highlight a local hard drive by clicking on it once
Right-click the highlighted local drive
Click Properties
Click the Tools tab and click check now to check the drive for
errors.
The computer needs to restart to run ScanDisk without getting
interrupted.
Although not required we suggest having ScanDisk automatically
find and fix any errors found.
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Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, and 8 Defrag
To run Defrag, we recommend you follow the steps below.
Double-click My Computer or open Explorer.
Highlight the local hard disk C: drive by clicking on it
once.
Right-click the highlighted local drive Click Properties
Click the Tools tab and click the Defragment now button.
Tip: Windows also supports running Defrag from the
Windows command line. For a syntax and full listing of
defrag options in the command line see our defrag
command page.
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Users who are running Microsoft Windows
XP or later can use System Restore to roll
back the state of their system files and
settings. This action can help to fix poor
performance or software errors and does not
erase any of your data, like pictures or music.
However, it may delete settings
or drivers implemented after the restore
point was created.
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Windows 8 users
Navigate to the Start Screen and type restore, which should
bring up a search box.
Click Create a restore point.
In the System Properties window that appears,
under System Protection, click the System
Restore... button.
After processing, a window appears with two buttons at
the bottom; click Next >.
The following screen usually suggests a recent restore
point and your last critical update.
◦ If you know the date your problem started, check the box next
to Show more restore points.
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Make your selections and click Next. Then, confirm your
restore point and click Finish.
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Windows Vista and 7 users
Click Start.
In the Start search box, type System Restore and
press enter.
After processing, a window appears with two
buttons at the bottom; click Next >.
The following screen usually suggests a recent
restore point and your last critical update.
◦ If you know the date your problem started, check the
box next to Show more restore points.
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Make your selections and click Next.
Then, confirm your restore point and clickFinish.
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Notice: Remember that following the steps
below will erase all of the information on your
hard drive and make it like new. Once the
steps below have been completed, you will
not be able to reverse the steps if you want to
recover possible lost data.
Erasing the hard drive and reinstalling Windows
Windows 8
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Press the Windows key plus the "C" key to open the Charms
menu.
Select the Search option and type reinstall in the Search text field
(do not pressEnter).
Select the Settings option.
On the left side of the screen, select Remove everything and
reinstall Windows.
On the "Reset your PC" screen, click Next.
On the "Do you want to fully clean your drive" screen, select Just
remove my filesto do a quick deletion or select Fully clean the
drive to have all files erased.
On the "Ready to reset your PC" screen, click Reset.
The hard drive will be erased and Windows 8 will be reinstalled.
Windows 7 and Vista
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Insert the Windows 7/Vista installation CD in the CD-ROM drive and restart the
computer.
When you see the message "Press any key to boot from CD", press a key on the
keyboard.
Press the Enter key at the Windows Setup welcome screen.
When prompted, press any key on your keyboard.
On the "Install Windows" page, select your preferred language and other
preferences, then click Next.
On the License Agreement page, accept the terms and agreements and click Next.
On the Installation Type screen, choose the Custom option.
Select the Drive Options (advanced) option.
For Disk 0, delete all partitions. When all partitions have been deleted, you should
see a single entry named "Unallocated space".
Click on Disk 0 and select Next.
The Windows installation process will start by creating a new partition, formatting
the partition, and installing Windows on the hard drive. The formatting process
will erase the hard drive before installing Windows.
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An interruption that occurs when a software program
attempts to access an invalid page in memory
in Microsoft Windows. Page faults are caused by a software
issue or confliction, driver issue, or a hardware related
issue.
Remove all TSRs
Disable or unload any TSRs or background programs
currently running before running the program causing the
GPF.
Delete all program temporary files
Delete all temporary files that may still be residing on the
hard drive from currently or previously running programs.
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Run ScanDisk and Defrag
Run ScanDisk and run Defrag on the hard
drive as it could be possible your hard drive
may have an issue causing the swap file or
data files to become corrupt or invalid.
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Update software or check for software
patches
If you are experiencing invalid page faults in
only one program, verify that the software
program is compatible with the operating
system you are running the program within.
Also, verify with the manufacturer or
vendor of the software program that there are
no available patches or updates for the
program that may help or resolve your issue.
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Recently installed software or hardware
If you have recently installed new software or hardware,
uninstall or reinstall that software or hardware to verify it
is not causing your issue.
Bad Memory, invalid bits, or physically damaged memory
Bad memory can cause Illegal Operations. If you have
recently added memory to the computer it is
recommended that it first be removed to verify that you
are not experiencing conflictions with the recently
installed memory.
If no memory has been recently added to the computer it
is recommended you follow all other steps found on this
page before replacing the memory within the computer.
In computer programming, an exception is an
issue that occurs because of a confliction or
abnormality in the code. An exception causes the
program to stop or abort.
Microsoft Windows and software use exceptions,
which allow Windows or other software to
communicate in layers and communicate errors
or exceptions. If a program is given an exception
that is invalid or unknown, you'll encounter a
fatal exception. Fatal exceptions are also
commonly referred to as a Fatal 0E.
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When a fatal exception is encountered, the error will be in
the below format.
A fatal exception <YZ> has occurred at xxxx:xxxxxxxx
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In the above example, the YZ represents the actual
processor exception, this can range from 00 to 0F. Each of
these processor exceptions are explained under Extended
information.
After the processor exception is the enhanced instruction
pointer to the code segment and the 32-bit address. This
is exactly where the error exception has occurred.
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Search for the error
Often the easiest and fastest method to locate the cause of a fatal
exception is to search for the error. However, for some users, it may be
difficult to know exactly what to search for because of the cryptic fatal
exception messages. Below are tips on how to search for these errors.
1. As mentioned above, the fatal exception has a two character code. For
example, if the "0E" is present, use this as part of your search. 2. Next,
the error message should contain a pointer (e.g. "0028:c001e36").
Although this may be found in a search, it is usually unique to your
computer. If you're not finding any search results, exclude this from
your search. 3. Finally, many fatal exception error messages also contain
a file that generated the error, which is almost always a VXD file. If the
fatal exception error contains a reference to a .VXD file, definitely
include this as part of your search. The VXD file may also be listed as
"VXD VWIN32", which is "vwin32.vxd".
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Revert Windows back to an earlier copy
If this has just started occurring and you're running
Windows XP or later, restore Windows back to an earlier
copy.
Update software or check for software patches
If you are experiencing invalid error exception in only one
program, verify that the software program is compatible
with the operating system on the computer. Also, check
with the manufacturer or vendor of the software program
to see if there are any available patches or updates for the
program that may help to resolve your issue.
It is also important that you have all the latest Windows
updates.
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Hardware drivers
If fatal exceptions happen when using a hardware
device (e.g. when you print), the drivers related to
that device are either conflicting with another device,
corrupt, or have other errors.
Video drivers are also notorious for causing fatal
exception error messages. Because your video card is
being used all the time, it's difficult to know for
certain if it's the cause of the error. Therefore we
always recommend having the latest video drivers on
your computer.
Visit the manufacturer's website and get the latest
software and drivers from them. See the computer
drivers page for a listing of hardware companies.
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Recently installed software or hardware
If you have recently installed new software or
hardware, uninstall or reinstall that software
or hardware to verify it is not causing your
issue. With a hardware device, instead of
installing the software or drivers that came
with the device, visit the manufacturer's
website and get the latest software or drivers
from them. See the computer drivers page for
a listing of hardware companies.
Below is a listing of the more commonly experienced
processor exceptions ranging from 00 to 0F.
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00 = Divide Fault
Occurs if division by zero is attempted or if the result of
the operation does not fit in the destination operand.
02=NMI interrupt
Interrupt 2 is reserved for the hardware Non-MaskableInterrupt condition. No exceptions trap through interrupt
2.
04=Overflow trap
Occurs after an INTRO instruction has executed and the OF
bit is set to 1.
05=Bounds Check fault
The array Index is out of range
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06=Invalid Opcode fault
This error can be caused by one of the below
conditions.
Processor attempting to decode a bit pattern that
does not correspond to any legal computer
instruction.
Processor attempts to execute an instruction that
contains invalid operands.
Processor attempts to execute a protected-mode
instruction while running in virtual 8086 mode.
Processor attempts to execute a LOCK prefix with
an instruction that cannot be locked.
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07=Copressor not available fault.
This error can occur if no math coprocessor is
present. This error can also occur when the math
coprocessor is used and a task switch is
executed.
08=Double Fault.
This error occurs when processing an exception
triggers a second exception.
09(OD)=Copressor Segment Overrun.
Floating point operand is outside the segment.
10(0Ah/0A)=Invalid Task State Segment Fault
Can be caused by a number of possibilities as
Task State Segment contains a number of
descriptors.
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11(0Bh)=Not Present Fault
The not present interrupt allows the operating
system to implement virtual memory through the
segmentation mechanism. 0B fault occurs when
this segment is not available.
12(0Ch)=Stack Fault
Occurs when instruction refers to memory
beyond the limit of the stack segment.
13(Odh)=General Protection Fault
Caused by any condition that is not covered by
any of the other processor exceptions. The
exception indicates that this program has been
corrupted in memory, resulting in the immediate
termination of the program.
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14(Oeh)=Page Fault
Occurs when a paging protection rule is violated
(when the retrieve fails, data retrieved is invalid
or the code that issued the fault broke the
protection rule for the processor).
16(10h)=Coprocessor error fault
Occurs when an unmasked floating-point
exception has signaled a previous instruction.
17(11h)=Alignment Check Fault
Only used on 80486 computers. Caused when
code executing at ring privilege 3 attempts to
access a word operand that is not divisible by
four, or a long real or temp real whose address is
not divisible by eight.
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Note: It is not upcoming to randomly experience
a General Protection Fault (GPF), you should not
need to troubleshoot GPF errors unless they are
occurring frequently.
Short for General Protection Fault, GPF is an error
message generated Windows indicating that a
program has attempted to access a portion of
memory that is either invalid or already in use.
This error often forces the user to exit the
application or reboot their system. As an integral
part of Windows, GPF message cannot be
disabled.
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Remove all TSRs
Disable or unload any TSRs or programs currently
running before running the program causing the GPF.
Delete all program temporary files
Delete all temporary files that may still be residing on
the hard drive from currently or previously running
programs.
Run ScanDisk and Defrag
Run ScanDisk and run Defrag on the hard drive as it
could be possible your hard drive may have an issue
causing the swap file or data files to become corrupt
or invalid.
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Verify your computer has more than 200 MB
available
If your computer is running low on hard drive
space, your Windows swap file will be unable
to increase in size when needed. This
situation can cause programs to be swapped
between memory and the hard drive more
frequently, which can lead to more GPFs.
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Recently installed software or hardware
If you have recently installed new software or
hardware uninstall or reinstall that software or
hardware to verify it is not causing your issue.
Disable external cache
If your CPU utilizes external cache disable it
temporarily to verify if it is causing your GPF error
messages. If this option is available it can be disabled
through CMOS Setup.
If this resolves your issue it is recommended that you
contact the manufacturer of your
computer, motherboard manufacturer, or CPU
manufacturer for additional recommendations.
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Disable Power Management and screen savers
If you are receiving GPFs when the computer is
inactive for extended periods, disable Power
Management and screen savers to ensure that
they are not causing your issue.
Operating System issue
Windows related files can cause a General
Protection fault. For example, a General
Protection Fault with Explorer and
KRNL386.EXE. Reinstall Windows to resolve the
issue with Windows related files.
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Because of the wide variety of computer and
BIOS manufacturers over the evolution of
computers, there are numerous ways to enter
the BIOS or CMOS Setup. Below is a listing of
most of these methods, as well as other
recommendations for entering the BIOS
setup.
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New computers
Computers manufactured in the last few years allow you to
enter the BIOS setup using one of the five keys shown
below during the boot process.
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F1
F2 *
F10 **
DEL
ESC
* If pressing F2 opens a diagnostics tool, your setup key is
likely F10
** F10 is also used for the boot menu. If F10 opens a boot
menu, your setup key is likely F2.
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Setup keys are to be pressed as the computer is
booting up. Most users will see a message similar
to the example below upon startup. Some older
computers may also display a flashing block to
indicate when to press the F1 or F2 keys.
Once you have successfully entered the CMOS
setup, you should see a screen similar to the
example below. Your CMOS setup may look a
little different, depending on the manufacturer,
but should still have most of the same options in
the menu on the left or along the bottom of the
screen.
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How do I change and save changes in CMOS
setup?
Once in CMOS setup, the method for
changing the settings often depends on the
BIOS manufacturer. You may use the arrow
keys along with the Enter key to select
categories and change their values. Some
manufacturers may have you press the Page
up and Page down keys to change the values.
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I cannot change the values to a setting I want to
use.
If you are trying to change the clock, speed, or
other settings and do not have the option
available, it is because it is not supported by
the motherboard. If you believe it should be
supported, you may need a BIOS update.
Tip: If changes you made appear to revert back to
default settings or the date and time setting in
the BIOS keeps falling behind, you may need
to replace the CMOS battery.
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How do I save the changes?
If any changes are made, you need to save
those changes, which is typically done by
pressing the F10 key on the keyboard. If F10
does not work, look at the bottom or top of
the screen for the key that is used to save the
settings.
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Note: If you're getting a runtime error with a
runtime error code and error message (e.g.
"Runtime error 75 path/file access error"),
skip to the runtime error listing for a listing
of runtime error codes and errors.
Microsoft Windows Runtime errors can be
caused by a lot of different problems with the
computer. Follow the steps below to help find
and fix all Runtime errors.
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Confliction with TSR or other running program
If you are encountering a runtime error message
while in Windows or above ensure that the issue
is not being caused by a third-party program or
TSR by end tasking all open programs.
If after "end tasking" all TSRs you continue to
experience the same issue under Windows 95 or
Windows 98, check autoexec.bat and config.sys
for any programs being loaded that may be
causing your issue. Then, temporally disable
these programs by renaming the files. Follow the
instructions below for more information.
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Boot to an MS-DOS prompt.
Once at the MS-DOS prompt, type:
cd\ <press enter>
ren autoexec.bat autoexec.ch <press enter>
ren config.sys config.ch <press enter>
Once completed, reboot the computer.
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Software issue
If your issue persists the program, utility, or
game causing the runtime error may have issues.
Verify through the developer's website that all
updates or patches that may be available have
been downloaded and applied.
If no patches or updates are available, uninstall,
and reinstall the program that is causing the
issue. If you are having a runtime error in
your operating system, reinstall the operating
system.
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Add-on, plug-in, or other extra software
Many runtime errors are also caused by
other add-ons, plug-ins, or other extra
software that has been installed onto the
computer and is associated with the program
generating the error. If you have any
additional software associated with the
program causing the error, update or
uninstall it, and see if that resolves the issue.
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Computer virus
Because computer viruses and malware can
tamper with the system settings or memory it can
cause a runtime error. If you are currently
running a virus protection program on your
computer ensure it has the latest updated patch
or .dat file.
If you do not have a computer virus protection
program it is recommended one be purchased or
that a demo be temporarily downloaded to scan
your computer hard drive for viruses.
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Memory issue
Finally, if you have followed all of the above
recommendations and are still getting
runtime errors, you may be encountering a
hardware or memory related issue. We
recommend that you first contact the
developer of the program causing the issue
for any possible solutions. If no solutions are
found, we recommend you contact the
computer or motherboard manufacturer for
additional recommendations or service.
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Runtime error listings
Below is a listing of Microsoft Windows and
Windows software runtime error codes and
related Runtime error messages. Each error
has additional information on the cause of
the Runtime error and how to fix the
problem.
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Get to a Command Prompt in Windows 10
Click Start.
Type cmd and press enter.
Notice: For some commands and options to
work in the Windows Vista and 7 command
line you must run the command line as
administrator. To do this, right-click on the
cmd icon and choose Run as administrator.
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Get to a Command Prompt in Windows 8
From the Start screen type cmd and press
enter.
or
Move the mouse cursor to the very bottomleft corner of the screen and right-click or
press Windows key + X.
In the power user task menu, select
either Command Prompt or Command Prompt
(Admin).
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Get to a Command Prompt in Windows Vista
and 7
Click Start.
Type cmd and press enter.
Notice: For some commands and options to
work in the Windows Vista and 7 command
line you must run the command line as
administrator. To do this, right-click on the
cmd icon and choose Run as administrator.
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This document covers the basic in navigating and
using the Microsoft Windows command line. On
this page, you'll learn how to move around in the
command line, find files, manipulate files, and
other important commands. Keep in mind that
there are over 100 different commands that have
been used in MS-DOS and the Windows
command line. If you are interested in learning
every command, see our Microsoft DOS and
command prompt help page, which gives a
description and example for every command.
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Understanding the prompt
After following the above steps, the Windows
command line should be shown (similar to
the example below). Typically Windows starts
you at your user directory. In the example
below, the user is Mrhope, so our prompt is
C:\Users\Windows>. This prompt tells us we
are in the C: drive (the default drive letter of
the hard drive) and currently in the Mrhope
directory, which is a subdirectory of the Users
directory.
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Key tips
MS-DOS and the Windows command line are not case
sensitive.
The files and directories shown in Windows are also found
in the command line.
When working with a file or directory with a space,
surround it in quotes. For example, My Documents would
be "My Documents."
Filenames can have a long file name of 255 characters and
a 3 character file extension.
When a file or directory is deleted in the command line, it
is not moved into the Recycle Bin.
If you need help with any of command type /? after the
command. For example, dir /? would give the options
available for the dir command.
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Listing the files
Let's learn your first command. Type dir at the
prompt to list files in the current directory. You
should get an output similar to the example
image below. Without using any dir options this
is how dir output appears. As can be seen, you
are given lots of useful information including the
creation date and time, directories (<DIR>), and
the name of the directory or file. In the example
below, there are 0 files listed and 14 directories
as indicated by the status at the bottom of the
output.
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Every command in the command line has
options, which are additional switches and
commands that can be added after the
command. For example, with the dir command
you can type dir /p to list the files and directories
in the current directory one page at a time. This
switch is useful to see all the files and directories
in a directory that has dozens or hundreds of
files. Each of the command options and switches
is listed on our DOS command page. For
example, if you want to see all the options for dir
see our dir command page for a full listing.
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The dir command can also be used to search
for specific files and directories by using
wildcards. For example, if you only wanted to
list files or directories that begin with the
letter "A" you could type dir a* to list only the
AppData directory, in this above example.
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Moving into a directory
Now that we've seen a list of directories (shown
below) in the current directory move into one of
those directories. To move into a directory, we
use the cd command, so to move into the
Desktop type cd desktop and press enter. Once
you've moved into a new directory the prompt
should change, so in our example, the prompt is
now C:\Users\Mrhope\Desktop>. Now in this
desktop directory, see what files are found in this
directory by typing the dir command again.
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Understand the files
Now in the Desktop directory in this example (as
shown above), we now have 23 files and 7
directories. As can be seen in the above example,
there are many different file types. In Windows,
you are familiar with files having icons that help
represent the file type. In the command line, the
same thing is accomplished by the file
extensions. For example, "forum posts.txt" is
a text file because it has a .txt file extension,
Time.mp3 is an MP3 music file, and
minecraft.exe is an executable file.
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For most users, you'll only be concerned with
executable files, which as mentioned above is
a file that ends with .exe and are also files
that end with .com and .bat. When the name
of these files are typed into the command
line, the program runs, which is the same as
double-clicking a file in Windows. For
example, if we wanted to run minecraft.exe
typing "minecraft" at the prompt runs that
program.
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If you want to view the contents of a file, most
versions of the command line use the edit
command. For example, if we wanted to look at
the log file hijackthis.log we would typeedit
hijackthis.log at the prompt. For 64-bit versions
of Windows that do not support this command
you can use the start command, for example,
type start notepad hijackthis.log to open the file
in Notepad. Further information about opening
and editing a file from the command line can also
be found on the link below.
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Moving back a directory
You learned earlier the cd command can move
into a directory. This command also allows you to
go back a directory by typing cd.. at the prompt.
When this command is typed you'll be moved out
of the Desktop directory and back into the user
directory. If you wanted to move back to the root
directory typing cd\ takes you to the C:\>
prompt. If you know the name of the directory
you want to move into, you can also type cd\ and
the directory name. For example, to move into
C:\Windows> type cd\windows at the prompt.
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Creating a directory
Now with your basic understanding of navigating
the command line let's start creating new
directories. To create a directory in the current
directory use the mkdir command. For example,
create a directory called "test" by typing mkdir
test at the prompt. If created successfully you
should be returned to the prompt with no error
message. After the directory has been created,
move into that directory with the cd command.
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Switching drives
In some circumstances, you may want to copy
or list files on another drive. To switch
drives in the Windows command line, type the
letter of the drive followed by a colon. For
example, if your CD-ROM drive was the D
drive you would type d: and press enter.
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Creating a new file
You can create a new file from the command line using the
edit command, copy con command, or using the start
command to open a file.
With the edit command
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edit myfile.txt <press enter>
If available, this should open the edit editor. Once you
have typed the information for the file myfile.txt, click File
and choose exit. If you do not have a mouse, see the edit
command page.
When clicking exit, the computer will prompt you if you
want to save the file, click Yes and the file will be created.
With copy con command
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copy con myfile.txt <press enter>
Upon executing the above command, the cursor
moves down one line to a blank line, allowing
you to create the new file line by line. Once you
are ready to create the file, press Enter to get to a
blank line, press and hold Ctrl, press Z, and then
let go of both keys. This returns a ^Z. Once this
has been entered, press Enter to save the file and
exit it.
With the start command
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start notepad myfile.txt <press enter>
The Windows Notepad and any text editor can
also be started to create a file from the
command line. Entering the above command
would use the start command to run
Notepad and create the myfile.txt. Once the
file was saved in notepad that file would be
created in the same directory as the
command.
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Creating a new batch file
In the new test directory let's create your first file. In
most circumstances, you never need to create any file
at the command line, but it is still good to
understand how files are created. In this example, we
are creating a batch file. A batch file is a file that
ends with .bat and is a file that can help automate
frequently used commands in the command line. We
are calling this batch file "example", so type edit
example.bat at the prompt. As mentioned in the
document on creating a file, if the edit command
does not work with your version of Windows, use
the start command to open the batch file in Notepad.
To perform this action, you type start notepad
example.bat into the prompt.
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Both of the above commands open a new blank
example.bat window. In the file, type the below three
lines, which clear the screen with the cls
command and then run the dir command.
@echo off
cls
dir
After these three lines have been typed into the file
save and exit the file. If you are in the edit command
click File (or press Alt+F) and then Save. After the file
has been saved and you are back into the command
prompt, typing dir should display the example.bat in
the test directory.
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Now run the batch file to get a better
understanding of what a batch file does. To
run the batch file type example at the
prompt, which executes the batch file and
clears the screen and then runs the dir
command to display the directory listing of
the test directory.
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Moving and copying a file
Now that we've created a file let's move it into an
alternate directory. To help make things easier,
create another directory for the files. So,
type mkdir dir2 to create a new directory in the
test directory called dir2. After the new directory
has been created, use the move
command to move the example.bat file into that
directory. To do this type move example.bat
dir2 at the prompt, if done successfully you
should get a message indicated the file was
moved. You could also substitute the move
command for the copy command to copy the file
instead of moving it.
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Rename a file
After the file has been moved into the dir2
directory, move into that directory with the cd
command to rename the file. In the dir2
directory use the rename command to
rename the example file into an alternate
name. Type rename example.bat first.bat at
the prompt to rename the file to first.bat.
Now when using the dir command you should
see the first.bat as the only file.
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Deleting a file
Now that we've had our fun with our new file, delete the
file with the del command. Typedel first.bat to delete the
first.bat file. If successful, you are returned to the prompt
with no errors and the dir command shows no files in the
current directory.
Renaming a directory
Go back one directory to get back into the test directory by
using the cd.. command mentioned earlier. Now rename
our del2 directory to something else using the same
rename command we used earlier. At the prompt,
type rename dir2 hope to rename the directory to hope.
After this command has been completed, type dir and you
should now see one directory called hope.
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Removing a directory
While still in the test directory, remove the hope
directory by using the rmdir command. At the
prompt, type rmdir hope to remove the hope
directory.
Closing or exiting the command line window
After you are done with the Windows command
line, you can type exit to close the window.
All command list at:
http://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htm