‫הרצאה ‪8‬‬
‫יסמין ויערה ‪2005 -‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫חלק ‪.ERP :I‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫חלק ‪ :II‬יישומי ‪( AI‬בינה מלאכותית)‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫חלק ‪ :III‬סיום הרצאת תקשורת ותקשוב‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫חלק ‪ :IV‬השלמות חומרה‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫חלק ‪ :V‬דיווח‪/‬ים נושא‪/‬ים‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫בשיעור הבא – מבחן מסכם (לכולם יש שם וסיסמה לקושייה בתבנית‬
‫הנכונה?)‪.‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫יובל דן‪-‬גור‬
ERP :I ‫חלק‬
‫חלק ‪I‬‬
‫‪ERP‬‬
‫‪Enterprise Resource Planning‬‬
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫מה עושה ה ‪? ERP‬‬
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫מה עושה ה ‪? ERP‬‬
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫מה עושה ה ‪? ERP‬‬
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
? ERP ‫מה עושה ה‬
ERP takes a different approach. There is only one
information system in an enterprise, the ERP.
All applications access common data. Real events in the
business initiate transactions. Accounting is done
automatically by events in sales and production. Sales can
see when products can be delivered. Production schedules
are driven by sales. The whole system is designed to be
real-time and not historical.
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
? ERP ‫מה עושה ה‬
ERP embodies what are considered the "best
business practices". A company implementing ERP
adapts it operations to it to achieve its efficiencies
and power.
The process of adapting procedures to the SAP model
involves "Business Process Re-engineering" which is a
logical analysis of the events and relationships that
exist in an enterprise's operations.
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
? ERP ‫מה עושה ה‬
Several layers: The Basis System + the heart of the
system from a manager's viewpoint: the application
modules.
•FI Financial Accounting. •HR Human Resources
•CO Controlling
•PM Plant Maintenance
•AM Asset Management
•MM Materials Management
•PS Project System
•QM Quality Management
•WF Workflow
•PP Production Planning
•IS Industry Solutions
•SD Sales and Distribution
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫מה עושה ה ‪? ERP‬‬
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
...‫הרבה כסף‬
Approximately 65% of the Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) market currently belongs to SAP,
Oracle, PeopleSoft, J.D. Edwards, and Baan
Worldwide ERP Market
$-bil
30
35
45
58
73
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
Source: www.infotechtrends.com
ERP ‫שאלות על‬
How long will an ERP project
take?ERP vendors tell you about a three or six month
average implementation time —real transformational ERP
efforts usually run between one to three years
What will ERP fix in my
business?Integrate financial data.
Standardize manufacturing
processes.
Standardize HR information.
Will ERP fit the ways I do business?
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
ERP ‫שאלות על‬
What does ERP really cost?
Meta Group study of (TCO) of ERP, 63 companies surveyed -the average TCO was $15 million (the highest was $300
million and lowest was $400,000). The TCO for a “headsdown” user over that period was a staggering $53,320 .
When will I get payback from ERP—
and how much will it be?
Met Group found that it took eight months after the
new system was in (31 months total) to see any
benefits. But the median annual savings from the
new ERP system was $1.6 million per year .
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
ERP ‫שאלות על‬
The Hidden Costs of ERP
1.Training
2.Integration and Testing
3.Data conversion
4.Data analysis
5.Consultants
6.Replacing Your Best and Brightest
7.Implementation Teams Can Never Stop
8.Waiting for ROI
9.Post-ERP Depression
‫פרופ' שיזף רפאלי‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫חלק ‪ :II‬יישומי ‪AI‬‬
16
Artificial intelligence
• Goal
– To develop computers that can act like
people in every way
• What do humans do?
– Inwardly: think, react, emote
– Outwardly: move, see, feel
create, innovate, invent, crack jokes
– Communicate among ourselves
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
17
Developments by AI
• Decision support systems
– Support decision-making by humans
• Expert systems
– Make decision in place of an expert;
– Acts as an expert assistant to a non-expert
user
• Neural nets
• Fuzzy logic
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
‫מערכות מומחה‬
Expert systems
• Application that acts as an expert
CAPTURES HUMAN EXPERTISE
IN LIMITED DOMAINS
OF KNOWLEDGE
• It gives recommendations
–
–
–
–
about customer credit
engineering problems
legal situations
sifting for the exception
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
18
19
Expert System types (1)
• KNOWLEDGE BASE: Model of Human
Knowledge
• RULE - BASED EXPERT SYSTEM : AI System
Based on IF - THEN Statements (Bifurcation);
Rule Base: Collection of IF - THEN Knowledge
• SEMANTIC NETS: Uses Property of
INHERITANCE to Organize, Classify
Interrelated Characteristics
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
20
Expert System types (2)
• AI SHELL: Programming Environment of
Expert System
• INFERENCE ENGINE: Search Through Rule
Base
– FORWARD CHAINING: Uses Input;
Searches Rules for Answer
– BACKWARD CHAINING: Begins with
Hypothesis, Seeks Information Until
Hypothesis Accepted or Rejected
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
21
Expert Systems limitations
• Often Reduced to Problems of
Classification
• Can be Large, Lengthy, Expensive
• Maintaining Knowledge Base Critical
• Many Managers Unwilling to Trust such
Systems
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪Top-down in ExSys‬‬
‫•‬
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‪ ,‬אונ’ חיפה‬
23
Simple example
• If the animal hops and the object is tall,
then the animal is a kangaroo.
• If the animal is gray and large, then the
animal is an elephant
• The animal is tall. The animal is gray.
The animal is large.
• Solve by back chaining: What is the
animal?
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
24
Parts of an expert system
• Inference engine
– Knows which rules to execute
• Rule base
– List of rules
• Fact base
– Set of facts we provided
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
25
Other points to be made (1/2)
• Symbolic processing
– Forget bits, bytes, and data structures —
think of ‘symbols’
• Applicability
– Rules are specific
– Inference engine is general
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
26
Other points to be made (2/2)
• Expert system shell
–
–
–
–
Provides inference engine
Helps create rule and fact base
General tool for a wide variety of problems
Gives user capability to answer:
» How did you determine that answer?
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
27
ES Examples online
• CLIPS: an ES shell made by NASA. Visit at:
– http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/~clips/CLIPS.html
• Try JESS monkey-and-bananas online, at :
– http://www.scs.ryerson.ca/~dgrimsha/java/c820a198/
• Try the whale expert system, at:
– http://www.vvv.com/ai/demos/whale.html
• Winning AI financial and manufacturing
applications:
– http://www.brightware.com/company/awards/index.html
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫רשתות נוירונים‬
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‪ ,‬אונ’ חיפה‬
‫‪29‬‬
‫‪Neural Nets - back to biology‬‬
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‪ ,‬אונ’ חיפה‬
‫רשתות נויורונים‬
Neural Nets
• Designed to simulate the brain
• Neurons, synapses
• Useful when
– Problem is difficult
– An expert can’t say exactly how a decision is
arrived at
– Past situations (descriptions and decisions) are
available
• Ideal for massively parallel computers
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
30
‫‪31‬‬
‫‪Neurons, Synapses, Axons,‬‬
‫‪Dendrites‬‬
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‪ ,‬אונ’ חיפה‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪And again...‬‬
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‪ ,‬אונ’ חיפה‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫?‪Credit decisions‬‬
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‪ ,‬אונ’ חיפה‬
‫יישומי רשתות נורונים‬
Applications of neural nets
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Character recognition
Credit card fraud detection
Petroleum exploration
Financial forecasting
Loan approval
Missile guidance
Parking a truck
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
34
‫רשתות נוירונים לעומת‬
‫מערכות מומחה‬
• Neural networks are flexible tools in a
dynamic environment.
• Neural networks have the capacity to
learn rapidly and change quickly
• Rule based systems are limited to the
specific situation for which they were
designed;
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
35
‫רשתות נוירונים לעומת‬
‫מערכות מומחה‬
– Expert systems are rule-based computer
programs.
– Expert systems are good for applications with
logical separators between decisioninfluencing factors.
– Since ES have explicit rules, it is easy to
understand how their decisions are made.
– But expert systems are difficult to build
because the rules don't always exist and
the "expert" information is difficult to
acquire.
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
36
37
Fuzzy logic
• Regular logic
– Answer is false or true (i.e., 0 or 1)
• Fuzzy logic
– Answer ranges from 0 to 1 but can be
anywhere in between (i.e., means maybe yes,
maybe no)
• Another “rule-based” development
• Closer to the way people think
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
38
Fuzzy logic: example
• Think of “youngness”
• Not just “young” or “old”; there are
degrees
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
39
Applications of fuzzy logic
•
•
•
•
Elevators
Automobile cruise control
Washing machines
Camera auto-focus
Fuzzy Logic? ‫באיזו מידה יש יישום ניהולי ל‬
Virtuality”“ ‫מומלץ לקרוא ולחשוב על‬
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
40
‫מקורות‬References
• Spielberg’s AI film and web site
• Buchanan’s brief history of AI:
http://www.aaai.org/Pathfinder/bbhist.html
• John McCarthy’s “What is AI?”
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html
• AI Trends and Controversies
http://www.computer.org/intelligent/articles/AI_controversies.htm
‫פרופ’ שיזף רפאלי‬
‫ אונ’ חיפה‬,‫ביה”ס למנהל עסקים‬
41
The Internet and
accompanying Technologies
Part 5
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫חלק ‪ :III‬סיום הרצאת תקשורת‬
‫ותקשוב‬
‫‪43‬‬
‫‪Primary Uses‬שימושים עיקריים‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫‪EDI‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
Networks allow client/server
computing
‫שרת‬-‫טכנולוגיית לקוח‬

Can distribute functions among machines
Client





Terminal
Display
Client
PC
Stand-alone PC
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬





Editing data fields
Error checking
Help screens
Calculations
Query processing
Server
Host
Host
Server
File server
45
46
CLIENT
•
•
•
•
USER POINT - OF - ENTRY
COMPUTER / WORKSTATION / LAPTOP
USER INTERACTS WITH CLIENT
THRU GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
(GUI)
• ENTER & RETRIEVE DATA
• ANALYZE & REPORT
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
47
SERVER
•
•
•
•
*
COMPUTER SATISFIES USER’S NEEDS
NOT VISIBLE TO USER
PROCESSING
ACCESS TO DATABASES
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
48
INTERNET SERVICE
PROVIDER (ISP)
COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION
WITH PERMANENT CONNECTION TO
INTERNET
SELLS TEMPORARY CONNECTIONS TO
SUBSCRIBERS
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
49
INTERNET CAPABILITIES
CAPABILITY
FUNCTIONS SUPPORTED
E -MAIL
PERSON -TO-PERSON MESSAGING; DOCUMENT SHARING
USERNET NEWSGROUPS ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARDS
CHATTING
INTERACTIVE CONVERSATIONS
TELNET
LOG ON ONE COMPUTER, WORK ON ANOTHER
GOPHERS
LOCATE TEXT USING HIERARCHY OF MENUS
ARCHIE
SEARCH DATABASES FOR FILES AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOADING
WAIS
LOCATE FILES IN DATABASES USING KEYS
FTP
TRANSFER FILES FROM COMPUTER TO COMPUTER
WORLD WIDE WEB
HYPERTEXT LINKS TO RETRIEVE/FORMAT/DISPLAY INFORMATION
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
50
INTERNET ADDRESS
ggalileo@univpisa.edu.it
INDIVIDUAL OR
ORGANIZATION NAME
HOST
COMPUTER
DOMAIN
LOCATION
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
51
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
• STANDARDS TO STORE, RETRIEVE,
FORMAT, DISPLAY INFORMATION
• CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
• GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
• DYNAMIC LINKS TO OTHER
DOCUMENTS (“hot links”)
• EXPLOSION IN BUSINESS USE
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
52
WWW ADDRESS
http//www.datamation.com
GO TO WEB
WEB SITE
NAME
TYPE OF
ORGANIZATION
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫‪53‬‬
‫‪E-Commerce‬‬
‫‪Part 6‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
54
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
DOING BUSINESS ELECTRONICALLY •
AUTOMATION OF BUSINESS - TO -BUSINESS •
TRANSACTIONS
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
55
? NEW BUSINESS MODELS
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
56
E-Business on the Internet
• Business-to-consumer (B2C)
– Amazon, Dell
• Business-to-business (B2B)
– Freemarkets, CommerceOne
Verticalnet
• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
– Ebay, QXL
• Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
– Priceline, Accompany, LastMinute
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
57
INTERNET BENEFITS TO
ORGANIZATION
• REDUCES COMMUNICATION COSTS
• ENHANCES COMMUNICATION;
COORDINATION
• ACCELERATES KNOWLEDGE
DISTRIBUTION
• ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
58
Intranet & Extranet
Part 7
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
59
INTRANET
• INTERNAL NETWORK
• WWW TECHNOLOGY
• FIREWALL: Security System to Prevent
Invasion of Private Networks
• OVERCOMES COMPUTER PLATFORM
DIFFERENCES
• OFTEN INSTALLED ON EXISTING NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURE
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪Intranets‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
61
EXTRANET
• PRIVATE INTRANET ACCESSIBLE TO
SELECT OUTSIDERS
• LINK ORGANIZATION TO
– IMPORTANT CLIENTS
– BUSINESS PARTNERS
– TOP EXECUTIVES & BOARD MEMBERS
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫‪62‬‬
‫‪EXTRANET‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
63
APPLICATIONS OF INTRANETS & EXTRANETS
Regular Progress Reports,
Minutes of Meetings,
Assignments
Group Collaboration
Access to Manuals, Directories, Data
Updates on Orders
Check new Products, Catalogs, Place Orders
Single Access Point
Training, Policy
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
64
BENEFITS & LIMITATIONS OF
INTRANETS & EXTRANETS
BENEFITS:
• Standard Documents Always Current,
Available. Less Expensive than Paper
• Can Create, Coordinate New Documents
• Virtual Conferencing
• Project, Order Tracking Simplified
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
65
BENEFITS & LIMITATIONS OF
INTRANETS & EXTRANETS
LIMITATIONS:
• Can’t Replace Large TPS Programs (e.g.:
Payroll; Accounting; Production / Operations;
Marketing)
• Too Slow for High-Speed Data Transfer
• Not yet as Functional as Groupware
• Require Tight Security Control and Careful
Management Planning
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
66
Protocols and Standarts
Part 8
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
67
PROTOCOL
RULES & PROCEDURES
TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION
BETWEEN COMPONENTS
IN A NETWORK
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
68
CONNECTIVITY
Connectivity: MEASURE OF ABILITY OF
COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS &
SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT
HUMAN INTERVENTION
OPEN SYSTEMS: Software Able to
Function on Different Computer
Platforms. Nonproprietary Operating
Systems, Applications, Protocols
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
69
CONNECTIVITY FOR NETWORKS
• REFERENCE MODEL: Generic
Framework for Thinking About a
Problem
• PROTOCOL: Statement of How Specific
Task will be Performed
• STANDARD: Approved Reference
Models & Protocols; Determined by
Standard-setting Groups
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪TCP / IP‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
71
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL /
INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)
REFERENCE MODEL DEVELOPED BY
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN 1972
1. APPLICATION: Provides Screen
Presentations
2. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL
(TCP): Breaks Data into Datagrams
3. INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP): Breaks, Sends
Datagrams as Smaller IP Packets; Can Repeat
Transmission to Increase Reliability
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
72
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL /
INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)
4. NETWORK INTERFACE: Handles Addressing
and Interface Between Computer & Network
5. PHYSICAL NET: Defines Electrical
Transmission Characteristics for Sending
Signal Along Networks to Destination
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
73
OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI)
INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE MODEL
FOR LINKING DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPUTERS & NETWORKS. LAYERS:
1. PHYSICAL: Transmission of Data over
Medium
2. DATA LINK: Packaging, Transfer of Packets;
Error Checking
3. NETWORK: Routing Packets Over WAN
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
74
OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI)
4. TRANSPORT: Ensures Reliable Data Delivery
5. SESSION: Establishes Communication Links
on Network
6. PRESENTATION: Code Conversion for Data
Presentation
7. APPLICATION: Specialized User Functions
(e.g.: Operating System; File Transfer; e-mail)
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫‪75‬‬
‫‪The End‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע‬
‫חלק ‪ :VI‬סיום מבוא לחומרה‬
The Turing Machine
A device that could
determine the truth of
mathematical statements
without human
involvement by
following a
deterministic sequence
of instructions.
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
‫‪HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED‬‬
‫*‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫יובל דן‪-‬גור‬
HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED


BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not
BYTE: Group of bits for one character
– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits
per byte)
– ASCII- American Standard Code for
Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits
per byte)

‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to
‫‪Processing – the heart‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫יובל דן‪-‬גור‬
TYPES OF MEMORY

RAM : Random Access Memory
– Dynamic: Changes thru processing
– Static: Remains constant (power
on)

ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
– PROM: Program can be changed
once
– EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet
light
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
CONTROL UNIT
ROM
ARITHMETIC/LOGIC
UNIT
CLOCK
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
RAM
History of microprocessors

Intel:
1971 - 4004
1974 - 8080
1982 - 80286
1989 - 486
1993 - Pentium
1995 - Pentium Pro
1999 - Celeron

2000 transistors

250,000 transistors

5 million transistors

10 million - billions
of transistors
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE
E-CYCLE:
5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY
TO STORAGE REGISTER
6. COMMAND ALU
7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION
8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR
*
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
Instruction (Fetch & Decode)
and Execution Cycle
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
Moore’s “Law”
Actually, more of an observation or
prediction
 In the late 1960s, Gordon Moore (cofounder of Intel) predicted that the
number of transistors that could be
placed on a single chip would double
every year
 Not quite right, more like every 18
months

‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
‫)‪Moore’s Law (2‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫יובל דן‪-‬גור‬
Advances in # of transistors
on a microprocessor
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
# of transistors
2000000
1000000
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
2000
‫‪Increasing MIPS each year‬‬
‫‪350‬‬
‫‪300‬‬
‫‪250‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪MIPS‬‬
‫‪150‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪1995‬‬
‫‪1990‬‬
‫‪1985‬‬
‫‪1980‬‬
‫‪1975‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫יובל דן‪-‬גור‬
‫‪1970‬‬
‫‪1965‬‬
Network Computers (NC)
(Oracle and Sun), Or… Net PC : Intel’s
industry spec.
 A massively pared-down computer that
downloads both software and data from
the network rather than storing locally.
 “Thin Client”
 Java’s role
 TCO!!!

‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING
SEQUENTIAL
PARALLEL
Program
Program
TASK 1
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
TASK 1
TASK 2
TASK 3
RESULT
RESULT
Program
TASK 2
CPU
RESULT
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
‫‪Purchasing secondary‬‬
‫‪memory‬‬
‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫יובל דן‪-‬גור‬
DATA PROCESSING
BATCH PROCESSING: transaction
data stored until convenient to process
as a group. Useful for less timesensitive actions.
 ON-LINE PROCESSING: transaction
data entered directly into system,
constantly updating files. Requires
direct-access devices.
*

‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED
CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY
CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE
– ONE STANDARD
– GREATER CONTROL
 DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY
SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED
BY NETWORKS
– MORE FLEXIBILITY
– FASTER RESPONSE

‫מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה‬
‫גור‬-‫יובל דן‬
The End