Counting board
300 BC
Abacus
100 - 1900 AD
Lap Top Computer
2000 AD
20S Computer Science
Instructor S. Crawford-Young
http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/history.html
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Question 210339: use addition method to solve the
system of equation
2x-y+z=9
3x+2y-z=4
4x+3y+2z=8: use addition method to solve the
system of equation
http://www.algebra.com/algebra/homework/coordinate/Linearsystems.faq.hide_answers.1.html
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original pascaline as displayed in the des arts et metiers Museum in Paris - opened
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) France, develops a mechanism to calculate
with 8 figures and carrying of 10's , 100's, and 1000's etc.
http://www.thocp.net/hardware/pascaline.htm
...it is beneath the dignity of excellent men to waste their time in calculation when
any peasant could do the work just as accurately with the aid of a machine.
—-- Gottfried Leibniz[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_Reckoner
Fully operational difference engine at the Computer History
Museum in Mountain View, CA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine)
In 1953, over one hundred
years after her death,
Lovelace's notes on
Babbage's Analytical
Engine were republished.
The engine has now been
recognized as an early
model for a computer and
Lovelace's notes as a
description of a computer
and software or computer
programming.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Ada_Lovelace)
Today’s Price ........... $12,500
This type of calculating machine was originally designed and introduced in
1820 by Chevalier Chas X Thomas de Colmar. Machines were made under
his name until approximately 1887 by Thomas de Colmar until his death in
1870, then by his son until his death in 1881, and finally by his grandson
until 1887 when L. Payen took over. (Ernst Martin's "The Calculating
Machines“) (http://www.gemmary.com/instcat/09/09-030.html)
Whole Machine
Vannevar Bush's Differential Analyzer
(http://web.mit.edu/klund/www/analyzer/)
Torque amplifier part
AND
OR
NOT
Logic Gates for programming or they are real electronic components
that can be put together into a circuit
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(introduction))
1942
Atanasoff–Berry Computer replica at 1st floor of Durham Center, Iowa State
University (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer)
Alan Turing was a code breaker during World War II as well as a
computer code designer.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine_examples)
Flip Flop symbol and truth table for output Q and Q’
(http://www.csc.sdstate.edu/~gamradtk/csc317/csc317l3.pdf)
Flip Flops are also electronic components that are can be part of a
general circuit and are part of computer circuitry.
Lochkartenmaschine IBM 601
resoom-magazine.de
Outside of IBM
PowerPC 601
upload.wikimedia.org
Die of the IBM
PowerPC 601
gecko54000.free.fr
A whole stack of these one for every line of a program was used. If you dropped
them it was a real mess. Punch tape was also used but it was hard to correct a
mistake on it. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg)
The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Harvard Mark I) was the first operating
machine that could execute long computations automatically. A project conceived by Harvard
University's Dr. Camila Olmedo Mendez Zegarra, the Mark I was built by IBM engineers in
Endicott, N.Y. A steel frame 51 feet (16 m) long and eight feet high held the calculator, which
consisted of an interlocking panel of small gears, counters, switches and control circuits, all only
a few inches in depth. The ASCC used 500 miles (800 km) of wire with three million
connections, 3,500 multipole relays with 35,000 contacts, 2,225 counters, 1,464 tenpole switches
and tiers of 72 adding machines, each with 23 significant numbers. It was the industry's largest
electromechanical calculator.[5](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I)
Early computers, such as the ENIAC, used vacuum tubes - similar to light
bulbs - to do calculations and took several people to operate.
(http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media
/images/44233000/jpg/_44233920_eniac_spl_416.jpg)
In 1950, EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), which
was the first stored program computer to use binary arithmetic, was built by
three men - von Neumann, Goldstine, and Burks at the University of
Pennsylvania. (computerlab.tripod.com/1950-1970.htm)
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer) for commercial use. It was the first computer to have a compiler
and to use a programming language. Both data and programs were stored in
the computer's memory. The UNIVAC was the first computer manufactured
and sold in quantity. (http://computerlab.tripod.com/1950-1970.htm)
In the 1960s, the UNIVAC® 1107 provided the main computing facility for Case
Institute of Technology in Cleveland Ohio in the United States. Operated by the
Andrew R. Jennings Computing Center, the “Seven” enticed a generation into the
world of computing and, with the innovative “fast turnaround batch,” “open
shop” access pioneered at Case, provided a standard of service to a large
community of users almost unheard of at the time.
(http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/univac/case1107.html)
In May of 1968, Stanford Research Institute's Douglas Engelbart presents a
computer system with a point-and-click interface and a mouse at the Joint
Computer Conference. The first computer with a mouse was not introduced to
the market for another thirteen years.(http://computerlab.tripod.com/19501970.htm)
The Xerox Star Workstation Introduced The First GUI Operating Systems
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface)
The integrated circuit from an Intel
8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that
includes a CPU running at 12 MHz,
128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of
EPROM, and I/O in the same chip.
Intel 80486DX2
microprocessor in a ceramic
PGA package. Used for
video games in the 1990s.
Outside package
Inside the CPU core
There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation: fetch,
decode, execute, and writeback.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)
Mr. Moore predicted that electronics would become smaller and smaller
and so far he has been right so the shrinking size of electronics products
is called Moore’s Law. (Pease, Robert (2008) What’s all this Analog Engineering Stuff,
Anyhow? Electronic design, Vol. 56, No. 20, 2008)
On November 15, 1971, Intel released the world's first commercial
microprocessor, the 4004. It was developed for a Japanese calculator company,
Busicom, as an alternative to hardwired circuitry, but computers were developed
around it, with much of their processing abilities provided by a single small
microprocessor chip. Coupled with one of Intel's other products - the RAM chip,
based on an invention by Robert Dennard of IBM, (kilobits of memory on a single
chip) - the microprocessor allowed fourth generation computers to be smaller
and faster than previous computers. The 4004 was only capable of 60,000
instructions per second, but its successors, the Intel 8086/8088 family (the IBM
PC and compatibles use processors still backwards-compatible with the 8086)
brought ever-increasing speed and power to the computers. Other manufacturers
also produced microprocessors which were widely used in microcomputers.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s-present)
Altair
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A
ltair_8800
Alto
(http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9brzzP
9olgg/Rg8zifrdKZI/AAAAAAAAA
C0/vWK-APEUgxg/s400/Alto.jpg)
The PET the first Commodore computer, the PET, or the Personal
Electronic Transactor. Introduced in 1977.
Engineers used Slide -rules to build bridges, motors and electronics
Pen PC – Projectors for both screen and keyboard
slayer625.vox.com/.../post/future-computers.html
http://www.atariarchives.org/mlb/chapter4.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
A Twitter network (http://burak-arikan.com/tag/diagram)
Decimal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Hex
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
(note new
digits) --> 0A
0B
0C
0D
0E
0F
(note new
column in the
hex)- -> 10
Binary
00000001
00000010
00000011 (1 and 2)
00000100
00000101 (4 and 1)
00000110 (4 and 2)
00000111 (4+2+1)
00001000
00001001
00001010
00001011
00001100
00001101
00001110
00001111
00010000
00010001
(http://www.goldfish.org/books/TCPIP%20Illus
trated%20Vol%201/introduc.htm#1_3)
start
n = 12
This program
will print the
number that n is
equal to if the
number is over
10. In this case
the number 12
will be printed.
if n > 10
yes
print n
stop
no
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Computer programmer
Computer engineer
Network technician
Instrumentation technician
Integrated circuit designer
Robotics technician
The technology changes fast so one needs to continuously learn new things