MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND
INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES
http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2014/teMCITms/
E-Commerce/M-Commerce
Infrastructure – The Internet
E-COMMERCE & M-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE
Most of commerce (and e-Commerce) is exchange of
information, not goods
The most efficient way to move information (cost per bit) to a
large number of destinations is the Internet
Allows point-to-point communication with arbitrary people and
companies
The Internet is getting bigger fast
INTERNET HOST COUNT 1991-2003
“Host”  computer than can be reached by a URL
ESTIMATE:
300,000,000 hosts by 2005
172,000,000
INTERNET LEVERAGE BY COUNTRY
WORLD TOTAL USERS (AUG. 2003): 700,000,000
Rank
Country
Users
% of Users
% of World
Leverage
166M
25.0
4.52
5.55
1
U.S.
2
Japan
56M
8.4
2.05
4.20
3
China
46M
7.0
20.97
0.33
4
U.K.
35M
5.3
0.97
5.46
5
Germany
32M
4.8
1.34
3.58
6
S. Korea
26M
3.9
0.78
5.00
7
Italy
20M
3.0
0.93
3.23
8
Russia
18M
2.7
2.34
1.15
9
France
17M
2.6
0.97
2.68
10
Canada
17M
2.6
0.51
5.10
11
Brazil
14M
2.1
2.84
0.74
12
Australia
11M
1.7
0.32
5.31
13
Netherlands
10M
1.5
0.26
5.77
LEVERAGE = % OF INTERNET USERS ÷ % OF WORLD POPULATION
BANDWIDTH REVIEW
Bit (b) = a unit of information, 0 or 1
 10 bits can represent 1024 different messages
 20 bits represent > 1 million
 30 bits > 1 billion messages
The bandwidth of a communication channel = number of bits per second it
transmits
All channels have limited bandwidth
One byte (B) = 8 bits (an octet)
Transmitting 1 MB at 56K bps takes 143 sec.
1 GB = gigabyte takes 40 hours
 at 7Mbps 19 minutes; at 1 Gbps takes 8 seconds)
Latency = delay from first bit transmitted to first received
BANDWIDTH CHART
Bandwidth
1 Terabit
O
P
T
I
C
A
L
Application
DWDM Fiber
All U.S. phone conversations
A10 Gbps
OC-192
Metropolitan Area Ethernet (MAE)
2.5 Gbps
OC-48
Long-haul Internet backbone
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
622 Mbps
OC-12, Full-motion HDTV
Full-motion HDTV uncompressed
500 Mbps
USB 2.0, UWB limit
USB 2.0, UWB limit
155 Mbps
OC-3, FDDI
Internet backbone
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
100 Mbps
Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
50 Mbps
802.11a, Wi-Fi
Virtual reality
44.7 Mbps
T3
Medical imaging
11 Mbps
802.11b, Wireless LAN
802.11b, Wireless LAN
6.1 Mbps
ADSL download
Video conferencing, multimedia
802.11, Bluetooth limit
Old wireless LAN
1.44 Mbps
T1
Streaming Video
128 Kbps
ISDN
ISDN
64 Kbps
Telephone PCM
Voice traffic
56 Kbps
Modem
Web browsing (slow)
30 bps
Human speech
Human speech
1 Gbps
1 Gbps
C
O
P
P
E
R
Technology
2 Mbps
LINK
STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNET
NAP
Europe
Backbone 1
NAP
Backbone 4, 5, N
Backbone 2
Japan
Regional A
NAP
NAP
Link of IXPs
Backbone 3
Australia
Regional B
SOURCE: CISCO SYSTEMS
EUROPEAN INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURE
SOURCE:
CYBERGEOGRAPHY.ORG
INTERNET I NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
SOURCE: LAUDON & TRAVER, p. 126
CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET
Advanced
Research
Backbone
Internet2, Abilene, Interplanetary Internet
GigaPOPs
Network
Service
Providers
(NSP)
Services
CA NAP
Sprintlink
NAPs, IXPs,
Peering
Internet
Service Providers
Lower tier ISPs
Cable&
Wireless
MAE east
Chicago
NAP
UUnet
LINX
London
DC NAP
AT&T
Worldnet
HKIX
NY NAP
Verizon/
GTE
Qwest
KIX Korea
Top-tier
ISP
SOURCE:
SAMIR
CHATERJEE
Price
PAKISTAN INTERNET EXCHANGE (PIE)
Source: Tariq M. Jadoon & M. Amir Mehmood (PTCL)
PIE - LOGICAL DIAGRAM
Satellite
FIBER OPTICS
fiber core
glass or plastic
cladding
plastic jacket
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
FIBER OPTIC CABLES
SOURCE: SURFNET.NL
DENSE WAVE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)
1
Multiple colors (frequencies) sent
through the fiber at the same time,
more than 100
2
3
-
Each color carries a separate signal
N
Allows huge bandwidth
OPTICAL FIBER CAPACITY GROWTH 1983-2002
World record ~ 16 terabits per second
1,400
OC-192, 128l
1,200
1 Terabit = 1,000
Single
Fiber
Capacity
(Gigabits/sec)
OC-192, 80l
800
600
OC-192, 48l
400
200
0
135Mb
565Mb
1.7 Gb
OC-48
OC-192, 32l
OC-48, 96l
OC-192, 16l
OC-48, 40l
OC-192, 2l
OC-192
FIBER OPTIC LINES IN CENTRAL PHILADELPHIA
TELECOM HOTEL
SOURCE: CYBERGEOGRAPHY.ORG
SUBMARINE CABLES IN NORTH EAST ASIA
SOURCE: ALCATEL
20-751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY
FALL 2003
COPYRIGHT © 2003 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
SUBMARINE CABLES:
SOUTH EAST ASIA–MIDDLE EAST–WESTERN EUROPE 3 (SEA-ME-WE 3)
SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA
SUBMARINE CABLES:
SOUTH EAST ASIA–MIDDLE EAST–WESTERN EUROPE 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4)
SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA
SUBMARINE CABLES IN NORTH EAST ASIA
AFRICA-ONE SUBMARINE NETWORK
SOURCE: AFRICAONE
Telstar 10 Satellite Coverage
PROTOCOLS
A
dbW = DECIBELS
RELATIVE TO
ONE WATT
EIRP =
EFECTIVE RADIATED POWER.
= EAST LONGITUDE
LORAL SKYNET
BIZARNET SATELLITE COVERAGE
Source:
Bizarnet.ro
PAKISTAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH NETWORK (PERN) - SPONSORS
Higher Education Commission
Ministry of IT & Telecomm
Pakistan Telecommunication Ltd (PTCL)
National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC)
Source:
Engr. Javed Ali Memon
Liaison Officer (PERN)
Higher Education Commission (HEC)
Islamabad-Pakistan
28
Email:Jmemon@hec.gov.pk
PERN CORE NETWORK
Using the Existing Optical Fiber System of PTCL/NTC and IP/ATM backbone
of NTC
The network design of PERN consists of three nodal points (PoPs) at
Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi
The interconnectivity between Nodal Points is 50 Mbps.
The educational institutions are connected to their respective nodal point by
minimum 2Mbps link from the nearest exchange of NTC/PTCL using OFS, DXX
, DRS, Radio or VSAT
The 155 Mbps Internet Bandwidth is distributed at three nodal points.
29
PERN Architecture
33 Mbps International
Bandwidth
Lahore
Core Router/ATM
Replica of Kr./Iba
57 Mbps International
Bandwidth
21
Universities
University
Islamabad
Core Router/ATM
50 Mbps
DXX
University
Access
Router
DXX
University
26
Universities
LAN Switch
Access
Router
OFS
65 Mbps International
Bandwidth
50 Mbps
LAN Switch
DRS
OF
Node
50 Mbps
Karachi
Core Router/ATM
Customer
DRS
12
Universities
OFS
University
OFS
DRS
DXX
DRS
DXX
University
30
UPGRADATION IN PERN CONNECTIVITY FOR SIND
& BALOCHISTAN
1xE1
Legend
Hyderabad
LUMHS (2Mb)
1xE1
DXX
Sindh Agri Univ
.
(2Mb)
Tandojam
DRS
2xE1+2
E1
1x
IBA(2Mb)
OF
Sindh University
( 4 Mb)
Planned 1s
E
Mehran Univ
.( 4 Mb)
Jamshoro
E1
1x
SDH
2xE1+2
NED Univ
. (4Mb)
BUITMS
(2Mb)
Karachi Univ
. (4 Mb)
Gulistan
-e- jouhar
DXX
1xE1 +1
Access Router
( PakCapital
)
HEJ(4Mb)
DRS
Sir Syed Univ
Gulshan
-e- Iqbal
1xE1 +1
Radio
Hub Exch
Hamdarad
(3Mb)
1xE1+1
1xE1 +1
KAP Khi
FAST
(4Mb)
Agha Khan Univ
. (4 Mb)
DEF Com
1xE1
1xE1
PNA(2Mb)
1xE1
1xE1+2
Clifton
1xE1+1
1xE1
1xE1
ATM
/ DXX( PakCapital
)
Gulshan Maymar
Defence
Qazi Ahmed
Nawabshah
Quetta
- Saryab
KhairpurQuetta Central
DTU
SZABIST
(2Mb)
KIIT((2Mb)
CPSP
( 3 Mb)
QA Engg
.Uni. (4Mb)
Shah Abdul Latif
(2Mb) C& SC(2Mb)
Univ. of Baluchistan
(2Mb)
UPGRADATION IN
PERN CONNECTIVITY FOR LAHORE & PUNJAB
Legend
DXX
DRS
OF
Gulghshat
Exch.
SDH
1xE1
DXX
1xE1
Radio
Router
BZU Multan
(2Mb)
Islamia Uni.
(2Mb)
Bhawlpur
1xE1 +1
DRS
1xE1 +1
Access Router
E
1x
ATM/DXX
Egerton
1xE1 +1
Router
PU (4Mb)
G.Town
Router
UET Lahore
(4Mb)
Bhagbhanpura
1
Router
LUMS(4Mb)
LCCH Exch.
1x
+
E1
Faisal Town
1
1xE1+1
1x
1xE1+2
Faisalababad Central
E1
Lahore School of
Ecnomics(2Mb)
Race Course
Router
CTH Lahore
DTU
DTU
Router
FAST (4Mb)
Router
Router
Router
P&SC(2Mb)
Lahore College
Univ of Agri
for Women(2Mb)
Faisalabad (3Mb)
Router
NCA (2Mb)
GC (2Mb)
Legend
DXX
UPGRADATION IN PERN CONNECTIVITY FOR
ISLAMABAD, AJK & NWFP
DRS
OF
VSAT
Planned E1s
HEC
(4Mb)
UET
Taxila
(4Mb)
PMA (2Mb)
SDH
UET Khuzdar (2 Mb)
NDC
(2Mb)
1x
1xE1
E1
1
+1
PIEAS(3Mb)
I-10
AIOU (3Mb)
1xE1+3
1xE1
DXX
DTU
+1
Qauid-i-azam
(2Mb)
E1
4x
1xE1 +1
1xE1 +1
ATM/DXX
(HQ)
Access Router
(HQ)
1x
1xE1
1x
E
E1
COMSATS
(4Mb)
1
DI Khan
Khyber Exch
E1
1x
Islamic Univ. (2Mb)
1x
NWFP Agri
(2Mb)
1
1+
E1
+1
PSH Univ. (3Mb)
E
1x
NUML (2Mb)
+6
1xE1
UET PSH (4Mb)
IIST (2Mb)
Westridge
1xE1 +1
E1
1x
1
radio
1x
E
1 xE 1
1+
DRS
E
1x
VSAT
1 xE 1
+1
DXX
DXX
DXX
DXX
F-8
Gomal Univ (2 Mb)
TOPI
Abotabad
S.Town
Cantt.Rwp
DTU
DTU
Muzafarabad
GIK (4Mb)
AJK Uni (2Mb)
Univ Arid
Agri (2 mb)
FAST (4Mb)
NUST
(4 Mb)
FJWU Bahria Univ
(2Mb) (2Mb)
33
Air Univ.
(2Mb)
IP ADDRESSES
Machines on the Internet need an addressing scheme (or couldn’t receive
packets!)
Each machine has a 32-bit address assigned by the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
In the U.S., American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)
In Europe, Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE)
Addresses are written in dotted decimal notation:
128 . 2 . 218 . 2
10000000 00000010 11011010 00000010
Current max number of IP addresses = 232 ~ 4,000,000,000
IPV6
Increases # of IP addresses from 232 ≈ 4 billion to 2128 ≈ 1039
Designed for faster routing
Supports Quality of Service (QoS), packet priorities
Allows multiple streams to the same IP address, e.g. audio,
video, HTML
DOMAIN NAMES
IP addresses are inconvenient to remember
128.2.218.2 v. euro.ecom.cmu.edu (fully qualified)
Domain names are alphanumeric aliases for IP addresses.
They form a tree structure of FQDNs:
ROOT
.GOV
AMAZON
.COM
MCKINSEY
.MIL
.NET
.EDU
CMU
YAHOO
.ORG
PITT
.IT
MIT
208.216.182.15 207.237.113.94
GSIA
WWW
128.2.16.175
YEN
CS
ECOM
EURO
128.2.218.2
HEINZ
DOLLAR
PESO
128.2.218.4
URL: UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR
URL identifies a specific resource on a server in a domain
URL tells what protocol to use to access the resource
URL format:
http://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/program/courses/index.shtml
protocol://domain_name/path_name
URL: TWO HIERARCHIES SPLICED
euro.ecom.cmu.edu/program/courses/tcr751
ROOT
.GOV
AMAZON
MCKINSEY
.COM
.MIL
.NET
.ORG
CMU
YAHOO
GSIA
FQDN
.EDU
CS
YEN
PITT
ECOM
EURO
.IT
MIT
HEINZ
DOLLAR
PESO
128.2.218.2
ABOUT
AFFILIATES
HOST
DIRECTORY
PEOPLE
PROGRAM
COURSES
tcr751
index.html
tcr753
tcr770
tcr870
Q&A
ASSIGNMENT#1
Q1. Find 3 NGIX and STAR TAP in this diagram on slide 13 ?
Q2. What is BT, MCI, TIS, STIX and TG in slide 14?
Q3. What are the current upstream providers of PERN2 these days?
Pls. send your assignment by email before next class to adeel.akram@uettaxila.edu.pk
with subject: MCIT Assignment #1 – Registration Number