2015
All 4-H / FFA members who exhibit the following
species need to be FSQA Certified
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Beef
Dairy Cattle
Goats (Dairy & Meat)
Poultry (Chicken, Turkey, Duck, Geese, etc)
Rabbits
Sheep
Swine
 Junior members, grades 4 – 6, need to come every year.
 Intermediates, grades 7 – 9
 Seniors, grades 10 - 12
 Intermediate and Senior members can attend an annual
training or take the test-out option
• Intermediates and Seniors may test out of
attending yearly FSQA sessions.
• To do so – they must take a 20 (Int.) or 30 (Sr.)
question exam and receive a 70% passing score.
• At one setting, they may take a different exam 3
times if necessary to pass.
• Check with your county extension office for the
testing dates / times and for any specific
requirements for testing out.
 Iowa 4-H Food Safety & Quality Assurance
Member Manual & Website
 http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4h/projects/livestock/FSQA.htm
 Youth PQA Plus Website
 http://www.pork.org/Certification/21/youthPqaPlus.aspx
 Iowa Beef Quality Assurance Website
 http://www.iabeef.org/Content/bqa.aspx
 4-H Livestock Projects Website
 http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4h/projects/livestock/
Survey of Americans:
• 9 out of 10
• In favor of additional food safety measures
• COOL implementation
• 64% believe imported foods are often or sometimes
unsafe
• 58% worry about bacterial contamination of the food
supply
Pew-commissioned poll – Hart Research and Public Opinion
Who is responsible for safe food?
• Producers
• Handlers
• Processors
• Food Suppliers
• Consumers
Who Cares About FSQA?
• 17 million pounds of meat produced by Iowa
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4-H’ers each year
Reputation of the 4-H program
4-H’ers need to be responsible to the
consumer and the food industry.
Industry requirements must be met and
maintained.
Many 4-H’ers are further away from
traditional food animal production.
• Understand and follow the seven Good Production
Practices (GPP’s)
• Produce safe food products for consumers
Good Production Practices
Healthy Animals
Safe Food
 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
 regulates medicated animal feeds and most animal
health products
 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 sets tolerance levels for pesticides used in food
production
 Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)
 inspects all livestock at federally inspected packing
plants and examines plant sanitation
• A system used in
 Hazard
 Analysis and
Critical
Control
Points
meat packing plants
to prevent food
safety problems
• Regulated by the
USDA Food Safety
and Inspection
Service (FSIS)
Hazards can be identified as:
 Microbial contamination
• Bacteria, virus, protozoa
 Chemical Hazards
• Antimicrobial and chemical tissue residues
 Physical Hazards
• Broken needles or metal
 Identify the risks
 Identify potential hazards (risks)
 Identify critical control points
 Plan the prevention
 Set a critical limit
 Monitor the process
 Plan corrective action
 Monitor the progress
 Keep accurate records
 Review the process regularly
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Keep accurate records
Veterinary relationship & drug usage
Healthy production practices
Proper care and handling
Feed and Feed Additives
Biosecurity and Animal Welfare
Exhibit strong character traits (ethics)
 GPP 3 – Healthy Production Practices
 GPP 4 – Proper Care and Handling
 GPP 7 – Ethics
• Properly story, label and account for all drugs and medications
• Properly administer the medications
• Educate all family members to assist with giving medications
• Use drug testing when appropriate
Label of a Medication
 Name of Drug
 Quantity of Contents
 Name of Distributor
 Active Ingredient
 Dosage
 Cautions and Warnings
 Withdrawal Time
 Storage
 Lot number
 Expiration date
 Worksheet – “Reading Medication Labels” based on
the drug label of “SuperCill”
 Refer to “FSQA Activity Guide” starting on page 34
Properly Administer Medications
 Routes of administration
 Injection
 Oral
 Water
 Feed
 Mouth directly
 Topical
Properly Administer Medications
Routes of injection
 Intramuscular (IM)
 Subcutaneous (SQ)
 Intraperitoneal (IP)
 Intravenous (IV)
 Intranasal (IN)
 Intramammary
 Intramuscular (IM): means to inject into
the muscle
 Causes damage to muscle tissue
 Subcutanueous (SQ): means to inject
under the loose skin area
 Preferred because it causes least damage
 Select needle size by –
 Length of needle
 Bore of needle (inside diameter)
 Species to be injected
 Size of animal
Intramuscular (IM) Injection
Gauge
Baby Pigs
18 or 20
Nursery
16 or 18
Finisher
16
Length
5/8" or 1/2"
3/4" or 5/8"
1"
Breeding Stock 14, 15, or 16
(Hogs and Cattle)
1 or 1 1/2“
Calves, <300 lbs
18
Calves, 300-700 lbs 16 – 18
Calves, >700 lbs
16
1" to 1 1/2"
1" to 1 1/2"
1" to 1 1/2“
Rabbit
22 -25
½” to ¾”
Sheep and Goats
16 or 18
¾ “ to 1”
Subcutaneous Injection
Gauge
Nursery
16 or 18
Finisher
16
Breeding Stock 14 or 16
(Hogs and Cattle)
Calves, <300 lbs
18 - 20
Calves, 300-700 lbs 16 – 18
Calves, >700 lbs 16 - 18
Sheep and Goats
Rabbit
22 -25
16 – 18
Length
1/2"
3/4“
1“
1/2" to 3/4"
1/2" to 3/4"
1/2" to 3/4“
½” to ¾”
½” or less
 Use proper size (see chart)
 Needles should not be defective.
 Can damage muscle tissue
 Can break off in the muscle
 Can cause infections
 Inspect needles for dirt
 Inspect for dullness
 Inspect for bending
 Do not straighten bent needles
 Properly restraining animals decreases chances of problems
 Dispose of needles properly
 Stop injections
 Attempt to remove the needle
 Temporarily identify the animal - How ?
 Permanently identify the animal – How ?
 If selling the animal to market, tell the buyer for separation
from market group for special processing.
 Worksheet Exercise, p. 39 of FSQA Activity Guide
 Oral: By mouth, by feed or water
 Topical: Sprayed, poured or rubbed on the
skin. Used with treatment for external
parasites or injuries.
All Are On The Same Page
 Educate all family members to assist
 You are responsible for your animals!
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Provide clean facilities
Provide a balanced ration
Provide plenty of clean fresh water daily
Provide health care, including immunizations and
treatments when necessary
Work with a veterinarian to develop a health care
plan and monitoring process
Handle animals to reduce stress, and ensure safety
Observe animals daily and treat if needed
What if your animals are Too Cold?
 More bedding
 Heaters
 More animals
 Prevent drafts
 Shelter
What if your animals are Too Hot?
 Shade
 Fans or ventilation
 Sprinkle water
 Remove hair or shear
Animals lose heat in 4 ways…
 Evaporative
 Conductive
 Radiant
 Convective
 The most important nutrient that you can give to your
animal
 Water constitutes ~ 60 -70 % of an animal’s live weight
 An animal can live ~ 45 – 60 days without food but
only ~ 3 – 7 days without water
 High moisture feeds can supply some of the water
requirement
 Aid in temperature regulation of the animal
 Transport nutrients, hormones, and other
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chemicals within the body
Lubricates joints
Aids in eliminating waste products of digestion and
metabolism
Helps regulate blood pressure
Component of saliva and milk
 Air Temperature and
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Humidity
Feed Ingredients
Water Quality
Animal’s Health
Water Availability
Type of Waterer
Temperature of Water
 Reproduction and Lactation
 Kind and size of the animal
 Level of activity
 Amount of salt activates the
thirst mechanism
 Provide ad lib or hand water generously
 Fresh and clean
 Water temperature in the range of 40 to 70 degrees
if possible
 Remember - Animals can’t drink ICE !
 See Handout Sheet: FSQA Activity Guide p. 56-57
 Species Determined
 Know the size (animal dimensions) and growth
pattern of your animal
 The larger the animal the more square footage of space
is needed
 See Handout Sheet: FSQA Activity Guide p. 50-54
 Permanent or Portable Structures
 Can be complex to simple structures (Ex:
Confinement vs. Hoop building for pigs)
 Provide the correct environmental temperature
 Draft Free
 Welfare friendly
 Cattle – Beef and Dairy
 40 – 60 degrees F
 Swine
 Baby pigs < 2 wks = 90 – 95 degrees F
 Piglets (3 – 8 wks = 75 – 85 degrees F
 Mature swine = 50 – 70 degrees F
 Sheep
 Lambs < 2 wks = 80 -90 degrees F
 Mature sheep = 40 – 65 degrees F
 Rabbits
 40 – 60 degrees F
 Poultry
 Baby Chicks < 1 wks = 90 – 100 degrees F / reduce 5 degrees per
week of age.
 Broilers and Laying Hens = 60 – 80 degrees F
 See Handout Sheet: FSQA Activity Guide p. 60, 61
 Species Determined
 Hand Feeding
 More space is needed
 1 X or 2 X per day
 More labor
 Self Feeders
 Less space needed
 Feeder Adjustment to reduce
feed wastage
Animal Description
Finishing Pigs –75/250 lb
Sows – Hand Fed
Chickens - Broilers
Lambs 30 /110 lb Hand
Fed
Beef Steer 500/1200 lb
Fed once per day
Feeder Space Needed
4 – 5 pigs per hole
24 inches or 2 feet per
sow
2 inches per bird
9 – 12 inches per lamb
22 – 26 inches per steer
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Natural instincts
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Fight
Flight
People and animals have comfort zones
 Flight zone is the animal’s “personal space”
 Movement into an animal’s flight zone causes it
to move away from you
 Size of flight zone depends on how tame or wild
the animal is
 With frequent handling, the flight zone
decreases in size; meaning, you have to get
closer to the animal for it to move
 The point where the animal begins to move
away is the edge of the flight zone
The Flight Zone
Animal Stress is caused by…
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Heat and cold
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Health challenges
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Excitement or movement
Animal Stress causes….
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Reduced feed intake and gain
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Increased health problems
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Affects quality of meat produced
What are stresses animals experience
when they are PURCHASED?
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Movement
Changes in feed
Health challenges
Changes in environment
What are stresses animals experience
when they are EXHIBITED at fair?
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Movement
Changes in feed/water intake
Strange animals
Strange environment
Heat
What are stresses animals experience
when they are MARKETED?
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Shipment
Strange animals (fighting)
Remove feed and water
Stressful handling
Dark Cutters
Caused by a chemical
reaction in the
muscle brought on
by stress
(Dark, firm, dry) Caused by stress over
longer periods of time before
slaughter
(Pale, soft, exudative) genetics, improper
handling before slaughtering, and
poor carcass chilling
 See Handout Sheet: FSQA Activity Guide p. 62-65
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$48 million loss per year in pork
industry
$94 million loss per year in beef
industry
 Intact males of any species pose the greatest danger
 Exercise caution around female animals with
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newborns
Livestock have poor depth perception when in
motion.
Pigs, cattle, and sheep will naturally move to a more
brightly illuminated area
Cattle can kick to the side and to the rear.
No electric shockers. Pigs are very sensitive to
electric shock and can cause them to tremble and go
down
 Monitor Temperature and Humidity
 Give adequate space
 Use bedding in winter
 Avoid wind chill of animals in winter
 Wet sand or sawdust in summer
 Keep cool in summer
 Provide proper footing for animals
 Drive smoothly
 People are watching how you treat your animal at
shows
 Proper handling reduces stress on your animal and
you
 By reducing stress, you get better quality meat
 See Handout Sheet: FSQA Activity Guide p. 46-49
 See Handout Sheet: FSQA Activity Guide p. 55
• Ethics is the demonstration of good character traits.
(Caring, Respect, Trustworthiness, Fairness,
Responsibility, Citizenship)
• Knowing and doing the right thing.
• Caring - showing concern for others
• Respect - treating others the way you
want to be treated
• Trustworthiness - don’t lie, cheat, be
dishonest
• Fairness - play by the rules, listening
• Responsibility - be accountable for your
actions
• Citizenship - helping others and
obeying rules
• Not only deals with
how you treat your
animal
• But also how you
act and present
yourself
Scenario/Activity
#1
Steer
Scenario
• Your steer just isn’t walking right at the State Fair; he
seems tight off his back legs
• You think he could do really well in the show, so you
and your Dad decide to give him some Banamine to
loosen him up
• You know Banamine isn’t really legal but you’ve
heard others have used it and it works really good
• No one will even know; there are 300 steers here and
you’re just taking him home anyway if he doesn’t win
Result
• Your steer got 5th in his class so you’re just going to
send him on the truck to the packer (Tyson)
• The packer does some drug testing on the animals
from the fair and finds Banamine present in an
animal; YOUR animal
• Tyson notifies the fair of the result and states they
will no longer buy 4-H animals since they cannot let
the meat enter the grocery store
Now What??
• Since you have violated the Code of Ethics by giving an
unauthorized drug to your animal, you have been
banned from showing for 2 years, your friends can’t sell
their animals, and you’ve endangered the food supply
• Tyson’s export markets to Japan have been shut down
due to the positive test and cattle prices fall since we
now have more meat than we can sell
• You may be one in a million, but a million can be
affected by one
Scenario/Activity
#2
Rabbit
Scenario
• You’re exhibiting your rabbit at the county fair and you
see a tremendous one that your friend brought and wins
Grand Champion with
• Your friend is not going to the State Fair so you ask if you
can “borrow” it to exhibit since rabbits don’t have to be
ID’ed or anything really
• Your friend agrees reluctantly, but decides to let you
show it at the State Fair
• The rabbit wins Grand Champion at the State Fair as well
and you’re ecstatic!!
Result
• You joke to another 4-H’er that this isn’t really even
your rabbit, but your friend’s that you’re borrowing
• Show officials hear of the incident and now will have
a new rule next year that all rabbits be tattooed and
maybe ear tagged by May 15th
• With all the hassle now to enter the State Fair, show
numbers dwindle and the rabbit show is cancelled
• Think before you act, and DO THE RIGHT THING!
 The Maze Craze– p. 96
 It’s All on Your Head- p. 98
 Who Can You Trust– p. 101
 Sportsmanship = Honor without Arrogance – p. 103
 Ethics Discussion Situations – p. 106
 Tommy’s Story – p. 112
 Code of Ethics Review http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4H/Agriculture/documents/lhethicscode.pdf
 FSQA Activity Guide
Thanks for Attending!!