BEHAVIOURISM
Empirical evidence is needed to _______________________________________________
Psychology should be seen as a _______________.
Behaviorism is primarily concerned with _________________________ as opposed to internal
events like thinking and emotion because it can be _________________________________
People have no free will – a person’s _____________________ determines their behavior.
Minds are born ____________________ .
Behavior is the result of __________________________ (all behavior, no matter how complex,
can be reduced to a simple stimulus-response association)
IVAN PAVLOV
Pavlov was investigating salivation in dogs in response to being
fed. He noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he
entered the room … even when he was not bringing them food!
Pavlov discovered that any object or event which the dogs
associated with food (such as the lab assistant) would trigger the
same response! He called this type of learning:
_________________________________________________
PAVLOV’S SIGNIFICANCE
Classical condition has many applications in the real world.
For example, children demonstrate anxiety and fear when entering into a doctor’s office, after
previously receiving an immunization.
By observing conditioned behaviours, scientists
can learn _____________________________
_________________________ by associating
_____________________________________
For example, if children received candy every
time they went to the doctor’s office, they learn
to associate doctor visits with receiving a reward
therefore, they might not show as much anxiety
upon visiting the doctor’s office!
B.F. SKINNER
Skinner believed that all behavior is created through
_________________________________, through a process of
__________________________________________.
He coined the term operant conditioning  a method of learning
where an _____________________________ between a behaviour
and a “consequence for that behaviour” via rewards & punishments.
REINFORCEMENT is any event that strengthens or ________________________________
it follows.
Ex: a teacher gives good grades to a hard working student. This encourages the behaviour to
continue.
PUNISHMENT is the opposite of reinforcement. It is designed to weaken or _____________
_______________________________________ rather than increase it.
Ex: a teacher sends a student to the office for misbehaving in class. This discourages the
behaviour from continuing.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Behaviourism techniques are used today in a variety of situations
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________