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Physical Activity is an UMBRELLA TERM
SPORT is HIGHLY ORGANISED and takes place at a DESIGNATED TIME,
PLACE and VENUE, with COMPETITION, RULES, OFFICIALS, CORRECT
EQUIPMENT and it has both INTRISIC and EXTRINSIC BENEFITS. It also
has PHYSICAL ENDEAVOUR , PHYSICAL PROWESS, SPORTSMANSHIP,
GAMESMANSHIP and DEVIANCE
PHYSICAL RECREATION has NO set time, place, venue, equipment, and it
is done for INSTRINSIC benefits (Fun) and takes place with friends
PE is FORMAL, at a set TIME and PLACE with SPECIALIST STAFF with an
emphasis on learning SKILLS, VALUES and MORALS in a 6 strand
NATIONAL CURRICULUM. There are 4 benefits 1) PHYSICAL 2)
PREPARATORY 3) PERSONAL 4) QUALITATIVE. You can gain
QUALIFICATIONS
OUTDOOR RECREATION is NOT simply activity in the outdoors. It is
ADVENTURE based activities in a NATURAL or SEMI NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT which has an element of RISK (PERCEIVED or REAL.)
It is done for 3 purposes 1) SENSE OF ADVENTURE 2) APPRECIATION OF
THE OUTDOORS 3) RESPECT FOR THE OUTDOORS. There are many
BENEFITS and CONTRAINTS
OUTDOOR EDUCATION is as above but led by a school with education
Physical Activity
• SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES are active for less than 30 mins per week. The
RECOMMENDATION is for 30 mins 5 times per week
• EXERCISE is Planned Activity requiring physical effort, which improves
health and fitness
• A HEALTHY BALANCED LIFESTYLE is day to day life that has quality,
wellness and includes exercise, , sleep, good diet, rest, low stress…
• LIFELONG PHYSICAL ACTIVITY is enjoyable, health enhancing
movement or activity SUSTAINED throughout life
• LIFETIME SPORT are Activities that are enjoyed over a lifetime e.g Golf
• There are 4 BENEFITS of physical activity 1) PERSONAL 2) PHYSICAL
3) MENTAL 4) SOCIAL. It can REDUCE Heart Disease / Cancers / High
Blood Pressure / Stroke / Osteoporosis / Diabetes / Insomnia / Stress Levels
and INCREASE Coordination, Strength, Energy Levels, Life Expectancy ,
Flexibility, Balance
• BARRIERS exist for Young People against Participating in Physical
Activity which include OPPORTUNITY PROVISION ESTEEM
Professionalism and Amateursim
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The term AMATEUR comes from Latin word Amare – to love.
AMATEURISM evolved in19th C England among the UPPER CLASS who
attended PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Schools used sport to control behaviour
Ex Public School Boys who excelled at sport were called GENTLEMAN
AMATEURS. They could afford not to work and travel to play sport.
Talented WORKING CLASS sportsmen could not do this. Society used to
work 6 days a week. Working Class men would have to take the day off on
Saturdays to play. This led to clubs paying their wages – This started
PROFESSIONALISM. This happened particularly in football.
However GENTLEMAN AMATEURS looked down on Professionals
because it was a sign that they were poor and working class. Being
amateur showed status. This was the key distinction between the terms.
YouTube - Empire of Cricket - Ep.1 "England" - part 1
In CONTEMPORARY society the terms mean something different.
The terms have EVOLVED. An AMATEUR APPROACH is now if you are
unreliable, and inconsistent. A PROFESSIONAL APPROACH is to be
highly skilled serious and consistent. This also includes Organisation and
Admin
MINORITY GROUPS
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MINORITY groups are sometimes referred to as TARGET, PRIORITY or
FOCUS groups
There are 5 key groups that are most likely to suffer DISCRIMINATION
because of MYTHS about them and STEREOTYPING
They may also suffer SOCIAL EXCLUSION. This is when a group is
disadvantaged because of low income, poor housing, poor health, lack of
employable skills, living in an area with crime
YOUNG PEOPLE
THE ELDERLY
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
WOMEN
ETHNIC MINORITIES
SPORT ENGLAND gives these groups HIGH PRIORITY in an attempt to
increase their MASS PARTICIPATION and maybe EXCELLENCE
MINORITY GROUPS
There are many constraints on these MINORITY GROUPS. For each group
identify the barriers that prevents their ACCESS to sport. Think about the
following but start by stating why they need to take part at all. Are these
Opportunity, Provision or Esteem barriers?
• Myths and Stereotypes – this can include Racism
• Equipment, facilities, kit
• Peers and Image of self and the sport
• Financial Factors
• Time
• Media Role
• Lifetime Sport, Lifelong Physical Activity
• Transport
• Illness or Injury – Physical Problems
• Type of Disability – Physical, Mental, Sensory, Wheelchair
• Range of Programmes on Offer
• Role Models
Feedback your answers to another group. Prioritise the Needs of that group
and create a plan to increase their ACCESS. State whether the need is
Drugs in Sport
Drugs change the chemical balance of your body. Doing this with a view
to improving performance is called DOPING.
• Drugs are common place in sport and often involve some athletes trying to
evade the testers with processes such as MASKING DRUGS
• The COUNTER CULTURE argument (an idea that is very different from
the mainstream culture) is that we should allow athletes to take drugs to
level the playing field
• WADA – The World Anti Doping Agency
• 100% ME – UK Sports Anti Doping Organisation
• There are issues of MORALITY, ROLE MODELS and SPIRIT OF SPORT
A) Explain the REASONS why athletes choose to DOPE. Think about:
PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL and PHYSICAL reasons
B) What are the CONSEQUENCES (4) ? Think about: MORALITY,
HEALTH and WELL BEING, LEGALITY, ROLE MODELLING
C) Suggest SOLUTION (5) to this problem. Think about TESTING,
PUNISHMENTS, EDUCATION, LAW, ROLE MODELS
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UK Surviving Ethnic Sports and Games
• SOCIETY – a group of people bound together by similar traditions,
institutions or nationality
• CULTURE – the traditions, beliefs customs, practices, sports, pastimes or
social behaviour of a particular society or nation
• SPORT AND CULTURE – link between a society and its sports or pastimes
• ETHNIC IDENTITY- unique behaviour, traits, or characteristics of a group
based on ritual or tradition
These games have survived because of:
1) It was a TRADITION to keep it going
2) It was SOCIAL .. Included pubs and drinking
3) They developed in ISOLATION due to travel problems
4) It was LOCAL and unique to the area, celebrating what was great about it
5) It included FESTIVAL and RITUAL such as singing national anthem
6) It often happened on the same day each year. ANNUAL or PUBLIC
HOLIDAYs
7) They were ROWDY
8) Even centuries ago they promoted TOURISM .. They still do
Modern Technological Products
Technological advances are constantly having an impact on performance
levels in sport.
• By the 1990s the javelin had improved so much that athletes were in
danger of being speared. This led to heavier javelins
• There are 3 main / key impacts: 1) INCREASED SAFTEY
2) INCREASED COMFORT
3) IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
Can you describe some important Technological Advances that have improved
Comfort, Safety or Performance. Think about:
• Equipment / Machinery / Materials used in the sport or to help play it /
Clothing / Shoes / Officiating / Television and Media input / Video
Technology / Science and Medicine
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THE OLYMPIC GAMES
A Frenchman BARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN started the Modern
Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. The Ancient Games took place
throughout the Mediterranean Before Christ. Now there are SUMMER and
WINTER formats
He came to England in the late 19th C to visit the games obsessed public
Schools. He had been invited to MUCH WENLOCK a village in Shropshire
to observe the MUCH WENLOCK GAMES. They still take place today. He
copied this to make the Modern Olympics. He wanted the same for France
De Coubertin’s Aims were to ENNOBLE and STRENGTHEN SPORT
ensuring their INDEPENDENCE and DURATION and to GLORIFY THE
INDIVIDUAL ATHLETE through their PROWESS and COMPETITION
The INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (IOC) states that the
principles of the Games are PEACE, EDUCATION, NON
DISCRIMINATION, FRIENDSHIP, SOLIDARITY and FAIR PLAY
The PHILOSOPHY of the Olympics is called OLYMPISM. It is EFFORT,
ROLE MODELLING, TOLERANCE, GENEROSITY, UNITY, RESPECT.
Originally for AMATEUR GENTLEMEN only. No professionals -Cheating!
THE OATH is taken by one athlete and one judge holding the Flag
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LONDON 2012
The Games will be from August 29th until September 9th 2012
Money has needed to be INVESTED to improve a range of elements for
the games to be hosted
The Organisation and Administration of Sport in the UK has been
overhauled to improve COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION and
EFFICIENCY amongst various bodies involved
During Sydney 2000 they helped train 50,000 staff in new employable
skills
It is estimated that the games will create 35000 houses, 30000 temporary
jobs, 7000 jobs showcasing London, 70,000 volunteer jobs
The area of STRATFORD in East London will be renewed and restored
and an Olympic Village will be created
LEGACY means the lasting impact of the games. SHOWCASING means
promoting a country. The SHOP WINDOW EFFECT is when sport is used
to promote a country or its POLITICAL SYSTEM.
Beijing 2008 – China used the games to Showcase Communism. It was
seen as a ‘coming out party’. There were issues related to Human Rights.
The games can have FUNCTIONAL and DYSFUNCTIONAL EFFECTS
Critically evaluate the impact to Britain by hosting the Olympics?
Cooperation, Coordination and Efficiency of UK Sporting Bodies
Physical and Mental Well Being of the population – The Feel Good Factor
Mass Participation and Excellence
Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles Legacy
Transport and Communication Systems Legacy
Facilities - Legacy
Tourism and Money to London and the UK
NHS provision in areas where athletes are located
Benefits to the local areas: Employment, Facilities, Social Integration
Legacy
Costs of Hosting the event
Tax bills for locals, Long term jobs,
Main Focus on London
Showcasing, Nation Building
Extension: How did China use the games for NATION BUILDING –
Functional and Dysfunctional effects
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COMMERCIALISM AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES
The Los Angeles Olympics in 1984 were seen as the first to be associated
with COMMERCIALISM. This is using the Olympics to make a profit
AMATEURISM had started to cause serious problem. British athletes
were starting to struggle. The US athletes had scholarships and USSR
athletes were heavily state funded
1976 Montreal lost millions hosting the Olympics. The IOC accepted
Commercialism. PETER UBEROTH was instrumental in the 1984
Olympics
TV allowed Commercialism to take place. Huge Global Audience made it
attractive to sponsors. Uberoth charged huge sums for the TV rights
MULTINATIONAL companies now want to become SPONSORS,
SUPPLIERS or LICENSEES
THE OLYMPIC PARTNER PROGRAMME (TOP) is managed by the IOC.
In return for their investment companies can use Olympic Logos
British Olympic Association > Olympic Partners
COMMERCIALISM AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES
Plan this answer. *Explain the Commercialisation of the Olympic Games
since 1984 and how the Olympic Games can be a vehicle for nation
building
(10)
Think about:
Amateurism
Inequality between countries
Training Commitments
The role of the IOC
Montreal 1976
Peter Uberoth
TOP – Multi Nationals
Golden Triangle
TV Rights
Nation Building / Shop Window / Pride
COMMERCIALISM - INTER RELATIONSHIP
• Modern sport has been referred to as a GOLDEN TRIANGLE which is a
pact between professional sport, advertisers (sponsors) and the media.
• All 3 are inextricably linked whether they like it or not. TV is the most
powerful of the 3 but they depend on each other to survive
• 1950s – the BBC and ITV agreed that 10 sporting events belonged to
everyone, and all should see them. Therefore satellite TV cannot televise
• BSkyB started in 1988 because the 1990 Broadcasting Act said that all
sports events could be sold to the highest bidder. They paid £300 million to
break away from the football league = The Premier League (Big Business)
• Other sports were dropped from television as they did not make a profit.
Relegation can also mean a very costly business to a football club
• 2002 ITV Digitals disastrous coverage of football collapsed. BBC and Sky
rescued it
• SPONSORSHIP - this is the use of sport to promote other businesses. This
can include logos, kit, equipment etc
Triangular Relationship between
Sport, Sponsorship and The Media
Sport
Inter Relationship
‘Golden Triangle’
Sponsorship
Media
MEDIA
• The Media is TV, Radio, Newspapers, Magazines, Internet, Films,
Books, DVDs etc. Many focus on sport. The Media has evolved to
bring us better coverage of sport
• 1950 – less than 1/10 houses had a TV. Now many house holds have 2
or 3 TVs. TV companies pay millions for the rights to televise sport
• High level professional sport is now a COMMODITY to be bought
and sold to the highest bidder
• The 4 roles of the media are to INFORM, to EDUCATE, to
ENTERTAIN, and to ADVERTISE
1) INFORM – This is to let us know about an event
2) EDUCATE – Documentaries enable us to learn and we can learn
new techniques or discuss important issues EG: Violence in Sport
3) ENTERTAIN – to interest, occupy or amuse. How do they try to
increase entertainment?
4) ADVERTISE – this is to promote or publicise. Sport is used to do
this through sponsorship, promotion etc
VIOLENCE IN SPORT
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CONTROLLED AGGRESSION occurs in sport. Sometimes this overspills
to the point that if it happened in the street it would be a crime
PROFESSIONALISM and GAMESMANSHIP are now rife and with it is
increased AGGRESSION.
VIOLENCE BY PARTICIPANTS can be either cheating, violence against
someone’s health, violence against the law or a responsibility to be role
models
VIOLENCE BY SPECTATORS sometimes referred to as HOOLIGANISM
is not new.
HEYSEL 1985 - YouTube - Liverpool - Juventus 1985
YouTube - Heysel Tragedy 1985
YouTube - Football Focus - 20th anniversary of Hillsborough disaster pt 1
VIOLENCE IN SPORT
1) What are the possible causes of Violence by players in sport?
Think about; Weapons / Emotional Intensity / Behaviour of the
Crowd / Dehumanised opponents / Importance of the Result /
Nature of the Game / Provocation or Sledging / Player Frustration
2) What are the Solutions to Participant Violence?
Think about: Technology / Education / Officials / Police / Rule
Changes / Punishments
3) What are the reasons for Crowd Violence?
Think about: Patriotism and Ritual / Behaviour by Players / Pre
Match Hype / Referee decisions / Abuse from Rivals / Diminished
Responsibility / The Minority of Criminals / Outlets for Stress in
Society / The Result / Facilities / Racism or Religion / Alcohol and
Drugs
4) What are the solutions to Crowd Violence?
Think about: Facilities / Alcohol Control / Segregation / Liaison
between authorities / Media Coverage / CCTV / Punishments
CURRENT GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
• An INITIATIVE is a scheme or an idea. They are developed at the DCMS
• They look to increase participation and achievement in state schools
1) THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM .. it ensures that PE must be taught at
school for at least 2 hours per week.
2) PESSYP – Physical Education and School Sport for Young People ..
Scheme aimed at 5 – 16 year olds. They run National School Sports
Weeks, but also..
a) COMPETITION MANAGERS promote Inter School Competition.
b) SCHOOL SPORTS COORDINATORS (SSCOs) increase sport in a borough
and creates links between secondary and primary schools.
c) SPORTS COLLEGES specialise is Sport and PE
d) CLUB LINKS are forged between schools and sports clubs
e) STEP INTO SPORT encourages sports leaders over in 14 – 19 year olds
f) SWIMMING has been made much more high profile
3) GIFTED AND TALENTED PROGRAMMES in schools
4) KITEMARKING for schools shows how good they are at providing PE and
sport in that school. Active Mark (Primary) Sports Mark (Secondary)
Funding of Physical Activity
• Sport makes money and costs money .. Gold medals cost lots of money to win
• Failing to qualify for Euro 2008 cost England £2 billion in lost business
• In the past British governments have not realised the power of sport in earning
money or winning votes…Now They Do!! They provide lots of money particularly
now we have 2012 Olympics
• There are 3 Types of Funding for all UK sport:
1) PRIVATE FUNDING .. This is money from businesses, companies, whose main
aim is to make money from sport. EG: Nike, Master Card, Coca Cola, Barclays .
An example of a Private Facility is Canons, David Lloyd or Esporta Gyms
2) PUBLIC FUNDING .. This is money provided from the government. The
government use tax payers money and National Lottery money. An example of a
Publicly funded facility is Westcroft, or Sutton Arena …including their gyms
3) VOLUNTARY FUNDING .. These are organisations who rely on themselves. This
is money from people who donate or give for charity. It is also amateur clubs
whose members play membership fees or subs. They can sometimes get it from
Fund Raising and from NGBs such as the FA. An example of this is a Sutton and
Epsom Rugby Club, or an amateur football club.
THE 4 HOME UK INSTITUTES OF SPORT
• There is an Institute for England-(EIS - English Institute of Sport), for
Wales(WIS), Scotland(SIS) & Northern Ireland (SINI – Sport Institute NI)
• Their objective is to provide support for ELITE athletes and create
PERFORMANCE LIFESTYLES which means to help them create a
winning environment, with lifestyle support, career guidance and
education.
• They are DEVOLVED (they run themselves and are decentralised)
• They are part of UK Sport
• They are funded by government but mainly by Lottery money
THE 4 HOME UK COUNTRY ORGANISATIONS
• There are 4: SPORT ENGLAND, SPORTS COUNCIL FOR NORTHERN
IRELAND, SPORTS SCOTLAND and THE SPORTS COUNCIL FOR
WALES
• Their objective is to promote MASS PARTICIPATION for everyone but
mainly they target INCREASED ACTIVITY in 5 MINORITY GROUPS
which are the elderly, the disabled, young people, women, and ethnic
minorities. They are funded by the Lottery and by the government
NATIONAL GOVERNING BODIES
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Each sport in the UK is controlled by a NATIONAL GOVERNING BODY
They are generally affiliated with International Governing Bodies. EG:
The FA is affiliated to UEFA which is affiliated to FIFA
They produce WHOLE SPORT PLANS which try to increase participants
and clubs
They also organise competition, develop talent, select and prepare
national squads, encourage participation and excellence, control finances,
maintain rules and regulations. This is all at National and International
level.
They receive FUNDING from the home country organisation EG: Sport
England.
NGBs for the professional, media hungry sports like rugby and football
have a large amount of independence because they attract TV money
1) Research a NGB and investigate initiatives which they use to promote
participation and excellence. How do these initiatives work?
2) Investigate Mission 2012. What is this initiative about?
THE NATIONAL LOTTERY
• The DCMS – The Department for Culture, Media and Sport is the part of
the government which is responsible for sport. It decides how to spend
Lottery money
• National Lottery started in 1994. £1 ticket. 28p of this goes to GOOD
CAUSES
• Each year Sport in UK Sport receives about £200 million from the Lottery.
They have 2 aims: to increase Mass Participation and to improve Excellence
• Before the Lottery, athletes had to rely on parents, NGBs, families,
donations etc. The funding allows athletes to train full time, pays for
equipment, coaches travel etc
• Without Lottery funding there is no way that we would have achieved so
much in Beijing
• The National Lottery funds THE WORLD CLASS PATHWAY
PROGRAMME and THE WORLD CLASS EVENTS PROGRAMME
THE WORLD CLASS PATHWAY PROGRAMME
World Class PODIUM
0 to 2 years from Podium
World Class DEVELOPMENT
4 to 6 years from Podium
World Class TALENT
6 to 8 years away from Podium
THE WORLD CLASS EVENTS PROGRAMME
This funds and supports the staging of major sporting events.
The National Lottery contributes £3.3 million per year for
this. Olympics, World Cups, World Championships, etc
UK BODIES INFLUENCING PARTICIPATION AND EXCELLENCE
• UK Sport is influenced by many organising BODIES such as councils,
institutes, governing bodies, schools etc. They cater for the elite and for
mass participation
• The UK system is DECENTRALISED. This means that central government
do no control it. It is spread out and are SELF GOVERNING.
• Because of London 2012 there have been attempts to improve the
organisation by being more efficient, better led, and adopting a more
PROFESSIONAL approach.
• Examples of bodies that run sport in the UK are and NGBs (National
Governing Body – FA), UK Sport, The 4 Institutes of Sport (EG: English
Institute of Sport – promotes Excellence)
• UK Sport
YouTube - OfficialUKSport's Channel
• NGB – The FA
TheFA.com - FATV
UK BODIES INFLUENCING PARTICIPATION AND EXCELLENCE
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1) You work for UK SPORT. Your role is to promote MASS
PARTICIPATION and EXCELLENCE. Explain what you would do in
the following areas.
National Lottery money – World Class Programmes
Ethics – standards of behaviour in sports – Drugs etc
Major Sporting Events
Elite performers
Coaching
Coordination of different bodies in sport
Organisational efficiency
Mission 2012 – strategy to support the Olympics
The Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme (TASS)
Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme - VIDEO
2) You work for the FA or the RFU . How would you promote
excellence and mass participation?
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Excellence and Participation
The CONTINUUM from Mass Participation to Sporting Excellence. An
imaginary line / scale.
MASS PARTIPATION is when taking part is more important than
winning. It is activity pursued for health, fitness or enjoyment benefits. It
is associated with LIFETIME SPORT and LIFELONG PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY. UK Sport has led SPORT FOR ALL campaigns for the last 30
years. Increasing the numbers of Mass Participants may increase the base
of the SPORTS PYRAMID. SPORTING EXCELLENCE is a state of
exceptional sporting merit or quality. It is high level, committed with back
up and support from SPORTS SCIENCE
Excellence Highly Skilled performers. National / International
THE
SPORTS
PYRAMID
Performance
Participation
Foundation
Competitive. Regional skilled performers
School or Club Participation. Enjoyment/Recreation
Children being introduced to sport. Basic
Skills and learning a range of activities
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Excellence and Participation in the
UK
ACCESS to sport means the way in
to that activity. It is affected by 3
things:- OPPORTUNITY, PROVISION and ESTEEM
• Opportunity is the CHANCE to take part
• Provision is the right CONDITIONS or TOOLS to take part
• ESTEEM is how RESPECTED ADMIRED and APPRECIATED we are by
society in that sport
Explain how these factors can influence MASS PARTICIPATION and
EXCELLENCE. Think about:
1) OPPORTUNITY – Income, Playing Standards, Time available to a
Person, Whether they that person wants to take part
2) PROVISION – Equipment, Access for all, Transport, Nearby Clubs,
Coaching, Changing Areas
3) ESTEEM – Confidence and Belief and Self Perception, Respect from
others including the Media, Status of Sport, Status of the Group of People
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SOCIO CULTURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT PARTICPATION
SOCIO factors involves the PEOPLE within a SOCIETY
CULTURAL factors include the way of life and traditions in a community
DISCRIMINATION is the unfair treatment of groups within society
SOCIO FACTORS include:
Age / Gender / Income / Your Family / Your Class / The Government –
Their Politics and Funding / Your School / Ability or Disability / Your
Friends / Peers / Where you live / Transport / Role Models / Your Health
such as Illness or Injury / Coaches
CULTURAL FACTORS include:
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Religion
Race
Media Coverage
The Image of Activities in a Country
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THE NATURE OF SPORT IN THE USA
USA is just over 230 years old. It is a YOUNG NATION built on IMMIGRATION
from different religions, ethnicities around the world attracted by the LAND OF
OPPORTUNITY and the dream of FREEDOM and FORTUNE. The population is
now approximately 300 million in 50 states
By 1900 WEALTH and POWER increased along with a notion of
INDIVIDUALISM and an economic system of CAPITALISM allowing individuals
to accumulate great wealth.
USA sport is a REFLECTION of their culture. The LAND OF OPPORTUNITY
with a PIONEERING sense of ENTERPRISE and DRIVE needed sports which
were ACTION PACKED and HIGH SCORING. The WIN ETHIC is dominant. It is
now known as the LOMBARDIAN ETHIC. “Winning isn’t everything, its the only
thing!” This is WIN AT ALL COSTS
COMMERCIALISM is huge in USA sport. It is big business. Professional sport
reflects the countries culture. SPONSORSHIP is huge and even school sport
characterised by CHEERLEADERS, MARCHING BANDS create HEROS and
VILLAINS overnight. College sport is huge and the best athletes are then
DRAFTED into pro leagues who could then be on multi million dollar wages
Sports stars are said to have achieved the AMERICAN DREAM in which their
prosperity is down to their HARD WORK, not their CLASS. Sport is a VEHICLE
to achieve this.
• American Football is also called GRIDIRON or simply FOOTBALL in the USA
• The game is very STRATEGIC. Each player has an INDIVIDUAL task. There
are complicated TACTICS. A mix of brute force and science-MOBILE CHESS.
• Initially play was so rough it was banned for a while. In 1869 Rutgers and
Princeton played the 1st inter college game with a round ball & 25 players each
• By 1900 the game had become VIOLENT, SENSATIONAL, HAZARDOUS
conflict with success depending on PHYSICAL FORCE. Injuries were common
and DEATH was common. Little PROTECTION was worn.
• The game reflected the FRONTIER SPIRIT of the early PIONEERS. These
qualities included TOUGHNESS, ENDEAVOUR, ENDEAVOUR, FEROCIOUS
COURAGE and strong WORK ETHIC which are needed to be successful in an
UNFORGIVING ENVIRONMENT: just like American society did.
• COMMERCIALISM is huge. The NFL is a $ multi billion business. Teams are
either owned PRIVATELY or as PUBLIC companies. These are FRANCHISES
(businesses which own, runs and have voting rights for a team) which can be
relocated for PROFIT. There are 2 CONFERENCES (AFC/NFC). 1960s - pros
agreed to play on Sunday. Colleges could have commercialism on Saturdays
• The championship game takes place on SUPER BOWL SUNDAY. 30 second
commercials at breaks cost $2.6m. It is much more than a football game and
attracts CELEBRITIES to perform in an hour long half time
Australia
• 1770 – Captain Cook founded Australia as a colony for GB
• 1788 –1900 White British Convicts were sent to Australia –A PENAL
COLONY
• They brought British way of life, government, education, justice, PLUS
sports and pastimes. Their schools etc are run in a very similar way to the
UK. They have adopted British games .. This had led to huge rivalry
• 1850s – Chinese influx – GOLD RUSH
• 1901 – Australia gained independence from GB but it is still in the
COMMONWEALTH
• 1901 – 1973 WHITE ONLY POLICY – laws controlling immigration put in
place
• 1945 + Immigration Campaign due to ‘POPULATE OR PERISH’ Idea.
THE £10 POMS Itcame from Britain, Ireland, Greece, Italy, Germany,
Yugoslavia
• 1970s + Vietnamese and Asians settled. Asians continue to settle there.
• Now MULTI CULTURALISM is promoted
• 85% of the population live in 3% of the land
KEY TERMS
COLONIALISM .. When a more dominant country takes over and
rules a less powerful country
WHITE AUSTRALIA POLICY .. Laws that restricted non white
immigration from 1901 to 1973
INDIGENOUS POPULATION .. The original inhabitants of a
country. In this case the ABORIGINAL PEOPLE
YouTube - The Evil Of Apartheid - Aussie Style 2010 (Award winner
John Pilger- Welcome To Australia) (1 of 2)
YouTube - The Evil Of Apartheid - Aussie Style 2010 (Award winner
John.Pilger Welcome.To.Australia) (2 of 2)
THE NATURE OF SPORT IN AUSTRALIA
• Sport is a National Obsession and Spectatorism is Huge
• It has Disproportionate Global Success considering its population
• Sydney Olympics 2000 were a massive success...Sport is High Status
because:
1) The Bush Culture .. Manliness and strength shaped Australia. Pioneering
Spirit!
2) Australia has a favourable Climate
3) Australians have an Outdoor Lifestyle
4) The Feel Good Factor of a New Country’s Success is Infectious and spreads
5) Elite Role Models raise the profile of Sport
6) Sport is Fashionable and Encouraged
7) Australia is advanced therefore the government can support this
Financially
8) Australia is an Egalitarian Society. It promotes Opportunity, Provision,
Esteem
9) PE has High Status
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AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL
Known as Aussie Rules or Footy it reflects Australian society and culture
It is hard, physical, .. BUSH CULTURE .. but with solid rule structure and
strong ethos of fair play
Played on cricket ovals with 9 officials. 18 on field players per team
Game was idea of Englishman Tom Wills and was originally fitness
training for cricketers in the winter
Many argue it is a combination of Rugby plus an Aboriginal leaping game
– Truly an Australian Game
Others argue it is a mix of Gaelic Football and Rugby. A strong Irish link
More popular than Rugby Union and League and Association Football
Whilst only 3% of population Aboriginals make up 16% of players in the
pro AFL
The game has spread due to celebrity status, money, it is taught in schools,
they have elite national competition, and amateur male, female and
veterans leagues (non contact)
Commercially it is highest spectator sport in Australia and is multi million
$ business. It has regular commercial breaks
AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL
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YouTube - AFL GRAND FINAL 2010 DRAW - St kilda v Collingwood
Watch the clip and find examples of how Australian sport reflects their society!
Think about:
Bush Culture
Outdoor Lifestyle
True Australian Game
Its link with cricket
History of Immigration – Multi - Culturalism
Link with Aboriginal leaping game
Disproportionate Aboriginal representation
Link with Irish Gaelic Football
Popularity, Celebrity Status, Reaches whole of society not just males
Commercialism
Capitalism
Extension
• Americanisation of Australian Sport
The Role of 19th C Public Schools
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Elite PUBLIC SCHOOLS included Eton, Rugby, Harrow, and Charterhouse. These
schools were BOARDING SCHOOLS which meant the boys had lots of TIME and
would play early forms of the sports we play today. A GAMES ETHIC developed
These schools were privileged as they had superb FACILITIES, MASSIVE
GROUNDS, PROFESSIONAL COACHES, enthusiastic ASSISITANT MASTERS
Their pupils eventually went to elite UNIVERSITIES like Cambridge and Oxford
In the late 19th C society was quite ROWDY and VIOLENT.
The schools were organised into a HOUSE SYSTEM. The HOUSE CAPTAINS
would organise daily fixtures which were encouraged by the ASSISTANT
MASTERS because they saw it as a way of DISCIPLINING the pupils. The games
taught Christianity (MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY) and was CHARACTER
BUILDING.
The BRITISH EMPIRE covered almost a third of the land in the world. Pupils at
these schools and universities gained important roles around the empire such as
INDUSTRIALISTS and ARMY OFFICERS. Many also had lead roles at home as
TEACHERS, VICARS, POLITICIANS, and of course PARENTS. They had a huge
influence and took their passion for these games around the Empire.
To ensure that everyone played by the same rules, many NGBs were formed
during this period by the same ex pupils of these PUBLIC SCHOOLS
The Role of 19th C Public Schools
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Watch the 2 clips and answer the following questions:
What were the Public Schools like in the 19th Century?
Why did schools and teachers allow boys to play sport?
Explain the differences in the Public Schools Rules?
What problems arose? How did they solve them?
How did Rugby and Association Football split?
How do the rules differ from today?
How did half time originate?
Why did the game become an international one?
YouTube - The History of Football (1/2)
YouTube - The History of Football (2/2)