By: Zachary Bowles and Ashlyn
McCanless
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Cell Organelles
Active Transport
Passive Transport
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Mitosis
Meiosis
Asexual Reproduction
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Cell organelles perform different functions
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Mitochondrion- an organelle that produces energy from food
Vacuole- a sac in the cell that stores water and other materials
Ribosome- an organelle responsible for protein production
Endoplasmic Reticulum- which is like a maze of passages that carries materials
throughout the cell
Nucleus- the nucleus contains DNA and directs all the cell’s activities
DNA- controls the different functions of the cell , which is an instruction book
Golgi body- receives materials from the endoplasmic reticulum
Cell wall- helps support and protect the cell
Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis (which is the plant cycle)
Cell Membrane- controls what enters and exits the cell
Lysosome- trash collector of the cell
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Active transport is used when something
is too large to pass through a cell
membrane. It is also used when oxygen
moves from a low concentration to a high
concentration. Think of it like stairs, for
example when you go from downstairs
to up stairs.
Passive transport is when oxygen moves from a high
concentration to a low concentration. There are three
types of passive transport
 Osmosis – when water moves through the membrane
of a cell
 Diffusion – the movement of molecules through the
membrane of a cell
 Facilitated diffusion – when an ion moves through the
membrane, using the channel of embedded proteins
which means being surrounded by proteins
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This entire process takes place in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance found in a cell
Fermentation uses glucose (simple sugar) and it is broken down into smaller pieces
to produce energy .
Two types of fermentation – alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
FERMENTATION
oxygen is NOT required
Not as much energy produced in cellular respiration
this is the chemical formula for cellular resperation:C6H12O6 +6 O2
->
6CO2+6 H2O
(glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water)
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FIRST STAGE >takes place in cytoplasm
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Glucose is broken down into smaller pieces
Oxygen is NOT involved
Small amount of energy is released
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2ND AND 3RD STAGE > requires oxygen
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Small parts are broken down into even smaller particles
Large amount of energy is produced
Mitosis is the second stage in the cell cycle. The nucleus
divides in this stage. Mitosis has four stages of its own.
1.prophase- the nuclear membrane breaks down and the
chromosomes pair up
2. metaphase- the chromosomes line up down the middle
of the cell
3. anaphase- chromosomes go to opposite sides of the cell
and the cell elongates
4. Telophase- two distinct nucleus are formed
This means that there is only one parent cell. There are
four types of asexual reproduction.
 Binary Fission – when the cell gets larger and divides
into two equal parts.
 Budding – the outgrowth of a small part of the parent
and develops into a new organism
 Spores – capable of sprouting new organisms (capsuleshaped, contain DNA)
 Vegetative reproductive – found in plants, small parts
grow out of the parent plant that becomes a new plant.
ex. Bulbs, offshoots, and stolens.
In Meiosis a cell divides two times, ending with four daughter , that are NOT
duplicates.
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Each daughter cell is a gamete with only twenty-three chromosomes
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A gamete is a mature male or female reproductive cell
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Meiosis occurs in two stages
1. Meiosis I – the DNA duplicates and now has forty-six chromosomes
2. Meiosis II – the chromosomes align down the middle of the cell, the
chromatids separate at their centromeres and migrate to opposite poles
Chromatid – one of the two strands of a duplicated chromosome
Centromeres – paired chromatids are held together by this in the middle by a
structure