Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
Biology 11 Final Exam Review
Unit 1+2- Evolution + Intro to Biology
Describe the basic structure of DNA
□ Identify the roles of DNA in evolution
□ Evaluate evidence for the theory of evolution
□ Describe the processes of natural selection
o requirements
o Stabilizing, directional, disruptive
□ Suggest conditions under which the allelic frequencies of a population could
change
o Genetic drift, differential migration, mutation, natural selection
□ Compare and contrast gradual change with punctuated equilibrium
1. Draw a single DNA nucleotide. Label each of the chemical groups.
2. Draw the other half of the DNA molecule shown below. Be sure to use the
correct bases!
G
T
A
C
3. What type of bond holds the “rungs” of the DNA ladder together?
4. Briefly describe the job of DNA in a living organism. What does it do? Why do we
have it?
5. Which of the following cells contain DNA
a. Skin cells
b. Stomach cells
c. Sperm cells
d. All of the above cells contain DNA
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
6. Which of the following describes an evolutionary process that occurs due to
changes in DNA sequence?
a. Genetic drift
b. Gene flow
c. Mutations
d. Natural Selection
7. A population of slugs is living peacefully in the forest until a forest fire destroys a
large area of their habitat. A few survive to reproduce but most are killed. Which
of the following terms best describes this event?
a. Genetic mutation
b. Disruptive Selection
c. Directional Selection
d. Gene Flow
8. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for Natural Selection?
a. Inheritance of traits
b. Variation of physical characteristics
c. Genetic mutations
d. Adaptive Radiation
9. In the case of human babies, those with an average birth weight are most likely
to survive. This is an example of:
a. Stabilizing selection
b. Directional selection
c. Disruptive selection
d. Embryological selection
10. Compare Directional Selection to Disruptive Selection. (ie: what are they and
how does each relate to evolutionary change?)
11. How did Darwin and Lamarck differ in their ideas regarding the role of the
environment on evolution?
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
12. What does DNA stand for?
13. Where is DNA found?
14. Define Evolution:
15. How is radioactive carbon used to determine the actual age of a fossil?
16. Describe Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection.
17. Explain the 4 steps that usually occur for speciation to happen.
18. Define the term Species.
19. How is convergent evolution different from divergent evolution?
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
20. Compare the two theories for the pace of speciation. (Gradualism vs. Punctuated
Equilibrium)
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
Unit 3 –Microbiology –Viruses
□ Describe the basic structure of a virus
□ Evaluate evidence used to classify viruses as living or non-living
□ Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycles
□ Describe the body’s basic line of defense against a viral attack
□ Give examples of ways to reduce the chance of contracting a viral disease
□ Evaluate the effects of virulence on human health
21. Label the bacteriophage below as best you can:
22. It is debated whether viruses are living or non-living. Give 2 reasons why they
would be considered living and 2 reasons why they would be considered nonliving.
23. “Viruses are specific”. Give a brief explanation of this statement.
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
24. For each of the following statements, indicate whether the description
corresponds to:
 the Lytic Cylce (LYT)
 the Lysogenic Cycle (LYS)
Note: 1 or more of the above choices may be used for each statement. List ALL
correct responses
Statement
Response
(LYT, LYS, AV)
a. The viral particle fuses with the cell membrane to enter and
exit the target cell
b. The protein capsid of the viral particle remains on the outside
of the cell, only the genetic material is injected
c. Duringreplication, the viral genome is incorporated into the
host genome
d. Viral replication results in the formation of a prophage
e. Host DNA is inactivated upon entry of the viral particles
f. Lysozyme is released causing the cell wall to rupture and
allowing the new viral particles to be released
g. Cell division occurs and each new cell contains viral DNA
h. The host cell may not be destroyed during the process of
viral replication
i. Receptor proteins on the surface of the target cell allow for
specific recognition by the viral particle
j. Viral DNA and protein particles are produced immediately by
the host cell and assembled into viral particles using the host
cells machinery
25. Compare a virus to an animal cell. How are they different? How are they similar?
Virus
Animal Cell
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
26. Compare the Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles using flow charts in the table below.
Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
Unit 3 Microbiology- Bacteria
□ Compare the basic structure of a prokaryotic cell to a eukaryotic cell
□ Use the five kingdom and three domain systems of classification to sort living
organisms
□ Describe unifying characteristics of members of the Moneran kingdom
□ Use examples to illustrate Moneran diversity with respect to the following
□ Form, distribution, ecological role, nutrition and human
diversity
□ Differentiate among fermentation, respiration and photosynthesis in
Monerans
□ Demonstrate understanding of the correct use & care of a compound
microscope
□ Give examples of beneficial roles of bacteria
□ Describe the effects of antibiotics on bacteria
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
27. Sketch a simple eukaryotic cell and a simple prokaryotic cell. Clearly identify their
similarities and differences.
28. Which method of bacterial reproduction, binary fission or conjugation, would be
best suited to allow a type of bacteria to ADAPT to a CHANGING environment?
Explain.
29. How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction?
30. Which of the following structures is NOT present in a bacterium?
a. Ribosome
b. Genetic material
c. Cell wall
d. Mitochondria
31. Which of the following is NOT a level of classification in the 5 kingdom system?
a. Class
b. Order
c. Level
d. Species
32. Which of the following kingdoms is Prokaryotic?
a. Protista
b. Animalia
c. Monera
d. Plantae
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
33. Which of the following allows bacteria to survive harsh environments?
a. Endospore formation
b. Binary Fission
c. Conjugation
d. Sexual reproduction
34. Which of the following terms describes short hair like appendages that are
involved in bacterial movement?
a. Flagella
b. Pilli
c. Slime
d. Cilia
35. Which of the following is a form of sexual reproduction?
a. Budding
b. Spore formation
c. Conjugation
d. Mitosis
36. Which of the following terms is used to describe an organism that is capable of
synthesizing its own nutrients?
a. Autotrophic
b. Heterotrophic
c. Saprotrophic
d. Aerobic
37. Which of the following MUST be in the presence of oxygen to survive?
a. Anaerobes
b. Obligate aerobes
c. Facultative aerobes
d. Obligate anaerobes
38. Which of the following terms describes an organism that is able to use the sun’s
energy to synthesize nutrients?
a. Chemotrophic
b. Phototrophic
c. Aerobic
d. Anaerobic
39. Why don’t antibiotics affect viruses?
40. Are there any benefits to using anti-bacterial soap instead of regular soap?
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
41. How can bacteria counter the actions of Antibiotics?
42. How can bacteria “acquire” antibiotic resistance?
43. How can Darwin’s ideas of “Survival of the Fittest” be linked to antibiotic
resistance?
44. How do humans contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance?
45. List 3 characteristics that plants and green algae have in common?
46. Unlike the higher plants, plantlike protists do not have roots, stems, or leaves.
Explain why they do not require these structures?
Unit 4- Plants
□ Describe characteristics common to all members of the Plant Kingdom
□ Identify adaptations of plants to survival in a land environment
□ Distinguish between three main groups of plants
o Non-vascular
o Seedless vascular
o Seed Vascular
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
47. Match the following words to their definitions.
A. Ferns
B. Rhizoids
C. Gametophyte
D. Archegonia
E. Stomata
F. Sporangium
G. Moss
H. Xylem
I. Phloem
J. Sori
K. Sporophyte
A cluster of sporangia on the underside of a
frond
The dominant generation in less complex
groups of plants
Conducts water and minerals up from the soil
A seedless non-vascular species. The
sporophyte develops attached to the
gametophyte
The plant structure which produces female
gametes
A protected structure containing spores for
species dispersal
Small pores whose size can be regulated to
maintain water balance
The dominant generation amongst seedless
vascular plants
Root like structures present in non-vascular
plants
A seedless vascular plant found in moist
environments
Transports nutrients throughout the plant
48. Describe why non-vascular plants are small in size and limited to moist
environments.
49. Use a flow chart or diagram to illustrate the general life cycle of seedless plants.
Indicate haploid and diploid stages.
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
50. A seed is an embryonic _________________. It contains ____________ and a
protective ______________.
51. The term “naked seeds” best describes ________________, while seeds that are
protected by a fruit are formed by ______________________.
52. In the seed plant life cycle, a seed germinates into a _________________. This
generation produces ________________ by meiosis. The microgametophyte
that develops is _______________ and the megagametophyte is the
_____________________. Fertilization produces a zygote which develops into a
_____________ and the cycle continues.
53. Trees are able to grow to great heights due to the presence of the
_____________ which transports water up through the tree.
54. Gymnosperms have adapted to life in land by producing ____________ which
allows for fertilization in the absence of a moist environment.
55. Gymnosperms are able to maintain water balance due the presence of
_____________ which have a waxy outer coating and a small surface area.
56. Angiosperms which have a single cotyledon and parallel leaf veins are called
_______________.
57. The flower pistil is made up of three parts. The _________________, the style
and the __________________.
58. The part of the flower made up of an anther and a filament is called the
______________________.
59. Define the following terms
Alternation of Generations
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Meiosis
Spore
Sporangnia
Non-Vascular Plants
Vascular Plants
Seedless Plants
Xylem
Phloem
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Stomata
Rhizoids
Moss
Ferns
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Cellulose
Antheridia
Archegonia
Diploid
Haploid
Fertilization
Zygote
Flagellated sperm
Sori
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
Unit 5- Invertebrates
□ Identify characteristics common to all invertebrates
□ Differentiate among the following phyla of invertebrates in terms of internal
& external anatomy, symmetry, level of organization, habitat, feeding,
reproduction, ecological roles, adaptations for survival and unique & common
characteristics
o Porifera
o Cnidaria
o Mollusca
o Annelida
o Platyhelminthes
o Nematoda
o Arthropoda
o Echinodermata
60. Match the following words to the definitions.
A. Blastula
A group of simple animals that have pores and
feed by filtering water
B. Tissue
A cell found in Cnidaria containing a nematocyst
that serves to capture or poison prey
C. Bilateral Symmetry
A group of animals whose tissues contain stinging
cells
D. Cephalization
A group of specialized cells working together for
a specific purpose
E. Porifera
The development of a head end and localization
of nervous tissue
F. Choanocyte
Non-motile animals
G. Cnidocyte
A hollow ball of cells formed following
fertilization. Eventually develops 3 distinct layers
H. Cnidarian
A flagellated cell found in porifera that produces
water currents for filter feeding
I. Mesoglea
A longitudinal plane through an organism
produces two identical halves
J. Sessile
A jelly like substance lying between the ectoderm
and endoderm of Cnidarians
61. Draw a simple sketch of a Porifera. Label the osculum, ostia, choanocytes and
spicules. Use arrows to indicate the direction of water flow during filter feeding.
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
62. Compare Porifera and Cnidarians by completing the table below in point form.
Porifera
Cnidaria
Level of
Organization
Symmetry
Motility
Feeding Mechanism
63. Compare the polyp body form to the medusa body form in Cnidarians in terms
of structure & motility. Use a diagram to show how the 2 forms are related in
terms of life cycle.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
64. Match the words to the definitions.
Pedicellariae
An echinoderm structure which allows water to
enter the water vascular system
Madreporite
The phyla of animals which includes sea stars and
sea urchins
Siphon
The structure which allows for cephalopod
movement by jet propulsion
Water Vascular
The mechanism which allows for movement in sea
system
stars
Echinodermata
The group of molluscs which includes squids and
octopi
Cephalopod
The membranous, sometimes muscular structure
which surrounds the internal organs of a mollusc
Visceral Mass
The phyla of animals whose name means soft
bodied
Mantle
The internal organs of a mollusc
I. Mollusca
Small pincer like structures on the aboral surface
of an echinoderm
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
65. List the name & function of each structure
1.
66. Compare movement in Sea Stars to movement in Squid. Be detailed and include
the names of the structures involved.
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
67. Compare feeding in Sea Stars to feeding in Squid. Be detailed and include the
names of the structures involved.
68. Which of the following best describes arthropods?
a. They all have soft inner bodies
b. They all have a shell on the outside
c. The all have jointed appendages
d. They all live in the ocean
69. Which of the following best describe the protective structure of an arthropod?
a. A calcium rich endoskeleton
b. An exoskeleton made of chitin
c. A calcium rich exoskeleton
d. An endoskeleton made of chitin
70. Which of the following is NOT a segment of an arthropod?
a. Head
b. Cephalothorax
c. Abdomen
d. Cephaloabdomen
71. Which of the following groups of arthropods has 6 pairs of jointed legs and a
single pair of fangs (chelicerae)?
a. Crustaceans
b. Arachnids
c. Centipedes
d. Insects
72. Which of the following does NOT belong to the class Insecta?
a. Crickets
b. Bees
c. Scorpions
d. Beetles
73. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Insects?
a. They have 3 pairs of legs
b. They have a cephalothorax
c. They have jointed appendages
d. They have mandibles for chewing
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
74. Choose 2 classes of arthropods and compare them in the table below.
Name
Habitat
Body segments
Appendages
Unique Characteristic
Unit 8- Vertebrates
□ Identify characteristics common to all vertebrates
□ Differentiate among the following phyla of invertebrates in terms of internal
& external anatomy, symmetry, level of organization, habitat, feeding,
reproduction, ecological roles, adaptations for survival and unique & common
characteristics
o Fishes
o Amphibians
o Birds
o Reptiles
o Mammals
75. List 3 distinguishing characteristics of Vertebrates.
76. List 3 major milestones in the evolution of vertebrates to living on land.
77. List 3 groups of fishes.
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
78. What jawless fish is a parasite and sucks the blood of other fishes?
79. Give one of the three well developed senses that allow sharks and rays to detect
their prey.
80. What structure in Bony Fishes serves as a buoyancy organ?
81. What does the name “Amphibian” mean?
82. List three adaptations of amphibians for living on land not seen in bony fishes.
83. List 4 distinguishing characteristics of reptiles.
84. List the 4 groups of reptiles
85. How is reproduction in reptiles adapted to land?
86. What are the functions of the amnion & the chorion in the amniote egg?
Biology 11
Final Exam Review
Name:__________________
87. Give 3 anatomical adaptations of birds for flight.
88. How are down feathers different from contour feathers?
89. List 3 groups of mammals.
90. What is a Cloaca & what types of animals have one?