Italiano III
Ora III e Ora IV
il 22 di aprile 2011
4
META
Unita´
Un Progetto del Passato Prossimo
Un Progetto del Passato Prossimo
Cio’ che hai fatto durante la vacanza
Scritto
Scrivete dieci frasi
Cinque frasi
Dove sei andato-a?
Cinque frasi
Cio´ che hai fatto durante la vacanza...
Un disegno per ogni frase
ORALE
A parlare in Italiano di solito!
Le Cinque
Terre
E Cultura parte II
Le Cinque terre
Cinque Terre
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The Cinque Terre (Italian
pronunciation: [ˌtʃinkwe ˈtɛrːe]) is a rugged portion of coast on the
Italian Riviera. It is in the
the city of La Spezia.
Liguria region of Italy, to the west of
"The Five Lands" comprises five villages:
Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza,
Corniglia, Manarola, and
Riomaggiore. The coastline, the five villages, and the
surrounding hillsides are all part of the Cinque Terre National
Park and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Over the centuries, people have carefully built terraces on the
rugged, steep landscape right up to the cliffs that overlook the
sea. Part of its charm is the lack of visible corporate development.
Paths, trains and boats connect the villages, and cars cannot
reach them from the outside. The Cinque Terre area is a very
popular tourist destination.
The villages of the Cinque Terre were severely affected by
torrential rains which caused floods and mudslides on October 25,
2011. Nine people were confirmed killed by the floods, and
damage to the villages, particularly Vernazza and Monterosso al
Mare, was extensive.[1]
[hide]
History
The first historical documents on the
Cinque Terre date back to the 11th
century.
Monterosso and Vernazza sprang up first, whilst the other
villages grew later, under military and political supremacy of
Genoa. In the 16th century to oppose the attacks by the Turks,
the inhabitants reinforced the old forts and built new defence
towers.
From the year 600, the Cinque Terre experienced a decline
which reversed only in the 14th century, thanks to the
construction of the Military Arsenal of La Spezia and to the
building of the railway line between Genoa and La Spezia.
The railway allowed the inhabitants to escape their isolation, but
also brought about abandonment of traditional activities. The
consequence was an increase in poverty which pushed many to
emigrate abroad, at least up to the 1970s, when the development
of tourism brought back wealth.
The variation of house colors is due to the fact that while
fishermen were doing their jobs just offshore, they wanted to be
able to see their house easily. This way, they could make sure
their wives were still home doing the house work. Most of the
families in the five villages made money by catching the fish and
selling them in the small port villages. Fish was also their main
source of food.
Transportation and tourism
There are few roads into the Cinque Terre towns that are
Vernazza
accessible by car, and the one into
in particular
is now open (June 2012 - but very narrow at many repair spots) to
a parking area leading to a 1/2 mile walk to town after the October
2011 storm damage. It is best to plan not to travel by car at all but
to park at La Spezia, for instance, and take the trains.
Genova and the rest of the
Local trains from La Spezia to
region's network connect the "five lands".
Intercity trains also connect the Cinque Terre to Milan, Rome,
Turin and Tuscany. The tracks run most of the distance in tunnels
between Riomaggiore and Monterosso.
A passenger ferry runs between the five villages, except
Corniglia. The ferry enters Cinque Terre from Genova's Old
Harbour and La Spezia, Lerici, or Porto Venere.
A walking trail, known as
Sentiero Azzurro ("Light Blue
Trail"), connects the five villages. The trail from
Riomaggiore to Manarola is called the Via Dell'Amore ("Love
Walk") and is wheelchair-friendly. The stretch from Manarola to
Corniglia (still closed in June 2012 for ongoing repairs since the
October 2011 damage)[2] is the easiest to hike, although the main
trail into Corniglia finishes with a climb of 368 steps.
Food
This section entitled Food and Wine needs additional
citations for verification. Please help improve this article
by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material
may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)
Liguria
Given its location on the Mediterranean, seafood is plentiful in the
local cuisine. Anchovies of Monterosso are a local specialty
designated with a Protected Designation of Origin status from the
The mountainsides of the
Cinque Terre are heavily terraced
and are used to cultivate grapes and
olives. This area, and the region of Liguria, as a whole, is
known for pesto — a sauce made from basil leaves, garlic,
European Union.
salt, olive oil, pine nuts and pecorino cheese. Focaccia is a
particularly common locally baked bread product. Farinata is also
a typical snack found in bakeries and pizzerias- essentially it is a
savoury and crunchy pancake made from a base of chick-pea
"miele
di Corniglia," gelato, made from local
honey.
flour. The town of Corniglia is particularly popular for
The grapes of the Cinque Terre are used to produce two locally
made wines. The eponymous Cinque Terre and the Sciachetrà
are both made using Bosco, Albarola, and Vermentino grapes.
Both wines are produced by the Cooperative Agricoltura di
Cinque Terre (“Cinque Terre Agricultural Cooperative”), located
between Manarola and Volastra. Other DOC producers are
Forlini-Capellini, Walter de Batté, Buranco, Arrigoni.
In addition to wines, other popular local drinks include grappa, a
brandy made with the pomace left from winemaking, and
limoncello, a sweet liqueur flavored with lemons.
Preservation
In 1998, the Italian Ministry for the Environment set up the
Protected natural marine area Cinque Terre to protect the natural
environment and to promote socio-economical development
compatible with the natural landscape of the area.[4] In 1999 the
Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre was set up to conserve the
ecological balance, protect the landscape, and safeguard the
anthropological values of the location.[5] Nevertheless, the
dwindling interest in cultivation and maintenance of the terrace
walls posed a long-term threat to the site, which was for this
reason included in the 2000 and 2002 World Monuments Watch
by the World Monuments Fund.[6] The organization secured
grants from American Express to support a study of the
conservation of Cinque Terre. Following the study, a site
management plan was created.
Other towns near the Cinque Terre

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
Bonassola
La Spezia
Lerici
Levanto
Porto Venere
Sarzana
Volastra


Cinque Terre
Monterosso al Mare

Vernazza

Corniglia

Manarola

Riomaggiore
SIENA
Siena (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsjɛːna] (
listen); in English sometimes spelled
Sienna) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the
capital of the province of Siena.
The historic centre of Siena has been
declared by UNESCO a World Heritage
Site. It is one of the nation's most visited
tourist attractions, with over 163,000
international arrivals in 2008.] Siena is
famous for its cuisine, art, museums,
medieval cityscape and the Palio, a horse
race held twice a year.
History
Siena, like other Tuscan hill towns, was first
settled in the time of the Etruscans (c. 900–
400 BC) when it was inhabited by a tribe
called the Saina. The Etruscans were an
advanced people who changed the face of
central Italy through their use of irrigation to
reclaim previously unfarmable land, and
their custom of building their settlements in
well-defended hill forts.
A Roman town called Saena Julia was
founded at the site in the time of the
Emperor Augustus. The first document
mentioning it dates from AD 70. Some
archaeologists assert that Siena was
controlled for a period by a Gaulish tribe
called the Senones.
The Roman origin accounts for the town's
emblem: a she-wolf suckling infants
Romulus and Remus. According to legend,
Siena was founded by Senius, son of
Remus, who was in turn the brother of
Romulus, after whom Rome was named.
Statues and other artwork depicting a shewolf suckling the young twins Romulus and
Remus can be seen all over the city of
Siena.
Other etymologies derive the name from
the Etruscan family name "Saina," the
Roman family name of the "Saenii," or the
Latin word "senex" ("old") or the derived
form "seneo", "to be old".
Siena did not prosper under Roman rule. It
was not sited near any major roads and
lacked opportunities for trade. Its insular
status meant that Christianity did not
penetrate until the 4th century AD, and it
was not until the Lombards invaded Siena
and the surrounding territory that it knew
prosperity. After the Lombard occupation,
the old Roman roads of Via Aurelia and the
Via Cassia passed through areas exposed
to Byzantine raids, so the Lombards
rerouted much of their trade between the
Lombards' northern possessions and Rome
along a more secure road through Siena.
Siena prospered as a trading post, and the
constant streams of pilgrims passing to and
from Rome provided a valuable source of
income in the centuries to come.
The oldest aristocratic families in Siena
date their line to the Lombards' surrender in
774 to Charlemagne. At this point, the city
was inundated with a swarm of Frankish
overseers who married into the existing
Sienese nobility and left a legacy that can
be seen in the abbeys they founded
throughout Sienese territory.
Feudal power waned however, and by the
death of Countess Matilda in 1115 the
border territory of the Mark of Tuscia which
had been under the control of her family,
the Canossa, broke up into several
autonomous regions. This
ultimately
resulted into the creation of
the Republic of Siena.
It existed for over four hundred years, from
the late 11th century until the year 1555.
In the Italian War of 1551–
1559, the republic was
defeated by the rival Duchy
of Florence in alliance with
the Spanish crown. After 18
months of resistance, Siena surrendered to
Spain on 17 April 1555, marking the end of
the republic.
The new Spanish
King Philip,
owing huge sums to the
Medici, ceded it (apart a
series of coastal fortress
annexed to the State of
Presidi) to the Grand Duchy
of Tuscany, to which it belonged until
the unification of Italy in the 19th century.
A Republican government of 700 Sienese
families in Montalcino resisted until 1559.
The picturesque city remains an important
cultural centre, especially for humanist
disciplines.
Siena Cathedral
Interior of the Siena Cathedral.
Façade of the Palazzo Pubblico (town hall)
during the Palio days.
Piazza Salimbeni.
Streets of old Siena.
Church of San Domenico.
View from the Campanile del Mangia.
The Siena Cathedral (Duomo), begun in the
12th century, is one of the great examples
of Italian Romanesque-Gothic architecture.
Its main façade was completed in 1380. It is
unusual for a cathedral in that its axis runs
north-south. This is because it was
originally intended to be the largest
cathedral in the world, with a north-south
transept and an east-west nave. After the
completion of the transept and the building
of the east wall (which still exists and may
be climbed by the public via an internal
staircase) the money ran out and the rest of
the cathedral was abandoned.
Inside is the famous Gothic octagonal pulpit
by Nicola Pisano (1266–1268) supported
on lions, and the labyrinth inlaid in the
flooring, traversed by penitents on their
knees. Within the Sacristy are some
perfectly preserved renaissance frescos by
Domenico Ghirlandaio, and, beneath the
Duomo, in the baptistry is the baptismal font
with bas-reliefs by Donatello, Lorenzo
Ghiberti, Jacopo della Quercia and other
15th-century sculptors. The Museo
dell'Opera del Duomo contains Duccio's
famous Maestà (1308–1311) and various
other works by Sienese masters. More
Sienese paintings are to be found in the
Pinacoteca, e.g. 13th-century works by
Diotisalvi di Speme.
The shell-shaped Piazza del Campo, the
town square, which houses the Palazzo
Pubblico and the Torre del Mangia, is
another architectural treasure, and is
famous for hosting the Palio horse race.
The Palazzo Pubblico, itself a great work of
architecture, houses yet another important
art museum. Included within the museum is
Ambrogio Lorenzetti's series of frescos on
the good government and the results of
good and bad government and also some
of the finest frescoes of Simone Martini and
Pietro Lorenzetti.
On the Piazza Salimbeni is the Palazzo
Salimbeni, a notable building and also the
medieval headquarters of Monte dei Paschi
di Siena, one of the oldest banks in
continuous existence and a major player in
the Sienese economy.
Housed in the notable Gothic Palazzo Chigi
on Via di Città is the Accademia Musicale
Chigiana, Siena's conservatory of music.
Other churches in the city include:






Basilica dell'Osservanza
Santa Maria dei Servi
San Domenico
San Francesco
Santo Spirito
San Martino


Sanctuary of Santa Caterina,
incorporating the old house of St.
Catherine of Siena. It houses the
miraculous Crucifix (late 12th century)
from which the saint received her
stigmata, and a 15th-century statue of
St. Catherine.

The city's gardens include the Orto
Botanico dell'Università di Siena, a
botanical garden maintained by the
University of Siena.
The Medicean Fortress houses the Enoteca
Italiana and the Siena Jazz School, with
courses and concerts all the year long and
a major festival during the International
Siena Jazz Masterclasses. Over two weeks
more than 30 concerts and jam sessions
are held in the two major town squares, on
the terrace in front of the Enoteca, in the
gardens of the Contrade clubs, and in
numerous historical towns and villages of
the Siena province. Siena is also home of
Sessione Senese per la Musica e l'Arte
(SSMA), a summer music program for
musicians, is a fun/learning musical
summer experience.
In the neighbourhood are numerous
patrician villa, numerous of which attributed
to Baldassarre Peruzzi:

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


Villa Chigi
Castle of Belcaro
Villa Celsa
Villa Cetinale
Villa Volte Alte
Contrade
Siena retains a ward-centric culture from
medieval times. Each ward (contrada) is
represented by an animal or mascot, and
has its own boundary and distinct identity.
Ward rivalries are most rampant during the
annual horse race (Palio) in the Piazza del
Campo.
The Palio
The Palio di Siena is a traditional
medieval horse race run around the
Piazza del Campo twice each year,
on 2 July and 16 August.
The event is attended by large crowds, and
is widely televised. Seventeen Contrade
(which are city neighbourhoods originally
formed as battalions for the city's defence)
vie for the trophy: a painted banner, or Palio
bearing an image of the Blessed Virgin
Mary.
For each race a new Palio is commissioned
by well-known artists and Palios won over
many years can often be seen in the local
Contrade museum. During each Palio
period, the city is decked out in lamps and
flags bearing the Contrade colours.
Ten of the seventeen Contrade run in each
Palio: seven run by right (having not run in
the previous year's corresponding Palio)
together with three drawn by lot from the
remaining ten. A horse is assigned to each
by lot and is then guarded and cared for in
the Contrade stable. The jockeys are paid
huge sums and indeed there are often
deals and bribes between jockeys or
between "allied" Contrade committees to
hinder other riders, especially those of
'enemy' Contrade. For the three days
preceding the Palio itself, there are practice
races. The horses are led from their stables
through the city streets to the Campo,
accompanied by crowds wearing Contrade
scarves or tee-shirts and the air is filled with
much singing and shouting.
Though often a brutal and dangerous
competition for horse and bare-back rider
alike, the city thrives on the pride this
competition brings. The Palio is not simply
a tourist event as a true Sienese regards
this in an almost tribal way, with passions
and rivalry similar to that found at a football
'Derby' match
In fact the Sienese are baptised twice,
once in church and a second time in their
own Contrade fountain. This loyalty is
maintained through a Contrade 'social club'
and regular events and charitable works.
Indeed the night before the Palio the city is
a mass of closed roads as each Contrade
organises its own outdoor banquet, often
for numbers in excess of 1,000 diners. On
the day of the Palio itself the horses are
accompanied by a spectacular display of
drummers and flag twirlers dressed in
traditional medieval costumes who first lead
the horse and jockey to the Contrade parish
church and then join a procession around
the Piazza del Campo square
This traditional parade is called the Corteo
Storico, which begins in the streets and
concludes in the Piazza del Campo
encircling the square. There are often long
delays while the race marshall attempts to
line up the horses, but once underway the
Campo becomes a cauldron of wild emotion
for the 3 minutes of the race.
This event is not without its controversy
however, and recently, there have been
complaints about the treatment of the
horses and to the danger run by the riders.
To better protect the horses, steps have
been taken to make veterinary care more
easily available during the main race. Also
at the most dangerous corners of the
course, cushions are used to help protect
both the riders and horses.
Art
Madonna and Child with saints polyptych by
Duccio (1311–1318).
Sassetta, Institution of the Eucharist (14301432), Pinacoteca di Siena.
Over the centuries, Siena has had a rich
tradition of arts and artists. The list of artists
from the Sienese School include Duccio
and his student Simone Martini, Pietro
Lorenzetti and Martino di Bartolomeo. A
number of well known works of
Renaissance and High Renaissance art still
remain in galleries or churches in Siena.
The Church of San Domenico contains art
by Guido da Siena, dating to mid-13th
century. Duccio's Maestà which was
commissioned by the City of Siena in 1308
was instrumental in leading Italian painting
away from the hieratic representations of
Byzantine art and directing it towards more
direct presentations of reality. And his
Madonna and Child with Saints polyptych,
painted between 1311 and 1318 remains at
the city's Pinacoteca Nazionale.
The Pinacoteca also includes several works
by Domenico Beccafumi, as well as art by
Lorenzo Lotto, Domenico di Bartolo and Fra
Bartolomeo.
Fashion
Siena has grown in importance because of
its easy access to locally produced luxury
goods in Tuscany and with new
independent fashion designers such as
Romana Correale.
Economy
The main activities are tourism, services,
agriculture, handicrafts and light industry.
Agriculture
Agriculture constitutes Siena's primary
industry. As of 2009, Siena's agricultural
workforce comprises 919 companies with a
total area of 10,755 km2 for a UAA (usable
agricultural area) .
Industry and manufacturing
The industrial sector of the Sienese
economy is not very developed. However,
The confectionery industry is one of the
most important of the traditional sectors of
the secondary industry, because of the
many local specialties. Among the best
known are
Panforte,
a
precursor to modern fruitcake, Ricciarelli
biscuits, made out of almond paste, and the
well-known gingerbread, and thehorses.
Also renowned is "Noto" a sweet made of
honey, almonds and pepper. The area
known for making these delicacies ranges
between Tuscany and Umbria. Other
seasonal specialties are the chestnut and
the pan de 'Santi (or Pan co' Santi)
traditionally prepared in the weeks
preceding the Festival of Saints, the
November 1. All are marketed both
industrial and artisan bakeries in different
cities.
The area has also seen a growth in
biotechnology. Centenary Institute
Sieroterapico Achille Sclavo, is now Swissowned and operates under the company
name, Novartis Vaccines. Novartis
develops and produces vaccines and
employs about a thousand people.
fin
Helping
verbs
PASSATO PROSSIMO Past Participles and the two
helping verbs: AVERE and ESSERE!!!!!
For most italian verbs and all transitive verbs (verbs
that take a direct object), the passato prossimo is
conjugated with the present of the auxiliary verb
avere+the past participle (participio passato) of the
main verb.
The participio passato of the regular verbs is formed
by replacing the infinitive ending –are, -ere, and –ire
with –ato, -uto, and –ito, respectively. With avere
Comprare
comprato
Ricevere
ricevuto
Dormire
dormito
Irregular past participles are below: with avere
Fare
fatto
Bere
bevuto
Chiedere
chiesto
Chiudere
chiuso
Conoscere conosciuto
Leggere
letto
Mettere
messo
Perdere
perduto (perso)
Prendere
preso
Rispondere risposto
Scrivere
scritto
Spendere
speso
Vedere
veduto (visto)
Aprire
aperto
Dire
detto
Offrire
offerto
Most intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take a direct
object) are conjugated with the auxiliary essere. In
this case, the past participle must agree with the
subject in gender and number.
Andare
Andato
Venire
Venuto
Arrivare Arrivato
Partire
Partito
Ritornare Ritornato
Entrare Entrato
Uscire
Uscito
Salire Salito
Discendere Disceso
Cadere Caduto
Nascere Nato
Morire Morto
Essere Stato
Stare Stato
Restare Restato
Diventare Diventato
passato prossimo
The
—
grammatically referred to as the present
perfect—is a compound tense (tempo
composto) that expresses a fact or action
that happened in the recent past or that
occurred long ago but still has ties to the
present.
Here are a few examples of how the
passato prossimo appears in Italian:
Ho appena chiamato. (I just called.)
Mi sono iscritto all'università quattro anni
fa. (I entered the university four years
ago.)
Questa mattina sono uscito presto. (This
morning I left early.)
Il Petrarca ha scritto sonetti immortali.
(Petrarca wrote enduring sonnets.)
The following table lists some adverbial
expressions that are often used with the
passato prossimo:
COMMON ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS
OFTEN USED WITH THE PASSATO
PROSSIMO
ieri
yesterday
ieri pomeriggio yesterday afternoon
ieri sera
last night
il mese scorso
last month
l'altro giorno
the other day
stamani
this morning
tre giorni fa
three days ago
The present perfect tense is
used in the following situations:




an action which took place a short
time ago.
an action which took place some time
ago and the results of the action can
still be felt in the present
an experience in your life
an action which has finished but the
time period (e.g. this year , this week,
today) hasn't finished yet

The present perfect is formed in the following
way:
il presente indicativo
dei verbi
essere o avere
Auxiliary to have/ to be +
in the present form
il participio passato
del verbo in questione
Past participle
Passato Prossimo: Past Tense in Italian
Here is a form of a past tense in Italian, passato prossimo, which
is used for events that happened once.
Learn the formation of the Italian passato prossimo for both
regular and irregular verbs. Also learn when essere or avere
should be used.
Regular Verb Formation of the Past Participle
Passato prossimo follows a simple pattern: essere or avere and
the past particle.
When we use passato prossimo, we talk about something that
has happened once, instead of an ongoing event in the past (we
use imperfect then). For example:
Ieri ho mangiato un panino. (Yesterday I ate a sandwich)
Notice the verb formation in the sentence: the first verb is avere in
the present indicative form, followed by the past participle for the
verb mangiare, which means to eat.
-the formation of the past
participle with regular verbs
— remember three verb endings exist in regular Italian verbs: are, -ere and -ire. When we form the past participle, we remove
the verb ending to get the stem, then add the past participle
ending. For example:
-are verbs: the ending for the past participle is -ato
cantare → cantato (to sing)
-ere verbs: the ending for the past participle is -uto
credere → creduto (to believe)
-ire verbs: the ending for the past participle is -ito
dormire → dormito (to sleep)
Irregular Verb Formation of the Past Participle
Verbs that are irregular in Italian do not follow the same pattern as
the regular verbs for the past participle. There is no particular
pattern.
some of the common verbs:
accendere → acceso (to turn on)
aprire → aperto (to open)
bere → bevuto (to drink)
chiedere → chiesto (to ask)
chiudere → chiuso (to close)
correggere → corretto (to correct)
correre → corso (to run)
cuocere → cotto (to cook)
decidere → deciso (to decide)
dire → detto (to say/tell)
dividere → diviso (to divide)
essere → stato (to be)
fare → fatto (to do/make)
leggere → letto (to read)
mettere → messo (to put)
morire → morto (to die)
muovere → mosso (to move)
nascere → nato (to be born)
nascondere → nascosto (to hide)
offrire → offerto (to offer)
perdere → perso or perduto (to lose)
piacere → piaciuto (to like)
piangere → pianto (to cry)
porre → posto (to place)
prendere → preso (to take)
ridere → riso (to laugh)
rimanere → rimasto (to stay)
risolvere → risolto (to solve)
rispondere → risposto (to answer)
rompere → rotto (to break)
scegliere → scelto (to choose)
scrivere → scritto (to write)
succedere → successo (to happen)
togliere → tolto (to remove)
tradurre → tradotto (to translate)
uccidere → ucciso (to kill)
vedere → visto or veduto (to see)
venire → venuto (to come)
vincere → vinto (to win)
vivere → vissuto (to live)
THE HELPING VERB:
Essere or Avere?
In Italian passato
prossimo, we have
two auxiliary verbs:
essere and avere.
Essere is used when we have:
→ Intransitive verbs (verbs with no direct
object)
→ Movement verbs (examples are andare
(to go), arrivare (to arrive) and tornare (to
return))
→ State verbs (examples are stare (to be)
and rimanere (to stay))
→ Changing state verbs (examples are
diventare (to become), nascere (to be born)
and morire (to die)
→ Reflexive verbs (verbs preceded by a
pronoun, such as mi)
→ Other verbs: accadere/succedere (to
happen), bastare (to be enough/need),
costare (to cost), dipendere (to depend),
dispiacere (to displease/mind), mancare (to
miss), occorrere (to be necessary), parere
(to seem/think), piacere (to like), sembrare
(to seem) and toccare (touch).
When we use essere as the auxiliary verb,
the past participle matches in gender and
quantity.
Avere is used when we
have:
→ Transitive verbs (verbs followed by a
direct object)
Certain verbs can use either essere or
avere — it depends on whether we use the
verb intransitively or transitively. Let's go
over those verbs:
aumentare (to increase)
bruciare (to burn)
cambiare (to change)
continuare (to continue)
diminuire (to reduce/decrease)
passare (to go past)
salire (to go up/get on)
saltare (to jump)
scendere (to go down/get off)
Another way of understanding which auxiliary verb
(helping verb) to use:

Essere or
Avere?
In Italian passato prossimo, we have two auxiliary verbs: essere
and avere. Let's go over the different rules for which auxiliary verb
to use:
Essere is used when we have:
→ Intransitive verbs (verbs with no direct object)
→ Movement verbs (examples are andare (to go), arrivare (to
arrive) and tornare (to return))
→ State verbs (examples are stare (to be) and rimanere (to stay))
→ Changing state verbs (examples are diventare (to become),
nascere (to be born) and morire (to die)
→ Reflexive verbs (verbs preceded by a pronoun, such as mi)
→ Other verbs: accadere/succedere (to happen), bastare (to be
enough/need), costare (to cost), dipendere (to depend),
dispiacere (to displease/mind), mancare (to miss), occorrere (to
be necessary), parere (to seem/think), piacere (to like), sembrare
(to seem) and toccare (touch).
When we use essere as the auxiliary verb, the past participle
matches in gender and quantity.
Avere is used when
we have:
→ Transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object)
Certain verbs can use either essere or avere — it depends on
whether we use the verb intransitively or transitively. Let's go over
those verbs:
aumentare (to increase)
bruciare (to burn)
cambiare (to change)
continuare (to continue)
diminuire (to reduce/decrease)
passare (to go past)
salire (to go up/get on)
scendere (to go down/get off)
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1. A continuare con Inno nazionali di Italia .... SuperCiao IB
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2. Inno del popolo di Veneto
3. Cultura degli stati Italiani e la storia del RISORGIMENTO
Capitolo 3
L´ introduzione
Tutti cantano
Fratelli d'Italia
Italian unification
History of Italy

Italian unification (Italian: Risorgimento [risordʒiˈmento],
meaning the Resurgence) was the political and social movement
that agglomerated different states of the Italian peninsula into
the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.
Despite a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning
and end of this period, many scholars agree that the process
began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna and the end of
Napoleonic rule, and ended in 1870 with the Capture of Rome.
Some of the terre irredente did not, however, join the Kingdom
of Italy until after World War I with the Treaty of SaintGermain. Some nationalists see the Armistice of Villa Giusti as
the end of unification.[3]
Fratelli d'Italia
L'Italia s'è desta,
Dell'elmo di Scipio
S'è cinta la testa.
Dov'è la Vittoria?
Le porga la chioma,
Ché schiava di Roma
Iddio la creò.
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò.
Noi siamo da secoli
Calpesti, derisi,
Perché non siam popolo,
Perché siam divisi.
Raccolgaci un'unica
Bandiera, una speme:
Di fonderci insieme
Già l'ora suonò.
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò.
Uniamoci, amiamoci,
l'Unione, e l'amore
Rivelano ai Popoli
Le vie del Signore;
Giuriamo far libero
Il suolo natìo:
Uniti per Dio
Chi vincer ci può?
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò.
Dall'Alpi a Sicilia
Dovunque è Legnano,
Ogn'uom di Ferruccio
Ha il core, ha la mano,
I bimbi d'Italia
Si chiaman Balilla,
Il suon d'ogni squilla
I Vespri suonò.
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò.
Son giunchi che piegano
Le spade vendute:
Già l'Aquila d'Austria
Le penne ha perdute.
Il sangue d'Italia,
Il sangue Polacco,
Bevé, col cosacco,
Ma il cor le bruciò.
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò
La Vittoria si offre alla nuova Italia e a
Roma, di cui la dea fu schiava per
volere divino. La Patria chiama alle
armi: la coorte, infatti, era la decima
parte della legione romana
Mazziniano e repubblicano, Mameli
traduce qui il disegno politico del
creatore della Giovine Italia e della
Giovine Europa. "Per Dio" è un
francesismo, che vale come
"attraverso Dio", "da Dio"
Sebbene non accertata storicamente,
la figura di Balilla rappresenta il
simbolo della rivolta popolare di
Genova contro la coalizione austropiemontese. Dopo cinque giorni di
lotta, il 10 dicembre 1746 la città è
finalmente libera dalle truppe
austriache che l'avevano occupata e
vessata per diversi mesi
L'Austria era in declino (le spade
vendute sono le truppe mercenarie,
deboli come giunchi) e Mameli lo
sottolinea fortemente: questa strofa,
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