Human Structure and Function I
Dr. Diane M. Gilmore




LSE 415
Phone: 680-8083
mgilmore@astate.edu
www.clt.astate.edu/mgilmore
Office hours:



Monday and Wednesday 3 -5 p.m.
Thursday 2:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.
And by appointment
Textbook


Medical Physiology 2nd or 3rd edition
Rodney A. Rhodes, Lippincott Williams
and Wilkins
Laboratory Manual - Human Anatomy
and Physiology 8th or 9th Cat edition
with PhysioEx by Marieb
Course Objectives:







Foundation
Medical terminology
Metabolism
Organization of the body
Cell structure
Tissues
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular and Nervous
Systems
Classroom Etiquette:
Turn off pagers and cell phones especially
during exams!
No tobacco use of any kind
Be considerate of others:
Take out what you bring in.
Talk to me, NOT your neighbor!
Do not ask for grades over the
phone or internet.
Academic Integrity
Use Professional ethics
NO:

Plagiarism
Cheating
Allowing others to copy from you

Penalties can be severe !!
Attendance is important !

All material covered in class is fair
game for exams!
Other:




Inclement weather
Disability services
Make ups
Schedule – read your syllabus !!!
Exams :
4 exams worth 100 points
Multiple choice, diagrams, fill-in and essay
questions
Comprehensive final Exam
A = 450 – 50 points
B = 400 – 449 points
C = 350 – 399 points
D = 300 – 349 points
F less than 300 points
• Organization of the body and how it functions
• Begin to understand the complexities of the
human body and see how all body systems work
together
• Biochemistry, cells, tissues, and the
integumentary, skeletal, muscular and nervous
systems.
You will learn a new language, made up of
reusable and interchangeable parts.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluco – sugar - glucose
Neo - new
Genesis - to make, produce or generate
The production of new glucose molecules
from other, non-sugar, substances.
Glucosuria
Gluco – sugar (glucose)
Uria - urine
An abnormal amount of sugar in the urine
Hematuria
Uria - urine
Hemato - blood
Blood in the urine
Hematoma means:
A) To produce excess urine
B) A clotting disorder where the patient
continues to bleed
C) A swelling caused by the growth of new
cells
D) A swelling caused by blood
Anatomy is the study of the STRUCTURES of
the body, and the relationship among structures.
This is the WHAT and WHERE of the body.
The word itself means “to cut up.”
Types of anatomy
• Gross anatomy
– Regional anatomy
– Systemic anatomy
– Surface, developmental, clinical and surgical
anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy
– Cytology
– histology
Physiology is the study of how the body
Functions.
The “how” is often on a chemical level.
Anatomy and Physiology are closely
integrated, both theoretically and practically
All specific functions are performed by specific
structures.
organism
organ system
organs
tissues
cells – smallest living thing
organelles
molecules
Atoms (elements)
Homeostasis is maintaining a fairly constant
internal environment in spite of a changing
external environment.
All body systems attempt to maintain
homeostasis.
What can upset homeostasis?
Feedback loops:
1. Control center
2. Receptors that monitor changes
3. Effectors receive information from the
control center and produce a response
Negative feedback reverses changes
Positive feedback brings a process to
completion
Disease is a homeostatic imbalance.
Symptoms are subjective changes that are
not apparent to an observer.
Signs are objective changes which can be
observed or measured.
• We can divide the body into two
portions:
– Axial portion
– Appendicular portion
Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes:
Visceral (guts) refers to the membrane
closest to the organs.
Parietal refers to the membrane that lines
the body walls.
The pleura surround the lungs
The pericardium surrounds the heart
The peritoneum surrounds the abdominal
organs
Directional Terms:
Superior (cephalic or cranial) – toward the
head, upper, or above.
Inferior (caudal) – toward the feet, under or
below
Anterior (ventral) – front, or in front of
Posterior (dorsal) – back or in back of
Medial (mesial) – toward the midline of the
body
Lateral – toward the side of the body or away
from the midline
Intermediate – between two structures
Ipsilateral – on the same side of the body
Contralateral – on the opposite side of the body
Proximal – toward the trunk of the body or the
point of origin of a body part.
Distal – away from the trunk of the body or the
point of origin of a body part.
Superficial – toward the surface of the body
Deep – away from the body surface
Body Planes and Sections
• Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body or
organs