Compositional Languages
Fall 2012
Instructor: Prof. SIGMAN
Tuesday 13:00-15:00
Lecture IX
0. Final Project Proposals?
• [submit]
0.1:Elliott Carter
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What did you learn about his life?
What piece did you listen to?
What is metric modulation?
Other concepts and techniques?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oz3PTN
OVLuM&feature=related
Metric Modulation
• “gear shifting”
• Gradual change of tempo and meter without
using accelerando/ritardando
• As in modulation of harmony, use of a pivot
(common tempo unit)
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3 (Carter):
0.2 Typical Musical Parameters
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Pitch (고 저)
Rhythm (Pulse/Meter) (리듬)
Melody
Harmony (학 성)
Dynamic
Register
Timbre (음 색)
Texture (결)
Orchestration
I. Types of Musical “Texture”
A. What is a texture?
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The background to this slide is a texture
Food has a texture
A visual pattern (무닉)
A tactile fabric (옷감) (e.g., “textile”)
B. How is a Texture Described?
• Smooth/rough (tactile) (촉감의)
• Thick/thin (tactile)
• Consistent/uneven (visual [시각의] and
tactile)
• Dynamic/static (visual/auditory)
• Dense/sparse (visual)
• Opaque/translucent/transparent (visual)
• Clear/obscure (visual)
Texture Metaphors
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Visual
Tactile
Difficult to describe in auditory terms
Difficult to describe in precise terms
C. Texture in 음악
• Amount of voices/parts/layers (츰) at one
time
• Relationships (관련) among those
voices/parts/layers
D. Texture Types
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1) Monophony
2) Homophony
3) Monody
4) Polyphony
5) Antiphony
6) Heterophony
1. Monophony
• 1 single voice, or several voices
singing/playing exactly the same part
• Mono = 1
• Phone = sound, voice
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dlr90NLD
p-0
2. Homophony
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Homo= same
Phone = sound
Different parts, in homorhythm (+/-)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVa3nR2bVc
3. Monody
• Melody + accompaniment
• Arias, recitatives, art songs, folk songs
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebDn5kO
Vib4
4. Polyphony
• Poly = more than 1/multiple
• Multiple voices, moving independently
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKFMehV
WWOA
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtJvtk6EH
ZE
5. Antiphony
• Anti = “against” (반대하)
• 2 or more voices in “call and response”
relationship)
• Derived from antiphon form in Gregorian
chant
• Context: Baroque polychoral motets, Classical
concerti, jazz “trading fours”…
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jx2xgbBkj
bg
Jazz Antiphonal Example
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtGedWq
RxeE
6. Heterophony
• Hetero = different
• 2+ voices/parts presenting
simultaneous(동시에) variations on the same
melodic line
• Each layer has a distinct character
• “walking the dog”
• Context: Debussy, Messiaen, Boulez…
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAJLUc33
clA
Quiz: Name the Texture!
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toyvffrYBk
w
• 2)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1a7fyKqX
5Wg
• 3)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w114Pu
l5jxk
II. Medieval-> Baroque Polyphony
1. Contexts
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Madrigals
Motets
Masses
Cantatas
Inventions, Sinfoniae, Canons, and Fugues
2. Important Composers
• 1. Machaut + de Vitry (isorhythm) (14th
century)
• 2. Dufay, Ockeghem, and Josquin (15th
century)
• 3. Thomas Tallis and William Byrd (16th
century)
• 4. Palestrina (16th century)
• 5. J.S. Bach
3. Imitative Polyphony
• Imitation
• Point of imitation
• Interval of imitation
4. Operations
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Inversion
Augmentation
Diminution
Stretto