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The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
PART ONE
The Materials of Music
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Unit I The Elements of Music
Tempo
Conjunct motion
Meter
Melody
Dynamics
Harmony
Homophonic
Texture
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Prelude: Listening to Music Today
• Typical places
and ways of
listening to
music
• Understanding
music requires
active listening
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Some Practical Suggestions
• Practice
• Listening Guides and the Resource CD
• Knowledge of musical notation is not
necessary
• Hear music in a live performance!
• Glossary (Appendix II)
• Listening activities with the Resource CD
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Attending Concerts
• Recordings vs. live concerts
• Art music vs. popular music
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To find a concert, check listings:
• For on-campus concerts (Music Department)
• In local and college newspapers
• On Web sites of concert calendars
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1. Melody: Musical Line
“It is the melody which is
the charm of music, and it
is that which is most
difficult to produce. The
invention of a fine melody
is a work of genius.”
- Haydn
Joseph Haydn
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Defining Melody
Melody:
a coherent succession of single pitches
Billings: “Chester”
Bach: “The Well-Tempered Clavier”
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Note: musical symbol for sound
Half note
Quarter note
Eighth note
Half note
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Characteristics of Melody:Range
“America”
“Greensleeves”
Strauss: Don Juan
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Characteristics of Melody: Contour
Strauss: Don Juan
Mozart: Piano Concerto
Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite
Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker
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Characteristics of Melody
Conjunct Movement:
A smooth, connected melody that
moves principally by small intervals.
Beethoven: String Quartet No. 1
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Characteristics of Melody
Disjunct movement:
A disjointed or disconnected
melody with many leaps.
Brahms: Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III
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The Structure of Melody
Phrase:
A unit of meaning within a larger
structure, like a musical sentence.
Cadence:
A resting place in a musical phrase.
Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I
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The Structure of Melody
Rhyme Scheme:
Poetic phrases and musical phrases
generally align.
Billings: “Chester”
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The Structure of Melody
Countermelody:
An added melody sounding
against another melody.
Prokofiev: Violin Concerto
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2. Rhythm: Musical Time
Rhythm: Length, or duration of individual
notes.
Beat: Regular pulsation.
Accent: Beats that are stronger.
Beethoven: “Turkish March” (duple)
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2. Rhythm: Simple Meter
Duple Meter
Bar line
Measure
Triple Meter
Quadruple Meter
(Common Time)
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2. Rhythm: Meter
Sousa: “Stars and Stripes Forever”
Duple Meter
Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Triple Meter
Vivaldi: The Four Seasons, “Autumn”
Quadruple Meter
(Common Time)
Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV
Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite
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Musical Time
Metrical Patterns: Simple recurring patterns,
typically 2, 3, or 4 beats grouped in a measure.
Downbeats
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Musical Time: Compound Meter
6/8
9/8
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Musical Time: Compound Meter
6/8
Corelli: Violin Sonata, Gigue
9/8
Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring
12/8
Fauré: Pelleas et Melisande, “Sicilienne”
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Musical Time
Syncopation: Deliberate disruption of pattern;
accent shifted to a weak beat or offbeat.
Borodin: Prince Igor, “Polovetsian Dances”
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…”
Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto No. 1
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Musical Time
Polyrhythm: Simultaneous use of different
rhythmic patterns.
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Sacrificial Dance…”
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Musical Time
Additive Meter: Irregular grouping of
beats in a larger pattern.
Shankar: Bhimpalasi
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Musical Time
Nonmetric: Music without a strong
sense of beat or meter.
Gregorian chant: “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”
Gregorian chant: “Venite, exsultemus domino”
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3. Harmony: Musical Space
Vertical aspect of music
Chord
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3. Harmony: Musical Space
Scale: A collection of pitches arranged in
ascending or descending order.
Octave
(descending)
Do ti la sol fa mi re do
8
7 6
5
4 3 2
1
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The Function of Harmony
Triad: three-note chord, do-mi-sol or 1-3-5
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The Organization of Harmony
• Tonic or keynote:
First note of scale (do) is “home base”
• Tonality
Major tonality
Minor tonality
• Diatonic harmony
• Chromatic harmony
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The Organization of Harmony:Tonality
Major Tonality
Haydn: Symphony No. 94, III
Minor Tonality
Chopin: Mazurka
Quiz
Chopin: Prelude
Mendelssohn: Symphony No. 4, I
Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo
Haydn: Symphony No. 45, I
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The Organization of Harmony
Diatonic Harmony
Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, I
Chromatic Harmony
Bach: Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue
Quiz:
“Joy to the World”
Wagner: Tristan und Isolde
Haydn: Trumpet Concerto, III
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Consonance and Dissonance
Dissonance:
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…”
Consonance:
Mendelssohn: Midsummer Night’s Dream, Nocturne
Drone: Shankar: Bhimpalasi
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4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Monophony: Single-line texture, or
melody without accompaniment.
Gregorian chant: Psalm 94, “Venite, exsultemus domino”
Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte…”
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4. Musical Texture:Types of Texture
Heterophony: Texture in which two or
more voices (or parts) elaborate the
same melody simultaneously, often
the result of improvisation.
African traditional, Gabon: “Porter’s Song”
African traditional: “Herding Song”
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4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Polyphony: Two or more melodic lines
combined into a multivoiced texture.
• Nonimitative Polyphony (simultaneous melodies)
Rimsky-Korsakov: “Capriccio espagnol, Fandano asturiano”
Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring
• Imitative Polyphony
Marenzio: “La bella ninfa mia”
Handel: Concerto Grosso in G
Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II
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4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Homophony: Texture with principal
melody and accompanying harmony.
Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II
Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite
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4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
QUIZ:
Monophony - Homophony –Polyphony
American traditional: “America”
Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III
Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 21
Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, III
Billings: “Chester”
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Contrapuntal Devices
• Imitation
– Canon
• Round
– Ex.: “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”
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5. Musical Form:
Structure and Design in Music
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Chopin: Prelude in E
Mozart: Piano Concerto, II
Beethoven: String Quartet in F
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5. Musical Form:
Structure and Design in Music
British traditional: “Greensleeves”
Handel: Keyboard Suite No. 5
Shankar: Bhimpalasi
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Two-Part and Three-Part Form
Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV
British traditional: “Greensleeves”
Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II
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The Building Blocks of Form
Theme: A melodic idea used as a
building block in music.
Thematic development
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Thematic transformation
(Berlioz: Symphony fantastique)
Mvt. I
Mvt. III
Mvt. II
Mvt. V
Mvt. IV
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The Building Blocks of Form: Theme
Sequence
Handel: Concerto Grosso, II
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Motive
Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I
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The Building Blocks of Form
Call and response, or responsorial
African traditional: “Porter’s Song”
Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass
Ostinato
Couperin: “Les barricades misterieuses”
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6. Musical Expression: Tempo and
Dynamics, The Pace of Music
Mozart: Abduction from the Seraglio, Overture
Handel: Sampson, “Let the Bright Seraphim”
Bach, C.P.E., Trio Sonata, I
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6. Musical Expression: Tempo and
Dynamics, The Pace of Music
Glière: “Russian Sailor’s Dance”
Smetana: The Moldau
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Loudness and Softness: Dynamics
Strauss: Don Juan
Prokofiev: Classical Symphony, III
Fauré: Pelleas et Melisande, “Sicileinne”
Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III
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Moving from One Dynamic to Another
Liszt: Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2
Smetana: The Moldau
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Musical Expression:
Shaping the Expressive Content of Music
• Metronome
• Interpretation
Chopin: Fantasie Impromptu (rubato)
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Unit II
Musical Instruments and Ensembles
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7. Voices and Musical Instruments I:
• Musical timbre
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The Voice as a Model
for Instrumental Sound
Soprano
Mezzo Soprano
Schumann: Die Soldatenbraut
Bizet: Carmen, “Habanera”
Alto
Handel: Messiah, “O thou that tellest”
Tenor
Verdi: Rigoletto, “La donna è mobile”
Baritone
Rossini: The Barber of Seville
Bass
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The World of Musical Instruments:
Sachs-Hornbostel System
•
•
•
•
Aerophones
Chordophones
Idiophones
Membranophones
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8. Musical Instruments II
Western Families
• String Instruments (chordophones)
Bowed and plucked
Bowed (rosin)
Violin [video]
Viola [video]
Violoncello (Cello) [video]
Double bass [video]
• “Heart of the Orchestra”
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Special Effects of the Bowed String Family
Legato
Staccato
Pizzicato
Vibrato
Glissando
Tremolo
Trill
Double-stopping
Triple- or quadruplestopping
Harmonics
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Plucked String Instruments
• Harp [video]
Pedals
Arpeggio
• Guitar [video]
Fretted fingerboard
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Woodwind Instruments (Aerophones)
• Played by blowing air into a mouth hole, or
mouthpiece fitted with single or double reeds
• Holes in the body of the instrument
Flute [video]
Piccolo [video]
Oboe [video]
English horn [video]
Clarinet [video]
Bass clarinet [video]
Bassoon [video]
Contrabassoon [video]
Saxophone
Tenor [video]
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Brass Instruments (Aerophones)
• All have metal mouthpiece attached to metal
tubing that flares at the end into a bell
– Mute
• Valves, keys, slides in tubing
• Lips “buzz” and act as double reed
– Embouchure
Trumpet [video]
French horn [video]
Trombone [video]
Tuba [video]
Cornet,bugle [video]
fluegelhorn, [video]
euphonium, [video]
sousaphone
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Percussion Instruments
(Idiophones and Membranophones)
Timpani or
kettledrums [video]
Xylophone [video]
Marimba [video]
Vibraphone
Glockenspiel [video]
Celesta
Chimes or tubular
bells
[video]
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Percussion: Indefinite pitch
•
•
•
•
Snare drum or side drum [video]
Tenor drum
Bass drum [video]
Tom-tom, tambourine [video], castanets [video],
triangle [video], cymbals [video], gong
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Other Instruments
•
•
•
•
Piano (pianoforte) [video]
Electric piano
Organ [video]
Harpsichord [video]
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9. Musical Ensembles
•
Choral Groups
– A cappella singing
– Chorus = large group
– Choir = smaller group
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9. Musical Ensembles
•
Instrumental Chamber Ensembles
– String quartet
– Duo sonata
– Trio, quartet, quintet, etc.
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The Orchestra:
• Western Symphony Orchestra
–
–
–
–
Strings
Woodwinds
Brass
Percussion
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Bands
Wind, Marching, Rock, Jazz
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The Role of the Conductor
•
•
•
•
Leader of large ensembles
Time and tempo
Baton
Interpret
• The concertmaster
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The Orchestra in Action
Benjamin Britten: The Young Person’s
Guide to the Orchestra (Listening Guide)
• Subtitled Variations and Fugue on a
Theme of Purcell
– Theme and 13 short variations
– Fugue based on a fragment of the Purcell
theme
Listening Guide PDF
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10. Style and Function of Music in Society
• Sacred music
• Secular music
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Musical Styles in History
Style
Genre
Medium
Historical periods
Medieval Era
Renaissance Era
Baroque Era
Classical Era
Romantic Era
Twentieth Century
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