Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, and Fungi Chap 18-20
True/False (1 point each)
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____
1. Archaebacteria will appear like gram-negative eubacteria when a gram stain is applied.
____
2. The strain of E. coli in your intestines can be very harmful to your health.
____
3. Acellular slime molds begin the haploid phase as spores.
____
4. Euglena are more plantlike than animal-like.
____
5. Lichen and mycorrhizae are two phyla of the kingdom Fungi.
____
6. Compounds from fungi can be isolated and administered to treat high blood pressure.
____
7. One aspect of fungi that is beneficial to humans is their role as decomposers, returning nutrients into the food
chain.
____
8. Coenocytic fungi have hyphae made of a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei.
This condition results from repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division. These fungi have
aseptate hyphae.
____
9. Budding is the reproductive strategy used by most fungi.
____ 10. One way that fungi are beneficial to humans is that they can act as bioindicators of airborne pollutants when
in a mutualistic relationship called mycorrhizae.
Multiple Choice (2 points each)
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Agricultural manure is a significant waste problem. Even though some of it can be used as fertilizer, it is
produced in excess. The manure not only has a foul odor, but contains pathogens, including harmful bacteria,
that enter the soil and water sources. Recently, a compound isolated from the thyme plant, called thymol, has
been used in farm feedlots where the manure accumulates. Thymol is a natural antiseptic (compound that kills
bacteria) and has proved effective in reducing both the odor and the levels of the harmful bacteria.
____ 11. In what other products do you think thymol could most likely be used in?
a. oven cleaner
c. body lotion
b. mouthwash
d. furniture polish
____ 12. Which type of prokaryote is most likely found in agricultural manure?
a. thermophile
c. halophile
b. autotroph
d. saprotroph
Figure 18-1
____ 13. Figure 18-1 illustrates cell-wall structures of two types of prokaryotes. Which of the following statements
about these prokaryotes is accurate?
a. Type A is an archaebacteria.
c. Type B is in the endospore stage.
b. Type B resists a gram stain.
d. Type A is antibiotic resistant.
____ 14. A food company wanted to develop a new flavor of cheese. To select which type of bacteria to use, what
characteristic of the bacteria should most likely be evaluated first?
a. How quickly it breaks down milkfat.
b. The final taste that would be produced.
c. Whether or not the bacteria is safe for consumption.
d. Whether or not the bacteria occurs naturally in the human body.
____ 15. A teacher wishes to use two simple objects to demonstrate the relative sizes of a typical virus and bacterial
cell. Which two objects should the teacher use for this demonstration?
a. nickel and quarter
c. baseball and softball
b. marble and basketball
d. marble and football field
____ 16. Which is a characteristic of a retrovirus?
a. lacking a capsid
b. RNA genome
c. protein genome
d. capsid of DNA
A student outlined the following steps of the lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection of bacterial cells:
1. Virus lands on host cell.
2. Virus injects the capsid containing its DNA into the cell.
3. Viral DNA is used by bacteria to make virus parts.
4. New viruses are assembled in the bacterial cell.
____ 17. In which step did the student make an error?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
____ 18. What step should the student add as #5 in the outline?
a. The bacterial cell divides.
b. The new viruses release their DNA.
c. The virus becomes a part of the bacteria.
d. The new viruses break out of the cell.
____ 19. Which step would the student need to add to describe a lysogenic cycle?
a. The bacterial wall fuses with the capsid.
b. The bacterial DNA is replaced by the viral DNA.
c. The viral DNA becomes a part of the bacterial DNA.
d. The viral proteins are used to make new viruses.
____ 20. A scientist was trying to determine whether a virus that caused disease in dogs could be transmitted to
humans. Which research procedure was most likely chosen for this project?
a. Study the complete life cycle of the virus in detail.
b. Inject the viral DNA directly into human cells and observe the results.
c. Identify the receptors used on the dog cell and compare them to human cell receptors.
d. Use an electron microscope to determine the precise shape of the outer viral capsid.
____ 21. Scientists around the world have been working to develop a medication to prevent or reduce the spread of
HIV viruses in the body. If a successful medication was produced, which of the following might it most likely
be able to do?
a. Disable reverse transcriptase in all cells.
b. Convert HIV into a provirus.
c. Change the cycle from a lysogenic to a lytic cycle.
d. Bind to all of the T4 receptors.
Figure 18-2
Effects of increasing UV radiation dose on rates of infection by various agents.
____ 22. Which of the following might display data similar to that of scrapie?
a. cancer cells
c. HIV virus
b. bacterial endospores
d. bacterial capsule
____ 23. As far as scientists can tell, prions responsible for mad cow disease are unaffected by the proteases or other
enzymes in cattle that normally dismantle mutated or irregularly built proteins. One research team has isolated
the prion proteins of mad cow disease to try to find a cure. Based on your knowledge of prions, which
experimental approach could most likely be effective in finding a cure in living cattle?
a. Expose the protein to different pH levels.
b. Expose the protein to severe changes in temperature.
c. Identify proteins that bind to and inactivate specific DNA sequences.
d. Test proteases and enzmyes from plants, prokaryotes and other organisms on the protein.
____ 24. Prion-caused diseases have only recently started to receive significant attention from the scientific
community. Many cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease go undiagnosed each year. What is the most likely
reason for these misdiagnoses?
a. Scientists do not agree on the orgin of prion diseases.
b. It is not possible to test for a prion disease.
c. Prion diseases have symptoms similar to other diseases of the brain.
d. Prion diseases only infect people over the age of 65.
____ 25. Toxic spills in bodies of water and on land are difficult to clean up. Scientists have discovered species of
bacteria that are capable of breaking down toxic substances. These bacteria have been very useful in helping
clean up toxic spills. Based on your knowledge of the requirements of different types of bacteria, which type
do you think could most likely be used in these situations?
a. eubacteria
c. halophiles
b. thermoacidophiles
d. methanogens
____ 26. Antibiotic resistance is a common adaptation in bacteria species that were previously killed by a particular
antibiotic. The development of antibiotic resistance involves the occurrence of a mutation in a cell’s DNA that
confers resistance. Mutation is a relatively rare event. What two traits of bacteria, compared to multicellular
organisms, assist in the evolution of antibiotic resistance?
a. small size and large populations
b. simple chromosome and rapid reproductive cycle
c. large populations and rapid reproductive cycle
d. cell walls and small size
____ 27. Prion diseases can be transmitted from human to human if the prions are physically able to move from one
host to the next. If many cases of prion diseases are not diagnosed, in which group of people should extra
caution be taken to avoid spread of the disease?
a. butchers
c. ambulance drivers
b. surgeons
d. family members
____ 28. What are two of the most important eukaryotic features that evolved in protists?
a. multicellularity and sexual reproduction
b. photosynthesis and silica shells
c. pseudopods and cilia
d. spores and microtubules
____ 29. Which habitat is least likely to harbor any species of Protista?
a. desert
c. leaf litter
b. human liver
d. ocean waters
____ 30. You are collecting samples at a lake. You find a protist that is unicellular, has cilia all around it, and a deep
oral groove. This organism can be classified as a(n)
a. amoeba.
c. paramecium.
b. euglena.
d. slime mold.
____ 31. What factor makes the tropics a favorable environment for the spread of malaria?
a. high rainfall
c. common salt water
b. large desert areas
d. long days
____ 32. Red tides can be fatal to humans if they eat
a. eels.
b. shellfish.
c. squid.
d. trout.
____ 33. What is the name for the flexible, tough, outer membrane euglenoids have instead of a cell wall?
a. eye spot.
c. pellicle.
b. mitochondria.
d. vacuole.
____ 34. This protozoan is classified into which phylum?
a. Chlorophyta
c. Euglenophyta
b. Chrysophyta
d. Phaeophyta
____ 35. What will a slime mold develop as a result of altering its life cycle in response to a drought?
a. cilia
c. nuclei
b. flagella
d. sporangia
____ 36. Which of the following is NOT a phylum of fungus-like protists?
a. Acrasiomycota
c. Myxomycota
b. Ciliophora
d. Oomycota
____ 37. Why were water molds originally considered fungi?
a. their life cycle
c. their method of obtaining nutrients
b. their method of movement
d. their structure
____ 38. Which of the following protists is parasitic?
a. ciliate
b. green algae
c. slime mold
d. sporozoan
Table 19-1
____ 39. Based on Table 19-1, how is amoebic dysentery spread from person to person?
a. by drinking contaminated water
c. from the bite of the conenose bug
b. by eating overcooked pork
d. from the bite of the tsetse fly
____ 40. Considering Table 19-1, which of these organisms requires a second host to infect?
a. Entamoeba
c. Phytophthora
b. Trypanosoma
d. Toxoplasma
____ 41. Which of the following does not have cell walls composed of the polysachharide, chitin?
a. beetle
c. moss
b. bread mold
d. yeast
____ 42. During the Revolutionary War, the British lost more ships due to dry rot than to enemy attack. Which kind of
fungus would have been responsible for dry rot?
a. parasitic ascomycete
c. saprophytic ascomyecete
b. parasitic basidiomycete
d. saprophytic basidiomycete
____ 43. Spore production in the sexual life cycle of Zygomycota
a. differs from spore production in the asexual life cycle in that the fungus produces haploid
spores through mitosis.
b. differs from spore production in the asexual life cycle in that the fungus produces haploid
spores through meiosis.
c. occurs when plasma membranes pinch off to separate new haploid spores from parent
cells.
d. occus when a new sporangium grows into a new mycelium.
____ 44. Which of the following undergoes meiosis?
a. bread mold stolons
b. fungal diploid reproductive structures
c. mycelia after they have been broken
d. yeast during asexual reproduction
____ 45. Which of the following plays a role in a sexual reproductive cycle?
a. basidiocarps
c. puffballs
b. conidia
d. haustoria
____ 46. Which of the following lists examples or structures from three different phyla of fungi?
a. stolon, yeast, zygosporangia
b. rhizoids, flagellated spores, fruiting bodies
c. flagellated spores, fruiting bodies, basidia
d. yeast, rhizoids, ascocarps
____ 47. How are ascospores different from conidia?
a. ascospores are the structural units of an ascus, conidia are formed inside sporangia
b. ascospores develop into a diploid mycelium, conidia develop into a haploid mycelium
c. ascospores are produced during asexual reproduction and conidia are produced during
sexual reproduction
d. ascospores are produced during sexual reproduction and conidia are produced during
asexual reproduction
____ 48. Which of the following have two haploid nuclei?
a. basidiospores, ascospores
c. gametangia, conidiphores
b. basidiocarp, ascocarp
d. zygosporangia, gametangia
____ 49. Where are lichens least likely to be found?
a. arctic tundra
b. polluted city
c. tropical rain forest
d. cleared soil after a fire
____ 50. A club-shaped fruiting body sprouting at the base of a growing tree is evidence of what under the surface?
a. a parasitic relationship
c. mycorrhizae
b. a saprophytic relationship
d. rhizoids
Problem (10 points) So answer very thoroughly
51. If, as has been suggested, viruses originated from the parts of other cells. Based on what you know of the
structure of viruses, what strategies would best investigate the cells they are derived from?
Essay (10 points) Answer very thoroughly.
52. A team of scientists conducted a series of experiments on halophiles. They exposed various species to
conditions to those similar to outer space and found they were able to survive these conditions for several
months. Recommend two reasons justifying the value of this research.
Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, and Fungi Chap 18-20
Answer Section
TRUE/FALSE
1. ANS: T
The archaebacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and so will not pick up the gram stain.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 517–519
TOP: 18-1
2. ANS: F
The harmful strain of E. coli is different than the one in human intestines.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 523
TOP: 18-3
3. ANS: T
Acellular slime molds begin the haploid phase as spores, which germinate into amoeboid cells.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 562
TOP: 19-12
4. ANS: F
Euglena show characteristics of both plants and animals since they are both autotrophic and heterotrophic.
When light is not available for photosynthesis, they can absorb dissolved nutrients from their environment.
Neither of these characteristics is more defining than the other.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 556
NAT: LS_1e
TOP: 19-8
5. ANS: F
They are both representative mutualistic relationships in which fungi engage.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 582–589
TOP: 20-4
6. ANS: T
A compound that Claviceps purpurea produces can be used to treat high blood pressure or to stop excessive
bleeding.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 589
TOP: 20-9
7. ANS: T
Fungi decompose organic matter, which makes nutrients available for other organisms in the food web.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 578 | 589–591
NAT: LS_4b
TOP: 20-9
8. ANS: T
Aseptate means “without walls,” meaning the cytoplasm of the hyphae is not divided up.
PTS: 1
TOP: 20-1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 578
9. ANS: F
Most fungi reproduce through spores.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
TOP: 20-3
10. ANS: F
Lichens are useful indicators of air pollution.
PTS: 1
TOP: 20-9
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 580
REF: 588
MULTIPLE CHOICE
11. ANS: B
Mouthwash is the correct answer because many types of bacteria are found in the mouth. The purpose of
using mouthwash is to reduce the numbers of these bacteria.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Are you sure?
You got it!
What is the purpose of lotion?
Try again...
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 524
TOP: 18-3
12. ANS: D
A saprotroph decomposes organic matter most likely to be present in agricultural manure.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Not quite...
Check your definitions!
Look back to page 520.
Excellent.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 520
TOP: 18-2
13. ANS: B
The two cell walls belong to a gram-positive eubacteria on the left and a gram-negative eubacteria on the
right.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Are you sure?
Think carefully before you answer...
Check back to page 519
That's right!
PTS: 1
TOP: 18-2
14. ANS: C
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 519
Bacteria are often still present in products, such as cheese. Safety should always be the top priority before any
other considerations.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
That is important, but....
Think carefully...
Absolutely! Safety first!
Not necessarily...
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 523
TOP: 18-3
15. ANS: B
Viruses range from 0.005–0.3 micrometers, while bacteria range from 1–10 micrometers in size. The marble
and basketball best approach this size difference.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
These are too similar in size.
You got it!
These are too similar in size.
This is too large a size difference.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 18-4
16. ANS: B
A retrovirus has a protein capsid surrounding a RNA genome.
REF: 518 | 525
Feedback
A
B
C
D
All viruses have a capsid.
That's right!
A genome must contain nucleic acids.
Viral capsids are made of protein.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 18-4
17. ANS: B
The capsid is not injected into the host cell.
REF: 526 | 530
Feedback
A
B
C
D
That step is ok...try again.
You have a keen eye for detail! Good job!
Check back to page 529.
You might want to check your definitions!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 18-5
18. ANS: D
Lysis occurs once the new viruses are assembled.
Feedback
REF: 529
A
B
C
D
Not exactly...
Check your details!
Does this happen?
Absolutely!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 529
TOP: 18-5
19. ANS: C
In a lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA combines with the bacterial DNA.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Does this happen in either cycle?
Check your details on page 529.
Excellent!
Not exactly...try again!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 529
TOP: 18-5
20. ANS: C
Viruses can infect host cells only if they can bind to specific receptor cells.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This is a good start, but will it answer the question?
What steps are missing here?
You are highly intelligent!
Not a bad idea, but...
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 527
TOP: 18-5
21. ANS: D
If the medicine bound to the T4 receptors, the HIV virus would not have a place to bind and enter the cell.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Would this be a good idea for all cells?
Would this stop the infection?
Think carefully...
Excellent!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 530
TOP: 18-5
22. ANS: B
Endospores can withstand extreme conditions, including high levels of UV radiation.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Radiation is usually used to treat cancer.
Right!
The virus would likely respond like the phage.
This is a part of typical bacterial cells.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 521
TOP: 18-2
23. ANS: D
It is known that substances from other organisms have been found to be effective sources of treatments and
medicines for many diseases and ailments. Each of the other possibilities is likely to adversely affect the host,
or not affect the prions.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Physiological pH is carefully controlled in living systems.
The temperature changes would affect all proteins in the cow.
Prions are proteins and wouldn't be affected by a DNA-binding protein.
Yes, that is the most likely choice.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 531
TOP: 18-6
24. ANS: C
By causing nerve-cell destruction, portions of the brain of a person with a prion disease are lost. Depending
on which part is infected, often the first signs of the disease resemble other diseases that affect mental
function, such as Alzheimer’s.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
True, but does this answer the question?
Are you sure?
That is correct.
People used to think so...check back to page 531.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 531
TOP: 18-6
25. ANS: A
Water and spills on land would be in the presence of oxygen, which both choices b and d usually cannot
tolerate. Eubacteria are a diverse group that are most commonly found in all areas on Earth.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Excellent!
Can they live in water?
Is there salt everywhere?
Check back to page 517.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 517
TOP: 18-1
26. ANS: C
Both large populations and a rapid life cycle increase the probability of a mutation for antibiotic resistance
occurring.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Large populations help, but small size is no advantage.
A rapid reproductive cycle helps, but the simple chromosome is no advantage.
You got it!
Neither of these factors improves the probability of a mutation.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 518–520
NAT: LS_2c
TOP: 18-2
27. ANS: B
Prions infect the brain. Therefore the group that is most likely to be exposed to the brain are the surgeons in
human-to-human transmission.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Would they be in contact with prions in humans?
Absolutely.
They are not likely to work on the brain...
What part of the body do prions infect?
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 531
TOP: 18-6
28. ANS: A
Protists are the first eukaryotes. Multicellularity evolved in the protists. In addition, many protists have the
ability to reproduce sexually as well as asexually.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
That's correct!
Photosynthesis did not evolve in protists and silica shells are not especially important
for eukaryotes.
Those are adaptations, but not exactly the right answer.
Try again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 542–565
TOP: 19-2
29. ANS: A
Protists thrive in damp or aquatic environments. They can also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
That's correct!
No, this would not work.
Try again. This is a damp environment.
Protists love wet environments!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 544
TOP: 19-1
30. ANS: C
Paramecia are unicellular organisms with oral grooves and cilia. Amoebas do not have cilia. Euglenoids
have flagella, not cilia. Slime molds do not have cilia and are not found in lakes.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Did you consider all the factors?
Close!
That's correct!
Refer to page 547 for further information.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 547
TOP: 19-1
31. ANS: A
Malaria has the greatest impact on tropical regions where high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall favor the
growth of mosquitoes and sporozoans.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
That's correct!
Try again.
Mosquitoes live in freshwater.
Day length has no effect.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 551
TOP: 19-7
32. ANS: B
Red tides are blooms of dinoflagellates. Some species of dinoflagellates produce a potentially lethal nerve
toxin. Shellfish that feed by filtering particles ingest the toxic dinoflagellates from the water. The toxins
become concentrated in tissues of the shellfish. People can become seriously ill and die from consuming
these shellfish.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again!
That's correct!
No, try again.
See page 556 for information.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 556
TOP: 19-9
33. ANS: C
Euglenoids have a flexible, tough outer membrane called a pellicle. The pellicle allows them to crawl through
mud when the water level is too shallow to swim.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
That's not a membrane.
That's an organelle.
That's correct.
Try again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 556
TOP: 19-8
34. ANS: A
The picture is of Spyrogyra, which is a green algae. Green algae are in the phylum Chlorophyta.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
That's correct!
Close! That's yellow-green algae.
Try again.
Return to page 557 for more help with this.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 558
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 19-8
35. ANS: D
When food or moisture becomes limited, the slime mold develops spore-producing structures, called
sporangia. Spores are produced through meiosis and dispersed by wind.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
See page 562 for information.
Try again.
Did you consider all the factors?
That's correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
TOP: 19-12
36. ANS: B
Ciliophora are the ciliates, which are animal-like protists.
REF: 562
Feedback
A
B
C
D
That's cellular slime mold.
That's correct!
See pages 562–564 for more information.
Try again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 562–564
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 19-1
37. ANS: C
Water molds were considered fungi because of their method of obtaining nutrients. Water molds envelop
their food source with a mass of threads. Then they break down the tissue and absorb the nutrients through
their cell walls.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Did you consider all the factors?
Try again.
That's correct.
See page 564 for more information.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 564
TOP: 19-13
38. ANS: D
All sporozoans are parasitic. They infect organisms by living as internal parasites.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Those are heterotrophic.
Green algae are photosynthetic.
Slime molds eat detritus.
That's correct!
PTS: 1
TOP: 19-1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 551
39. ANS: A
Amoebic dysentery is spread by consuming contaminated water or food.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
That's correct!
This doesn't usually cause disease.
Try again!
Look at the chart again for help.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 550
TOP: 19-7
40. ANS: B
Trypanosoma is the only organism that has a requirement for a secondary host—a kind of fly—for it to infect.
Toxoplasma can come from a cat, but a secondary host is not necessary.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Check the chart again!
That's correct!
See page 565 for further information.
Did you consider all the factors?
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 565
TOP: 19-5
41. ANS: C
Insects and fungi have cell walls that are made of chitin. Moss is a plant that has cell walls made of cellulose.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
What do insects have in common with fungi?
Bread mold is a fungus.
You're correct!
Refer to page 577.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 577
TOP: 20-1
42. ANS: D
Saprophytic fungi feed on dead organisms or organic wastes. Saprophytic basidiomycetes are the major
decomposers of wood as they produce enzymes that can break down the complex polymers in wood, such as
lignin.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Wood is a dead organism.
You're on the right track.
Which kind of fungus breaks down lignin, a complex polymer found in wood?
Correct!
PTS: 1
TOP: 20-5
43. ANS: B
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 578 | 586
During sexual reproduction of Zygomycota, the fungi’s diploid, reproductive structure produces haploid
spores by meiosis. In asexual spore production, haploid cells develop through mitosis.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
You are on the right track. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
You are correct.
What is the difference between budding and spore production?
Refer to page 580 for more information.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 580
TOP: 20-6
44. ANS: B
In sexual reproduction, the diploid reproductive structure produces haploid spores by meiosis.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Are stolons reproductive structures?
Correct.
Distinguish fragmentation from sexual spore production.
Distinguish mitosis from meiosis.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 580
TOP: 20-3
45. ANS: A
The mycelia of basidiomycetes periodically reproduce sexually by forming a basidiocarp.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 578 | 581 | 584 | 586
TOP: 20-3
46. ANS: B
Rhizoids are a type of hyphae found in molds of the phylum Zygomycota. Flagellated spores are characteristic
of the phylum Chytridiomycota. Fruiting bodies are the sexually reproducing structure of the phylum
Basidiomycota.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
To which phylum do stolons belong?
You are correct!
What is another name for "fruiting bodies"?
To which family does yeast belong?
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 582–586
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 20-5
47. ANS: D
Ascospores are produced by an ascus when it forms haploid nuclei during sexual reproduction. Conidia are
generated by conidiophores during asexual reproduction.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Where are conidia formed?
Are ascospores diploid?
Please refer to pages 584 and 585.
Correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 584–585
TOP: 20-6
48. ANS: B
Basidiocarps and ascocarps contain two haploid nuclei and are a structure found during sexual reproduction.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Did you consider which phase these are in?
You are correct.
Are gametangia diploid?
Please review the reproduction cycles of Zygomycota carefully.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 583–585
TOP: 20-6
49. ANS: B
Lichens are especially sensitive to airborne pollutants and will often die when air pollution levels rise in an
area.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Please refer to page 588.
You are correct.
Please reconsider its role as a bioindicator.
Pioneer species are often found in harsh environments after a natural disaster.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 588
TOP: 20-7
50. ANS: C
Fungi from the phylum Basidiomycota are in a mutualistic relationship with the tree through the formation of
mycorrhizae.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Please refer to page 589.
Please consider that the tree is still living.
Correct.
Fungi from Zygomycota do not form club-shaped fruiting bodies.
PTS: 1
TOP: 20-8
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 589 | 586
PROBLEM
51. ANS:
Two strategies would make sense, based on the two components of a virus. The first would be to look for
similar genetic sequences to the viral genomes in different organisms. Finding a similar sequence might
suggest a relationship, although it would be important to distinguish cases where the virus genome was added
to the cell’s genome later in time. Another possibility would be to look for the proteins in the protein coat of
the virus in other organisms, these might be easier to identify than the genes that produce them.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 526
NAT: IS_1b
TOP: 18-4
ESSAY
52. ANS:
Possible answers include the possibility of life originating outside of Earth, or the potential of life existing
outside of Earth, or the potential of transporting life outside of Earth.
PTS: 1
TOP: 18-1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 517