CCFI sponsored “Doubling Food
Production in Five Years”
Feb 1-3, 2013
Role of Pesticides in Food grain
Production
G T Gujar
Division Of Entomology
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi
gtgujar@iari.res.in
“No amount of technologies or
external assistance can feed a nation
that does not itself prioritize food
security and agriculture” and Feeding
the world has been possible because of
agricultural technology”
Norman Borlaug.
Estimation of crop losses due to
insect pests
Crops
Yield loss (million
tonnes)
Monetary value of
estimated loss
(million rupees)
Rice
32.2
240138
Cotton
18.9
339660
Oilseeds
4.2
61000
Pulses
2.6
43551
Rapeseed- mustard
1.5
26100
Wheat
4.1
41368
Sugarcane
87.1
70667
Total Crop losses are estimated at Rs 9,00,000 million (Rs 90,000 Crores)
Dhaliwal et al., 2010
Source – Economic Survey – 2009-10
Integrated pest control is a pest
management system that, in the context of
associated environment and population dynamics
of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques
and methods in as compatible a manner as possible
and maintains pest population at level below those
causing economic injury
(FAO, 1972)
Government of India
The national agricultural policy (para 24)
(1985) has laid special emphasis on IPM:
“……Integrated pest management and use of
biotic agents in order to minimize the
indiscriminate and injudicious use of
chemical pesticides, which would be the
cardinal principle covering plant protection”
Pesticide Use in Different Countries
18
World –Pesticide
Production : 2.2 million
ton worth $ 43 billion
India-4th largest
producer
17
Kg/ ha
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
13
11
9.4
6.6
4.6
4.17
2.5
2.4
2.25
1.3
0.57
0.5
Pesticide Usage and Crop Productivity in
different countries
Agrochemical Usage Kg/ha
Productivity MT/ha
13
7
6
5
3
3
2
0.6
USA
China
India
World
Pesticide consumption & Rice or Corn
Yield in different countries-2010
PC Kg/ha
Rice Yield (T/ha)
PC Kg/ha
Maize Yield (t/ha)
14
14
12
9.6
7.5
6.5
6.5
5.4
3.5
3.3
3.1
3
3
2
1.3
1.3
0.57
0.57
India
China
Japan
Pakistan
USA
India
China
Pakistan
USA
Consumption of Pesticides in India
(1955-2001)
Insecticides Usage in Principal crops
Crops
No. of
insecticides
registered
Groups which belongs
Rice
(as on
31/11/2012 )
62
Cotton
79
2
17
6
54
Vegetables
59
3
22
6
28
Wheat
13
0
7
1
5
Soybean
9
0
8
1
0
Total
222
6
78
21
117
OC
OP
Carbamates
Others
1
24
7
30
Source: Compiled from Crop wise directory of CIB
Herbicides usage in Principal crops
Crops
No. of
Herbicides
registered
Groups which belongs
Phenoxy
Aryloxy phenoxy
propinate
Chloroacetamide
Sulfonyl
urea
Urea
Thiocarbamates
others
35
3
3
6
8
0
0
15
Wheat
21
4
5
0
3
2
1
6
Soybean
16
0
5
2
1
0
0
8
Cotton
10
0
2
2
0
1
0
5
Potato
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
Total
85
8
15
10
12
3
1
36
Rice
Source: Compiled Source: Crop wise directory of CIB
Fungicides usage in Principal crops
Crops
No. of
Fungici
des
register
ed
Groups which belongs
DMI
MBI
MBC Dithioca
rmates
Phosphothi
olates
phenylur
eas
others
Rice
30
7
3
2
4
1
1
12
Potato
21
1
0
1
7
0
0
12
Grapes
35
7
0
3
3
1
0
21
Wheat
13
5
0
3
3
0
0
2
Soybean
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
vegetables
23
0
0
3
7
0
0
13
Apple
24
5
0
2
0
0
4
13
149
28
3
14
24
2
5
73
Total
DMI – Demethylation Inhibitors; MBI – melatin Biosynthesis Inhibitors; MBC – Methyl
benzimidazole carbamates
Source: Compiled from Crop wise directory of CIB
Pesticide Usage in different States in India
(2009-10)
Pesticides consumption in tech grade (MT)
10000
9000
Per hectare consumption (gm/ha)
1600
1400
8000
1200
7000
6000
5000
4000
1000
800
600
3000
400
2000
1000
0
200
0
Cost benefit Ratio of pesticide use
Crop
Avoidable loss %
Cost benefit Ratio
Cotton
49-90
1:7
Rice
25-51
1:7
Mustard
35-75
1:12
Groundnut
29-42
1:26
Maize
20-25
1:3
Sugarcane
8-23
1:13
Pulses
40-88
1:4
Vegetables
36-60
1:3-14
Fruits
20-35
1:3
Pesticide Use and Cotton
Productivity in India
Jassid Control and Productivity in
Bt cotton
Treatments
% reduction over
control at 10 DAT**
Seed cotton yield
( q/ha)
Fipronil 5% SC
70.9 (57.50)a
13.5
Spirotetramat 150 OD
42.6 (40.63)de
9.3
Imidacloprid 70% WG
50.0 (45.01) cd
11.1
Buprofezin 25% SC
59.4 (50.51)b
12.2
Spiromesfin 240% SC
46.0 (42.68)de
10.1
Thiacloprid 21.7% SC
37.2 (37.43)g
8.6
53.0 (46.78)c
11.4
-
7.2
Acephate 75% SP
Control( untreated)
*Figures in parentheses are angular tranformed values, Numbers followed by same superscript are not statistically different.
Ramalakshmi et al 2012
Control of mirid bug and productivity
in Bt cotton
Treatments g or ml/Lit
Seed cotton Net
yield (q/ha) Returns
( Rs./ha)
IBC ratio
Acephate 75 WP( 1.0g)
16.18a
41586
19.80:1.00
Fipronil 5 SC( 1.0 ml)
12.11e
30497
13.86:1.00
Nimbecidine 0.03% EC (3.0
ml)
10.95f
27405
12.68:1.00
P..lecanii WP
(1×108conidia/ml)(1.0g)
9.68h
24536
15.33:1.00
Profenophos 50 EC (2.0 ml)
14.17b
34899
10.38:1.00
Buprofezin 25 SC(0.5 ml)
12.49d
31223
12.48:1.00
Untreated check
8.17i
-
Reference: Sugandi & Mallapur (2011)
Control of Insect pests and crop yield of Pusa
Basmati 1401 during kharif 2010
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
3471
3640
3529
3360
Yield (kg/ha)
2781
Control of planthopper and crop yield of Pusa
Basmati 1401 during kharif 2011
Control of insect pests and productivity
in okra during kharif 2009
Treatment
Yield
(t/ha)
Yield gain
Net profit
over
control (Rs./ha)
(t/ha)
Econeem - Fipronil - Cartap
hydrochloride
3.70
1.34
12960.00
Acetamiprid - Fipronil - Cartap
hydrochloride
3.75
1.39
14040.00
Thiamethoxam - Fipronil - Cartap
hydrochloride
3.77
1.41
14240.00
Control
2.36
-
-
* Market price : Okra – Rs. 12/kg; **Cost of input includes cost of labour, insecticides,
appliances etc.
Rakesh Sharma
Pesticide use in Pigeon pea yield and avoidable losses
Treatments
Total pod
damage
(%)
Avoidable
losses
(%)
Yield (q/ha)
Additional
Yield (q/ha)
Carbosulphan
25 EC
31.1
30.3
15.23
4.64
Acetamiprid
20WP
21.6
30.2
15.20
4.60
Indoxacarb 14.5
SC
34.0
26.7
14.48
3.88
Methomyl 40
SP
38.8
25.3
14.19
3.49
Imidacloprid
17.8 EC
18.3
42.7
18.51
7.91
Dimethoate 25
EC
27.0
37.7
17.01
6.42
Control
63.3
-
10.59
Reference: Mishra et al 2012
Scirtothrips dorsalis management different IPM
modules of Capsicum (2009-10)
Modules
Mean number of
thrips/ 5 leaves (Days
after spray)
% Leaf curl (Days
after spray)
Module –I
1.0
47.9
Module- II
0.45
25.0
Module-III
1.2
47.9
Module-I : profenophos – abamectin - NSKE 5% - Verticillium lecanii –
fenazaquin – profenophos - abamectin & NSKE 5%;
Module-II : Imidacloprid - abamectin + dimethoate – acephate – dicofol +
imidacloprid – dimethoate + imidacloprid – imidacloprid + abamectin – Dicofol
+ fenazaquin & abamectin;
Module-III : Imidacloprid – Verticillium lecanii – dimethoate + dicofol –
dicofol – neem – abamectin – thiamethoxan & Verticillium lecanii.
(Nandini et al 2011)
Economics of IPM modules in Groundnut during kharif 2009
Treatment
Module I
(Groundnut+sunflo
wer; N.rileyi+NSKE)
Module II
(Groundnut+
foxtail millet;
emamectin)
Yield
(Rs/ha)
(q/ha) Gross
Returns
(Rs/ha)
Groundnut
30.02
Trap /
Intercrop
5.0
86,300.00
39.95
4.5
1,07,525.00 17,675.00
89,850.00 1:5.1
-
50000.00
33,490.00
Module III
20.00
(farmer’s practiceonly Quinalphos)
Cost
of Net profit C:B ratio
Cultivation (Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)
16110.00
16,510.00
70,190.00
1:4.3
1:2.0
(Yambhatnel et al., 2011)
Combination products
for wide range of pest species
higher efficacy
resistance management
• 12 insecticide mixtures for insect control
• 17 fungicide mixtures for disease control
• 7 herbicide mixtures registered for weed
control
Insecticide Mixtures for BSFB in Brinjal-- KHARIF
2010
Insecticide Schedules
Dose (a.i./ha)
Percent Damage
(W/W)
Triazophos
350
18.84 (25.69)
Triazophos
700
14.97 (22.52)
Deltamethrin
10
21.35 (27.43)
Deltamethrin
20
16.96 (24.25)
Mixtures of the above insecticides
Triazophos +
deltamethrin
360
19.59 (26.24)
Triazophos +
deltamethrin
720
8.44 (16.76)
Control
27.07 (31.33)
C.D. (0.05)
5.42
Insect Resistance Management
Insecticide Resistance is Ubiquitous
More than 500 insect and mite species have evolved resistance
Cost of pesticide resistance is estimated at $ 1 billion annually
IRM
• Cotton bollworms, Jassids, whitefly, planthoppers
resistant to conventional insecticides
• Diamondback moth resistance
• Mohan and Gujar (2003): Crop Protection 22;495
– DBM has shown very high degree of resistance to
Fenvalerate (20,000 ppm-3%)
– Flufenoxuron (18,000 ppm-28%)
– Fipronil (505-fold)
– Cartap (24-fold)
IRM in cotton
Economics of cotton production in the IRM/Farmer Practice.
Particulars
Pooled ( 2005 & 06)
IRM
FP
Average yield ( q/ha.)
21.0
19.6
% increase in yield over Non-IRM villages
7.01
-
No. of sprays
5.0
8.5
% decrease in spray over Non-IRM villages 40.95
-
Cost of spray( Rs./ha.)
2552.5
4162.5
Reduced cost over Non-IRM
villages(Rs./ha.)
1610
-
C:B ratio
1:3.25
1:2.69
Net profit ( Rs./ha.)
28277.5
24032.5
Net profit over Non-IRM villages( Rs./ha.)
4245.0
-
Reference : Bajya et al( 2010)
Sustainable Crop Productivity
in Action
Bt Insecticidal toxins-Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab;
Cry1C; Cry1F and Vip
Herbicide use on herbicide tolerant crops like
soybean, cotton, corn and canola
Soybean
Cotton
Transgenics too compliment Pesticide Use and Pest management
Trait
Area (m
ha)
2008
Area (mha)
2010
Herbicide
tolerant
79
93.9
Double &
triple
stacked
26.9
42.2
Insect
resistant
19.1
Total
125
Trait
$ million in
2007
$ million in
2010
23.9
Herbicides
16,801
17,597
160 m ha
Insecticides 9,367
11,042
Fungicides
8,293
10,565
Others
1,722
1,956
Yield Improvement Potential (%)
140%
130%
30% further losses due to
drought, heat, cold, salinity
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
28%
prevented
losses
due to
pest,
weeds &
diseases
42%
actual
losses
due to
pests,
weeds &
diseases
100%
58%
30%
20%
0%
Yield without
protection
Actual yield
with crop
protection
Attainable yield
without pests
Additional
potential
without abiotic
stress
Source: Bayer Cropscience research, Emkay research
 Use of safe and effective pesticides in
judicious manner in conjunction with
agronomic practices
Pesticide combinations to achieve wide
spectrum of activity and economy
Pesticide use for Insect Resistance
management and as a component of IPM
Thanks
Thanks to
•
Organizers –CCFI, New Delhi
Director and Jt Director (R), IARI,
Dr. Vinay Kalia
Dr. Rakesh Sharma
Dr. Subhash Chander
Dr. Shankarganesh
Dr. Sujithra
Researchers and Students