A.P. U.S. History Exam Review
1900 – 1950
What was
driving US
imperialism
at the end of
the 19th
century?
Where?
1798
What point of view does this illustration reflect?
What is the significance of the inserted map at the lower right?
Directions: For the time period below, list as many people,
groups, organizations, domestic and foreign events, court
cases, publications, etc. related to the corresponding topic.
You will have 3 minutes to prepare your response.
1890 - 1920
Topic – Globalization
Engagement with the rest of the world
including global hegemony, development
of markets, imperialism, and cultural
exchange.
Imperialism and Foreign Affairs
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Big Stick Policy – Roosevelt’s Corollary
to the Monroe Doctrine
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Alfred T. Mahan – Great White Fleet
Panama Canal
Russo-Japanese War
Negotiated an end to the war – Nobel Peace Prize
Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908
- Upheld the “Open Door” Policy in China - Hay
- “Gentlemen’s Agreement” – limited Japanese immigration
to the United States
Imperialism Inequalities
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Sinking of the USS Maine < yellow journalism
Teller Amendment > Platt Amendment
Acquisition of the Philippines < Acquisition of Cuba
Open Door Policy > Roosevelt Corollary
Discussion Prompt
Hypothesis: American imperialism was
contradictory to American idealism.
Respond to this hypothesis with a least
two pieces of historical evidence.
Progressive Era Solutions
to Gilded Age Problems
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Harsh working conditions
Rampant poverty
Trusts/Monopolies
Political corruption
Destruction of the environment
Why were the Progressives more
successful than the Populists?
For example…
Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911
The Progressives
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Progressivism – Square Deal – New Nationalism
Control corporations and protect consumers
Trust-Busting
Muckrakers – Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens (Jacob Riis)
Regulating corporations & railroads (e.g. Elkins Act, Hepburn
Act, Department of Commerce and Labor)
• Consumer Protection The Jungle  Meat Inspection Act of 1906
and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
• Acted to conserve and preserve natural resources (e.g.
Newlands Reclamation Act, US Forest Service, Forest Reserve Act)
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“Dollar Diplomacy”
Mann-Elkins Act
National Parks and Forests
Trust Buster!
16th Amendment
Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909
– splits the Republicans
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Bureau of Mines
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Open Door in China – Closed!
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Pinchot-Ballinger controversy, 1909
(conservation v. reclamation) – splits the Republicans
The Election of 1912
Domestic Affairs
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New Freedom
16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments
Underwood Tariff, 1913
Federal Reserve System, 1913
Federal Trade Commission, 1914
Countered Roosevelt’s New Nationalism with New Freedom
- “triple wall of privilege” = 1. high tariffs 2. unfair banking
practices and 3. monopolies by trusts
Replaced Sherman Act with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
Espionage Act of 1917
Sedition Act of 1918
Rise of the Ku Klux Klan [xenophobia]
Labor Unrest
Social Reforms – Child Labor
For the first time, the
government attempted to
help child labor with the
Child Labor Act. This
was enacted in 1916, but
was struck down as
unconstitutional in the
1918 court case of
Hammer v. Dagenhart
African Americans in the Progressive Era
Although the leaders of the
progressive era were ostensibly the
“champions of democracy”, most
progressive leaders avoided working
to improve the situation for African
Americans.
Leaders such as Wilson were born in
the south and shared the general
prejudice of their time.
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington stressed
black economic development. He
believed that only after establishing
a secure economic base, could
African Americans hope to realize
their goal of political and social
equality.
First President of the
Tuskegee Institute
(1881-1915)
W.E.B. Du Bois
Du Bois disagreed with
Washington. He argued that
political and social rights were a
prerequisite for economic
independence.
His pragmatic approach for
economic advancement and
militant demands for equal rights
framed the debate that continued
throughout the 20th century and
today.
Founded the N.A.A.C.P.
The Decline of Progressivism
By the time the US has entered the great war in Europe, Progressivism
had begun to decline for the following reasons:
- The entry of the US in WWI shifted the public’s eye towards foreign
policy instead of national matters.
- Soon after WWI, the US entered the roaring twenties, an era of great
prosperity. This overshadowed the progressive movement.
Who is the “Best” Progressive?
Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Prompt Analysis
Evaluate the effectiveness of Progressive Era
reformers and the federal government in bringing
about reform at the national level. In your answer,
be sure to analyze the successes and limitations
of these efforts in the period 1900 – 1920.
World War I
The Great War – World War I
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Neutrality Proclamation
Sinking of the Lusitania, 1915
Unrestricted submarine warfare
War propaganda – George Creel
Zimmermann Telegram
“Fourteen Points” – January 1917
Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1920
Public-speaking tour to rally support for the League of
Nation – Lodge Reservations
Bolshevik Revolution – fears of socialism and
communism
The 1920s
A Decade of Contradictions
An Examination of the 1920s:
Was it more
Roaring or Reactionary?
What were the sources of
domestic turmoil during the 1920s?
Did you identify any of the following?
- Red Scare - Communism and Socialism
- A. Mitchell Palmer (Palmer Raids)
- deportation
- Immigration Quota Act
- National Origins Act
- labor strikes (workers and police)
- Nativism - rise of the KKK
- Sacco and Vanzetti (anarchists)
Fear of communism, socialism, and anarchy!
Fear of immigrants and deportation!
Labor Strikes!
Nativism and the rise of the KKK!
Organized Intolerance
• Red Scare – Deportations
- Undercover agents
- Faced with terrorism....bombs, strikes, and violence
- A. Mitchell Palmer – “Raids”
- Supreme Court Gitlow v. New York - anarchy laws
- Schenk v. United States - “clear and present danger”
• Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan
• Immigration restrictions – Emergency Quota Act of
1924
• Prohibition – 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act
The “Return to Normalcy”
"America's present need is not heroics but healing; not
nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration."
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Revenue Act of 1921
Teapot Dome Scandal
Washington Naval Conference
Pardoned Eugene Debs
1922 Fordney-McCumber
Tariff 38.5%
Sacco and Vanzetti
Bureau of the Budget
Ku Klux Klan
Flapper Culture
Harlem Renaissance
Veteran’s Bill
“The business of America is business.”
- Calvin Coolidge
• Coolidge was “distinguished for character
more than for heroic achievement,” wrote
a Democratic admirer, Alfred E. Smith.
• “His great task was to restore the dignity
and prestige of the Presidency when it
had reached the lowest ebb in our history ...
in a time of extravagance and waste....”
The “Roaring Twenties”
Coolidge…Sleeping at the wheel
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Revenue Acts of 1924, 1926, 1928
McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill
Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
Indian Citizenship Act
Radio Act of 1927
Withdrawl of American troops from
the Dominican Republic in 1924
• Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
The
1920s
Xenophobia
Organized
Intolerance
Prohibition…a success?
Leisure
Time!
The Harlem
Renaissance
“Back to Africa”
- Marcus Garvey
“The Lost
Generation”
- Gertrude Stein
“Rugged Individualism”
• Smoot–Hawley Tariff of 1930
• “Black Tuesday” of October 29,1929
- Buying on margin, easy credit
• Bonus Army March
• Federal Farm Board
• “Good Neighbor” policy
• Reconstruction Finance
Corporation (RFC)
• The Great Depression
“Hoovervilles”
Run on the Banks!!
Prices FALL!!
Less EMPLOYMENT
Less Bank LOANS and
More Bank FAILURES
For your consideration…
What is the role of Government in society?
Examine the list of factors below. To what extent does one’s
personal situation impact their response to this question?
•Urban/Rural
•Rich/Poor
•Wall Street [Investors/bankers]/Main Street [small businesses]
According to Carl Degler…
In all our history no other economic
collapse brought so many Americans to
near starvation, endured so long, or
came so close to overturning the basic
institutions of American life. It is
understandable, therefore, that from that
experience should issue a new
conception of the good society.
“HUNGER IS NOT DEBATABLE”
FDR’s Inaugural Address, 1933
“Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself.”
Not Your Fault
“The Evil Money Changers…”
Nothing Wrong with Democracy
Only Reforms Needed
“This Nation will Endure…”
The New Deal
The Goal – Reorganize Capitalism
1. Stabilize the economy – Keynesian economics
2. Provide assistance to the working/lower classes
to halt rebellion
The Broker State
Perhaps the strongest legacy of the New Deal was to
make the federal government…
1. a protector of interest groups, and
2. a supervisor of competition among them.
As a result of the New Deal, political and economic
life became politically more competitive than before,
with workers, farmers, consumers, and others now
able to press their demands upon the government in
ways that in the past had been available only to the
corporate world.
The New Deal
• Philosophy of the New Deal
• “Broker State”
• 100 Days; “alphabet
agencies”
• Second New Deal
• Critics, left and right
• Rise of CIO; labor strikes
• The Welfare State
• The Dust Bowl
• Supreme Court –
Court Packing
• Recession of 1938
• American people in the
Depression
• Social values, women,
ethnic groups
• Indian Reorganization Act
• Mexican-American
deportation – racial issues
Critics of the New Deal
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Father Charles Coughlin
Dr. Francis Townsend
Senator Huey Long
American Liberty League
U.S. Supreme Court
“The Kingfish”
Share Our Wealth Plan
Court- Packing
Controversy
“New Deal” Considerations
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“Rugged Individualism” vs. the Welfare State
[New Deal]
The 1st New Deal vs. the 2nd New Deal
FDR – The great reformer of business and
banking OR champion of workers and farmers?
Prelude to War – Diplomacy in the 1930s
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Good Neighbor Policy: Montevideo, Buenos Aires
London Economic Conference
Disarmament – The Washington Conference
Isolationism: Nye Committee;
Neutrality legislation
Aggressors: Japan, Italy, and Germany - Axis
Appeasement
Rearmament; Blitzkrieg; Cash and carry; Lend-Lease
Atlantic Charter
Pearl Harbor
World War II
World War II
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Organizing for war
Mobilizing production
Propaganda
Internment of Japanese Americans – E.O. #9066
Zoot Suit Riots
Bracero Program
The war in Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean; D-Day
The war in the Pacific: Hiroshima, Nagasaki
Diplomacy
War aims
War-time conferences: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam
Postwar atmosphere; the United Nations
The 1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, or
G.I. Bill of Rights
• Recognized as one of the most significant pieces of social
legislation of the twentieth century
• Enormous effects on both the national economy and its
beneficiaries.
• Academics and politicians credit the benefits offered by the
bill with
– forestalling a widely feared post-World War II economic
depression,
– expanding the home-owning middle class, and
– forever changing the nature of higher education in the
United States.
“The Buck Stops Here!”
From Isolationism to Collective Security
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The Atomic Bomb
The “Fair Deal”; the Taft-Hartley Act
Civil rights – desegregation of the military – Election of 1948
Containment – in Europe and the Middle East
Truman Doctrine – Greece, 1947
Marshall Plan, NATO
Berlin Crisis
Revolution in China – “Losing China”
Limited war: Korea, MacArthur
Domestic frustrations; - McCarthyism!
“Dropping the Pilot”
“Cannon to Right of Him, Cannon to Left of Him”
Thank you!