Team Members:
Mazen Al Suwaidi
Diego T. de Sa
Suliman Alhamidi
Fernando Ramos
Transportation
 Transportation is the physical movement of goods and
people between two points.
 Each of the five modes of transportation exists because of
certain attributes that provide one or more advantages over
the other modes of transportation. The attractiveness of a
particular mode depends on the following attributes: cost,
speed, reliability, capability, capacity, and flexibility.
Transportation Modes
 Airfreight
 Motor Carrier
 Ocean Transportation
 Railroad
 Pipeline
Airfreight
 Air is generally the fastest mode of transportation for
shipments exceeding 600 miles. Air Cargo comprises a
large number of daily flights in the United States and
are operated by private parcel companies such as
FedEx and UPS.
Air Freight Capabilities
 Wearing apparel
 Electronics
 Printed matter
 Machinery and parts
 Cut flowers and nursery stock
 Auto parts and accessories
 Fruits and vegetables
 Metal products
 Photographic equipment
Airfreight Advantages
 Make up lost time
 Perishable products
 Urgent deliveries
Airfreight Disadvantages
 Expensive
 Line-haul cost of airfreight service
 Transportation cost
 Transit time
 Increasing handling costs
 Increasing loss and damage
 Belly freight
Motor Carrier (trucks)
 The trucking industry provides an essential service to
the American economy by transporting large
quantities of raw materials, works in process, and
finished goods over land, typically from
manufacturing plants to retail distribution centers.
Motor Carrier Advantages
 Flexibility
 Ability to deliver the product to the customer
Motor Carrier Disadvantages
 Limitations by highway weight and size.
 Speed limitations and hours-of-service (HOS) rules.
 Highway congestion
The Classifications of Motor
Carriers
 Less than truckload (LTL) - The shipments range from
about 150 to 10,000 pounds.
 LTL carriers include Yellow Freight, Roadway, FedEx
Freight, and ABF Freight System.
The Classifications of Motor
Carriers
 Truckload (TL) - The shipments range grater than
10,000 pounds.
 TL traffic involve only one customer Prominent TL
carriers include Schneider National, J.B. Hunt, Swift
Transportation, and Werner Enterprises.
Motor Carrier Delay
Motor Carrier Delay
 Weather considerations include fog, snow, flooding,
and high winds.
Highway congestion which caused by increased travel
demand include disabled vehicle, accident, and
construction.
Cargo Ships
 A cargo ship, also known as freighter, is one that carries
cargo, goods and materials from one port to another.
 The largest volume of the international trade is carried by
thousands of cargo ships through the world’s oceans, seas
and lakes.
Types of Cargo Ships
Bulk Carriers
 These ships are designed to transport unpackaged
bulk cargo such as cement, ore, grains and coal.
 40% of the world’s
merchant fleets.
Types of Cargo Ships
Container Ships
 These cargo ships carry intermodal containers that can
be carried by land. Containers vary from 20 to 40 feet
in length.
Types of Cargo Ships
Lake Freighters (Lakers)
 Lakers are bulk carriers that transport goods
through the Great Lakes.
• The number of Lakers in
operation has been
reduced due to the Saint
Lawrence Seaway, that
allows access of oceangoing vessels to the
Great Lakes.
Unloading Container Ships
 Port cargo cranes are used to unload containers from
cargo vessels.
The Panama Canal
 A narrow land bridge between North and South
America offered a way of creating a passage between
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
The Panama Canal
 The Panama Canal was built by the United States in
1914 after a failed attempt by the French.
 It has become a fundamental link for the shipping
industry.
Ocean Transportation
 The shipping industry is one of the largest employers
in the nation.
 The largest U.S. ports in the eastern sea border are
New York-New Jersey, Norfolk, Virginia, Philadelphia
and Baltimore.
 In the Gulf of Mexico, Houston leads.
 The largest port in the Mississippi is New Orleans.
 On the west coast, the largest ports are SeattleTacoma, San Francisco, Long Beach and Los Angeles.
Railroads
 Freight trains benefits the nation’s economy,
transportation system and environment. However, its
use is reduced by lack of flexibility, often by the need
of transshipment at both ends of the trip due to lack of
tracks to the point of pick-up and delivery. Authorities
often encourage the use of cargo rail transport due to
its environmental profile.
U.S. Domestic Freight Movement
Source: TRANSEARCH
Rail Types of Freight Services
 Bulk Unit Train
 Moves very high volumes of a single commodity
 Coal, grain, minerals and waste
 One way (shipper to receiver)
 Mixed Carload
 Moves a diverse range of commodities.
 Chemicals, food products, forest products, metals, auto parts, waste
and scrap.
 One way (shipper to receiver)
 Intermodal (container, trailer and automobile)
 Moves truck trailers
 Almost anything that can be pack in a truck or container like: finished
consumer goods, refrigerated foods, tools and parts for manufacturing
and raw materials.
 Two way
Example of Bulk Unit Train
Example of Carload Train
Example of Intermodal Train
Railroads Advantages
 Rail adds transportation system capacity and reduces
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highway costs
Rail promotes economic development and
productivity
Rail supports international trade
Rail is more fuel efficient and generates less air
pollution per ton mile than trucks
Rail improves safety and security by offering a
naturally separated right-of-way for freight.
Reduces truck travel, congestions, and highway costs.
Railroads Disadvantages
 Railroads currently are used primarily to haul bulk
quantities of cargo and intermodal containers over
long distances. Unless a manufacturing facility has a
direct connection to the railroad, the remainder of the
trip must be handled by truck. With today's demand
for “just in time” freight, shipment by rail sometimes
cannot meet the rapid and flexible demands of
industry.
Pipelines
 One of the advancements humans have made in recent
history is the ability to transport liquids and gases via
the use of pipelines. Pipelines decrease both the
amount of time and labor it would take to displace a
liquid or gas from one destination to another.
Basic Facts
 Roughly 200,000 miles of liquid pipeline in the United
States.
 Size from 3 to 48 inch, Lengths 1 to 2000 miles.
 Constructed mainly of carbon steel
What Pipelines Move
 Crude Oil as raw materials (onshore and offshore)
 Intermediates/ Chemicals from one location to
another in manufacturing
 CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery
 Finished products- gasoline, diesel, jut fuel, etc.