The Accounting Cycle:
Accruals and Deferrals
Chapter 4
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Adjusting Entries
Adjusting
entries are
needed whenever
revenue or expenses
affect more than one
accounting
period.
Every
adjusting
entry involves a
change in either a
revenue or expense
and an asset
or liability.
4-2
Types of Adjusting Entries
 Converting
assets to
expenses
 Accruing
unpaid
expenses
 Converting
liabilities to
revenue
 Accruing
uncollected
revenue
4-3
Converting Assets to Expenses
End of Current Period
Prior Periods
Transaction
Paid cash in
advance of
incurring
expense
(creates an
asset).
Current Period
Future Periods
Adjusting Entry
 Recognizes portion
of asset consumed
as expense, and
 Reduces balance of
asset account.
4-4
Converting Assets to Expenses
$2,400 Insurance Policy
Coverage for 12 Months
$200 Monthly Insurance Expense
1 Jan.
31 Dec.
On 1 January, Webb Co. purchased a
one-year insurance policy for $2,400.
4-5
Converting Assets to Expenses
Initially, costs that benefit more than one
accounting period are recorded as assets.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
1
Account Titles and Explanation
Jan Unexpired Insurance
Cash
Debit
Credit
2,400
2,400
Purchase a one-year insurance policy.
4-6
Converting Assets to Expenses
The costs are expensed as they are
used to generate revenue.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Monthly Adjusting Entry for Insurance
31 Jan Insurance Expense
Unexpired Insurance
200
200
Insurance expense for January.
4-7
Converting Assets to Expenses
Balance Sheet
Cost of assets
that benefit
future periods.
Income Statement
Cost of assets
used this period to
generate revenue.
Unexpired Insurance
1/1 2,400 31/1
200
Bal. 2,200
Insurance Expense
31/1
200
4-8
The Concept of Depreciation
Depreciation is the systematic allocation of
the cost of a depreciable asset to expense.
Fixed
Asset
(debit)
On date
when initial
payment is
made . . .
Cash
(credit)
The asset’s
usefulness is
partially
consumed
during the
period.
Depreciation
Expense
(debit)
At end of
period . . .
Accumulated
Depreciation
(credit)
4-9
Depreciation Is Only an Estimate
On 2 May 2009, JJ’s Lawn Care Service
purchased a lawn mower with a useful
life of 50 months for $2,500 cash.
Using the straight-line method, calculate
the monthly depreciation expense.
Depreciation
Cost of the asset
expense (per =
Estimated useful life
period)
$50 = $2,500
50
4-10
Depreciation Is Only an Estimate
JJ’s Lawn Care Service would make the
following adjusting entry.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
31
Account Titles and Explanation
May Depreciation Expense: Equipment
Debit
Credit
50
Accumulated Depreciation: Equipment
50
To record one month's depreciation.
Contra-asset
4-11
Depreciation Is Only an Estimate
JJ’s $15,000 truck is depreciated over 60
months. Calculate monthly depreciation and
make the journal entry.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
31 May Depreciation Expense: Truck
Debit
Credit
250
Accumulated Depreciation: Truck
250
To record one month's depreciation.
$15,00060 months = $250 per month
4-12
Depreciation
Is Only
an Estimate
JJ's Lawn
Care Service
Partial Balance Sheet
Accumulated
depreciation
would
May
31, 2001
appear on theAssets
balance sheet as L
Cash
$ 3,925 N
follows:
Accounts receivable
75 A
Equipment
$ 2,500
Less: Accum. depr.
50
2,450
Truck
$ 15,000
Ow
Less: Accum. depr.
250 14,750 J
To
Cost - Accumulated Depreciation = Book Value
4-13
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
End of Current Period
Prior Periods
Transaction
Collect cash in
advance of
earning revenue
(creates a
liability).
Current Period
Future Periods
Adjusting Entry
 Recognizes portion
earned as revenue,
and
 Reduces balance of
liability account.
4-14
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
$6,000 Rental Contract
Coverage for 12 Months
$500 Monthly Rental Revenue
1 Jan.
31 Dec.
On January 1, Webb Co. received $6,000 in
advance for a one-year rental contract.
4-15
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
Initially, revenues that benefit more than one
accounting period are recorded as liabilities.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
1 Jan Cash
Unearned Rent Revenue
Debit
Credit
6,000
6,000
Collected $6,000 in advance for rent.
4-16
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
Over time, the revenue is recognized
as it is earned.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Monthly Adjusting Entry for Rent Revenue
31 Jan Unearned Rent Revenue
Rental Revenue
500
500
Rental revenue for January.
4-17
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
Balance Sheet
Liability for
future periods.
Unearned Rental Revenue
31/1
500
1/1 6,000
Bal. 5,500
Income Statement
Revenue earned
this period.
Rental Revenue
31/1
500
4-18
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
End of Current Period
Prior Periods
Current Period
Adjusting Entry
 Recognizes expense
incurred, and
 Records liability for
future payment.
Future Periods
Transaction
Pay cash in
settlement of
liability.
4-19
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
$3,000 Wages
Expense
Monday,
29 May
Wednesday,
31 May
Friday,
2 June
On 31 May, Webb Co. owes wages of
$3,000. Payday is Friday, 2 June.
4-20
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
Initially, an expense and a liability are
recorded.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
31 May Wages Expense
Wages Payable
Debit
Credit
3,000
3,000
To accrue wages owed to employees.
4-21
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
Balance Sheet
Liability to be
paid in a future
period.
Wages Payable
31/5 3,000
Income Statement
Cost incurred this
period to generate
revenue.
Wages Expense
31/5 3,000
4-22
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
$5,000 Weekly Wages
$3,000 Wages
Expense
Monday,
29 May
$2,000 Wages
Expense
Wednesday,
31 May
Friday,
2 June
Let’s look at the entry for 2 June.
4-23
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
The liability is extinguished when the
debt is paid.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
2 June Wages Expense (for June)
Wages Payable (accrued in May)
Cash
Debit
Credit
2,000
3,000
5,000
Weekly payroll for 29 May - 2 June
4-24
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
End of Current Period
Prior Periods
Current Period
Adjusting Entry
Recognizes revenue
earned but not yet
recorded, and
Records receivable.
Future Periods
Transaction
Collect cash in
settlement of
receivable.
4-25
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
$170 Interest
Revenue
Saturday,
15 Jan.
Monday,
31 Jan.
Tuesday,
15 Feb.
On 31 Jan., the bank owes Webb Co.
interest of $170. Interest is paid on the
15th day of each month.
4-26
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
Initially, the revenue is recognized and
a receivable is created.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
31 Jan Interest Receivable
Interest Revenue
Debit
Credit
170
170
To recognize interest revenue
4-27
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
Balance Sheet
Receivable to
be collected in a
future period.
Interest Receivable
31/1
170
Income Statement
Revenue earned
this period.
Interest Revenue
31/1
170
4-28
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
$320 Monthly Interest
$170 Interest
Revenue
Saturday,
15 Jan.
$150 Interest
Revenue
Monday,
31 Jan.
Tuesday,
15 Feb.
Let’s look at the entry for 15 February.
4-29
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
The receivable is collected in a future
period.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
15 Feb Cash
Debit
Credit
320
Interest Revenue (for February)
150
Interest Receivable (accrued 31 Jan)
170
To record interest received.
4-30
Accruing Income Taxes Expense:
The Final Adjusting Entry
As a corporation earns taxable income, it
incurs income taxes expense, and also a
liability to governmental tax authorities.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
31 Dec Income Taxes Expense
Income Taxes Payable
Debit
Credit
780
780
Estimated income taxes applicable to
taxable income earned in December.
4-31
Adjusting Entries and Accounting
Principles
Costs are matched with revenue
in two ways:
 Direct association of costs
with specific revenue
transactions.
 Systematic allocation of costs
over the “useful life” of the
expenditure.
4-32
The Concept of Materiality
An item is “material” if knowledge of the
item might reasonably influence the
decisions of users of financial statements.
Many companies
immediately charge
the cost of
immaterial items to
expense.
Light bulbs
Supplies
4-33
Effects of the Adjusting Entries
Income Statement
Adjustment
Type I
Converting Assets to Expenses
Type II
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
Type III
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
Type IV
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
Revenue Expenses
Profit
Balance Sheet
Assets
Liabilities
Equity
No effect Increase Decrease Decrease No effect Decrease
Increase No effect Increase No effect Decrease Increase
No effect Increase Decrease No effect Increase
Decrease
Increase No effect Increase Increase No effect Increase
4-34
Adjusted Trial Balance
JJ's Lawn Care Service
Adjusted Trial Balance
31 May 2009
Cash
$
3,925
Accounts receivable
75
Tools & equipment
2,650
Accum. depreciation: tools & eq.
$
50
Truck
15,000
Accum. depreciation: truck
250
Notes payable
13,000
Accounts payable
150
Share capital
8,000
Dividends
200
Sales revenue
750
Gasoline expense
50
Depreciation exp.: tools & eq.
50
Depreciation exp.: truck
250
Total
$
22,200 $ 22,200
All balances
are taken from
the ledger
accounts on
31 May after
preparing the
two
depreciation
adjusting
entries.
4-35
End of Chapter 4
4-36