Unit 4
Multiculturalism, Identity, and Politics
27 October 2004
Lesson structure
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Presentation (AQCI) on Birch- cont.
presentation on Cornell (race+ethnicity)
Quiz
Multiculturalism – context
Multicultiralism - definitions and concepts
Identity politics incl. negative connotations
Activity 1: Readings (Malik, Rex, Kuper)
Activity 2: ICARE text on UK (PC + gypsies, race)
QUIZ
Just one question to torture your
memory…
Referring to the reader
what is the difference
between multicultural and
plural societies?
Furnivall in all three texts
MC- Context
V. Parrillo: three models of minority integration:
• Assimilation (majority- comformity)
• Amalgamation (melting pot)
• Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism)
Multiculturalism = diversity + cooperation
Parrillo, 1997
Assimilation
• cultural (acculturation)
• marital
• structural (entrance into host society at
all levels)
Milton Gordon in Parrillo, 1997
• Voluntary vs forced
• assimilation trap, double bind (Baubeck)
Melting Pot (MP) Theory
1782 de Crevecoeur: „new breed of humanity“
1893 Fred. Turner- frontier thesis „…merging…
new product which held the promise of world
brotherhood“
1952 triple melting pot: Protestant, Catholic,
Jewish
Etc.
MP = Anglocomformity (Parrillo 1997: 59)
context – cont.
Eva Sobotka: policies twds the Roma in CEE:
• Exclusion
• Assimilation
• Co-existence
• Multiculturalism
Sobotka, 2003
Segregation vs separation
Assimilationist model
DIFFERENCE
DEFICIT
ASSIMILATION
ASSIMILATION
COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES
Does the individual fit
into the System or ‘Institution’?
Curriculum (Multiculturalism)
model
Cultural Effects
CULTURES
LIFESTYLES
ATTITUDES
PLURALIST
PLURALIST
TOLERANCE AND HARMONY
Does the organisation of this ‘institution’
recognise Diversity ?
Equity/Rights Model
Social and Political Effects
EQUITY
PARTICIPATION
ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
LIFE CHANCES
Are people enabled in this ‘institution’?
Do the structures allow for
achievement, growth and opportunities?
Multiculturalism
• Descriptive
• Normative- see bellow
• Government policy
(Canada, Australia)
• Institutional policies
(UK – racial equality,e.g. CERES)
Forms of MC (Parekh, 2001)
degree & content of minority claims re.
diversity or culturally embedded difference
• Subcultural diversity: e.g. Gays and Lesbians
(share dominant values, want to pluralise existing
cultures and lifestyles)
• Perspectival diversity: e.g. feminists (criticize
main principles or values of dominant culture)
• Communal diversity: e.g. national minorities,
immigrants, indigenous people (their own different
systems of beliefs and practices)
MC and/or MC society displays:
either 1+2+3 + other diversity or 2+3, or only 3
Cont.
• The term “multicultural” refers to the fact of
cultural diversity,
• the term “multi-culturalist” to a normative
response to that fact.
Parekh 2001: 6
Concepts and approaches to MC
• Conservative
(diversity as a deficit, communit., value of family,
performance). Schlessinger,1992, Disuniting America or Heider, Pim
Fortuin
• Left essentialist
(Afrocentrism, also comm., rigidity, denies the
social construction of race, af. heritage, authenticity, romanticising,
separation autonomy,quotas, collective rights, clash of civilisations)
• Liberal (natural equality, lack of opportunities, mtdl. individualism
not structural problems and issues of power, decontextualisation,
depolitisation)
but procedural liberalism vs communitarian liber. –
Kis, Taylor, Kymlicka (see also politics of recognition)
• Pluralist - salad bowl (exoticism, affirmation) vs melting pot,
diversity is value per se, stereotypes, promises emancipation but
provides only ps affirmation instead of political equality
• Critical MC (Frankfurt School, power, emancipation, soc.
justice, self reflection)
• Antiracist (life chances - CERES)
• Reflexive (Ali Ratansi – Derrida + Giddens)
• Cosmopolitan
• Ethnicity as habitus (Bourdieu)
• Hybridity (H. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, St. Hall) rooting vs
shifting
(see S. May, P. McLaren, etc)
Will Kymlicka
(2002) Contemporary political Philosophy, An
Introduction, OUP, 2nd ed. – new chapter on MC
(1995) Multicultural Citizenship: a liberal theory
of minority rights, OUP
(2001) Politcs in the Vernacular, OUP
(2001) with Magda Opalski (eds.) Can Liberal
Pluralism be Exported?, OUP
2000 with Wayne Norman (eds) Citizenship in
Diverse Societies, OUP
Kymlicka
1. MC and concept of Citizenship - group
differentiated rights (I.M.Young). Politics of redistribution& of
recognition (Frazer) –politics of equal dignity (Autonomy)
&politics of difference (Authenticity) (Taylor)
2. MC and minority rights
3. MC and political philosophy - Stages :
• communitarian
• liberal
• nation building – whom to include?
Multicultural Policy target
groups/requirements
• Indigenous (Nunavat, Sami)- polit. autonomy
• National minorities (Canada, Europe)- cult.&ling. aut.
• Legal immigrants (USA, Australia) – domin. inst. and lang
– fair treatment
• Irregular & illegal immigrants – denizens/metics
• AfroAmericans
• Roma, Ch. Jews, Amish, etc
See Unit 3
Multiculturalism – cont.
Integration, inclusion (inclusive education, AE,
MCAE), equity/ rights, ethnocultural justice
Intercultural vs multiculrural / crosscultural
Separate but equal
Equality - diversity
Affirmative action
Identity politics
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Mobilisation
Ethnobusiness
Abuse of political power?
Heterogenous groups
Essentialist & primordial identity
Identity politics –
G. Schopflin (2000) Nations, Identity, Power
Activity 1
• In groups of four discuss the reading
assignement (Malik, Rex, Kuper):
• Which text is most relevant to the
current political situation in the world/ in
Europe?
• Have you learned anything new about
the concept of „the Other“ ?
Activity 2
Read the ICARE text on UK CRE and discuss
the PC context
• the Roma vs Gypses, gypsies, gipsies
• issue of race