Environmental Impacts Assessment for
GSM radiated power and FM Radio
Broadcasting in Baghdad
Eng. Jawad Al-Aboudi
Environmental Research Center
Environment and Water Directorate / Ministry of Science and Technology
Baghdad, IRAQ
This presentation includes:
-The effects of EMF exposure
- Previous research and studies results
- International limits and local limits
- Local researches in EMF exposure assessment
- Recommendations and suggestions
“Higher the frequency deeper the effect”
Increasing Frequency
Radio Frequency (natural, man made)
Effect: Molecular rotation and torsion results in heating, mainly due to
power absorbed by tissue. IT IS NON IONIZING
Infrared – Warming of skin surface, non ionizing
Visible – Electron level changes, non ionizing
Ultra violet – Ionizing but skin deep effect (Sunburn)
X-ray (medical, TV screens) - Ionizing effect (deep)
Nuclear (natural / power plants) – Ionizing effect, radiation hazard
is deeper and risk of cancer)
Gamma ray (radioactive process) - Ionizing effect (risk of mutation
and cancer)
Base Stations and Headsets Mobile Radio Systems Radiation: Analysis, Mitigation and Simulations Techniques
Professor JACOB GAVAN (Fellow IEEE)
Holon Institute of Technology (H.I.T)Faculty of Engineering – Dept of Communication Engineering
Temperature distribution after 3 minute of cell phone call, Thermal Effect
ICNIRP exposure limits ( for limited exposure time)
ICNIRP Limits compared with other standard limits
General public exposure limits
ANSI
ICNIRP
6 W/m2
-
4.5 W/m2
41.25 v/m
0.111 A/m
12 W/m2
-
9 W/m2
58.33 v/m
0.157 A/m
ARPANSA
4.5 W/m2
41.1 v/m
0.1092 A/m
9 W/m2
58 v/m
0.1544 A/m
FCC
IEEE
GSM type
6 W/m2
-
6 W/m2
-
900MHz
10 W/m2
-
12 W/m2
-
1800MHz
Professional workers limits
ANSI
ICNIRP
ARPANSA
FCC
IEEE
GSM type
30 W/m2
-
22.5 W/m2
90 v/m
0.24 A/m
22.5 W/m2
92.1 v/m
0.2442 A/m
30 W/m2
-
30 W/m2
-
900MHz
50 W/m2
-
45 W/m2
127.28 v/m
0.339 A/m
45 W/m2
130 v/m
0.3453 A/m
50 W/m2
-
60 W/m2
-
1800MHz
Overview of Al-Sader City (Baghdad), a case study (1)
Mobile phone tower distribution in (Sector 5)
Over view of Al-Binouk section (Baghdad), a case study (2)
Overview of AlShaab city, a case study (3)
2.5
2
EMF Exposure (GSM) case study 5
Exposure level V/m
1.5
1
0.5
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
tower
A
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Distance, meter (Tower A as reference point)
tower
B
90
Measurements in AlSader city (Percentile)
Exposure level V/m
-50
6
4
5.652
2
0
1
1
0.1
0.2
1.068
1.134
1.24
1.46
1.521
1.66
2.347
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
percentile
0.99
100
110
120
130
7.18
Statistical calculations for Al-Sader city
8
7
6
5
4
3
1.394228956
1.523174253
1
2
1.008114316
1.24
1.584342105
1
0
harmonic mean
geometric mean
minimum
standard
deveation
median
average
max
Measurements in Wasit Governorate, case study(4)
Measurements in Iraq compared with international limits
ANSI
ICNIRP
ARPANSA
47.56 V/m
41.25 V/m
41.1 V/m
FCC
IEEE
Iraq, Wasit (Peak)
Iraq, Baghdad(Peak)
47.56 V/m
47.56 V/m
7.76 V/m
7.18 V/m
Measurements in Iraq compared with local limits in some countries
new south
Wales
Check
Austria
newzealand
0.0614 V/m
9.51 V/m
0.614 V/m
27.45 V/m
Poland
6.14 V/m
Russia
Italy
Iraq,
Wasit (Peak)
Iraq,
Baghdad(Peak)
2.74 V/m
6.14 V/m
7.76 V/m
7.18 V/m
Measurements in Wasit and Baghdad Governorates
Date
Average
Peak value
Location
22/1/2012
1.8441 V/m
7.76 V/m
Wasit
15/5/2011
1.584 V/m
7.18 V/m
Baghdad / AlSader
24/10/2010
1.76 V/m
5.52V/m
Baghdad / Binouk
GSM Tower distribution in Paris, (Nedhif, 2008)
Measurement in Iraq and some countries
Peak
Researcher
power
Country
density
mW/m2
(Humann, 2007)
100
Germany
(Alshebili, 2009)
100
KSA
MOST
81
Baghdad
(Arnelli, 2000)
23.87
Italy
(Mimozal, 2007)
15.66
Kosovo
(Muhammad, 2005)
16.6
Palestine
(ECOST, 2003)
8.3
Malaysia
(Kummar, 2009)
6.366
India
(Neubauer, 2001)
39.6
Austria
Number of towers in Baghdad and Paris for the same area
Baghdad/Binouk
Baghdad/Alsha’ab
Paris
18
22
12
Exposure limits according to frequency, Hz
International Exposure limits for Radio and TV Broadcasting
UHF
VHF
FM
AM
ICNIRP
1.375xf 0.5
28
28
78/f 0.5
IEEE
2xf 0.5
27.5
27.5
823.8/f
ASNI
2xf 0.5
27.5
27.5
824/f
FCC
2xf 0.5
27.5
27.5
824/f
ARPANSA
3.07xf 0.5
61.4
61.4
61.4
F= frequency in MHz
Exposure levels classification
Low:
Medium:
High:
Extreme:
OEKOTEST, 2001
10uW/m2 = 0.0614 v/m
10- 100 µw/m2 = 0.0614 – 0.2 v/m
above 100 µw/m2 = above 0.2 v/m
10000 – 100000 µw/m2 = 1.94 - 6.14 v/m
In 2011, Iraqi MOEN issued instructions and
recommendations represent the requirements for the
environmental agreement for new TV and Radio
broadcasting stations, according to these local instructions,
the broadcasting stations classified as an environmental
pollutants (Grade C)
Iraqi local limits (MOEN)
Broadcasting type
Exposure limits,
mW/cm2
AM
(100-180)/f2
FM
0.2 (27.5 V/m)
VHF
0.2 (27.5 V/m)
UHF
1 - 1500/f2
TV & Radio Broadcasting Stations in Iraq
Broadcasting type
Iraq
Baghdad
FM
113
31
AM
7
4
TV (UHF)
27
10
TV (Satellite)
31
23
Statistical calculations of selected Radio stations in Baghdad
measurements
Min
V/m
Max
V/m
Mean
V/m
Std.
Deviation
Iraqia
97
60
1
1.07
4.95
3.55
2.17
2.1
0.792
0.693
Summaria
26
1.96
7.19
3.584
1.245
Al-Ahd
317
1.74
20.17
5.174
2.04
Al-Salam
42
1
4.83
2.746
1.053
Al-Jawadain
52
1
8.09
2.582
1.834
Al-Mustaqbal
93
1.07
8.93
3.003
1.171
Al-Balagh
55
1.07
8.24
2.943
1.284
Station
Alfura’at
Statistical findings of Alfoura’at broadcasting station
N
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Statistic
Statistic
Statistic
Statistic
Exposure level V/m
97
Valid N (listwise)
97
3.95
1.00
Mean
Statistic
4.95
Std. Error
2.1707
Alfoura’at Broadcasting station in Baghdad, case study (5)
.08042
Std. Deviation
Variance
Statistic
Statistic
.79203
.627
Statistical analysis of Alfoura’at Broadcasting station in Baghdad
FM radiation Peak exposure in Baghdad compared with international limits
Limits
EMF level, V/m
ICNIRP
28
IEEE
27.5
ASNI
27.5
FCC
27.5
ARPANSA
61.4
Local limits
27.5
Peak measurement
20.17
FM radiation Peak exposure in Baghdad compared other studies
Location
Slovenia (Valic, 2012)
Switzerland, (Theodoros, 2009)
Germany (Schmiedel , 2008)
Belgium (Wout, 2010)
Bulgaria, (Theodoros, 2009)
France, (Theodoros, 2009)
USA, (NRPB, 2003)
IRAQ , Baghdad
MAX EMF Exposure V/m
8.0
0.41
7.742
1.7
0.247
1.43
6.0
20.17
Conclusions and suggestions:
1. All measurements are below the international standard limits, but, they are
higher than local limits of some counties.
2. The international limits are protect the professional workers and publics
from EMF thermal effects, we are looking forward for new international
standard limits considering the non-thermal effects
3. In Iraq most of GSM towers are fixed on the top of the citizen’s houses.
4. The better use of mobile phone the lower exposure level
5. Child should avoids the use of mobile phone
6. More knowledge to the possible impacts of EMF exposure including the
best use of mobile phone should be included in educational text books in
primary schools
7. Workers close to FM transmitters should periodically replace each other to
avoid continuous exposure.
8. All people and workers who are work or live near GSM or FM transmitters
must be subjected to free medical examinations.
9. All types of tower that’s transmitted EMF energy must be fixed away from
houses, schools and child health care centers as far as possible.
10. High power Radio and TV transmitters should be far from studio, workers
and office
11. Radio and TV frequency band had the lower international standard limits
12. All measurements are implemented with normal human height (1.75 cm),
higher readings expected in upper levels
13. Most of FM radio station in Baghdad located in crowded residential areas