Lutheran Church
Priesthood of all
No ‘Religious Life’
Married clergy
No Pope
A ‘National’ Church
2 Sacraments
Baptism/Eucharist
No ‘Mass’
Different view of ‘Real
Presence”
Vernacular Bible and Worship
Stress on Preaching
Good Works – rejected
(eg. Fasting, pilgrimages,
indulgences, etc.)
Catholic Church
Hierarchical priesthood
Religious Life
Celibacy
Authority of Pope and Bishops
A Universal Church
7 Sacraments
Mass
Christ actually present in the
Eucharist
Latin (until 1960s)
Stress on Tradition & Authority
Value of faith and working out
your salvation through ‘good
works’
AUTHORITY - POPE & BISHOPS
FAITH & WORKS
SCRIPTURE & TRADITION
SCRIPTURE ALONE
GRACE ALONE
FAITH ALONE
Lutheran Church
Catholic Church
John Calvin (1509 – 1564)
1. What does the term
“Predestination” mean for
Calvin?
2. Why can Catholics not
accept Calvin’s teaching
about Predestination?
3. In Catholic teaching, what
is there, aprart from
Scripture, that contributes
to our knowledge of
salvation?
Huldrych Zwingli (1484 – 1531)
1.List the main points
of Zwingli’s
programme of
reform
2.In what ways did his
proposals go against
Catholic teaching
and doctrine?
Three Major Protestant Streams
Lutheran
Calvin
Anglican
Lutheranism
Key event: publication of Luther’s 95 Theses in 1517
• Human beings have fallen nature. Only faith
brings salvation
• Primacy of the Bible. Encourages individual
interpretation of scripture
• Accepts only the sacraments of baptism and
Eucharist. Believes in consubstantiation – body
and blood of Christ coexist with the bread and
wine which do not change
• Rejects: holy days, fast days, honoring saints,
indulgences, the rosary, monasticism, the other
five sacraments
Calvinist
Key event: publication of Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian
Religion in 1536
• Human nature is utterly depraved
• The doctrine of predestination. Christ died only for the
elect. The elect cannot resist God’s grace. Nor can they
backslide
• Accepts only baptism and eucharist. Believes only in
Christ’s spiritual presence in the eucharist. Encourages
Bible reading, sobriety, thrift, capitalism, and a strict
Sabbath observance. Stresses the priesthood of all
believers and democracy in the church
• Rejects: whatever is not in the Bible – for example,
vestments, images, organs, hymns
Anglican
Key event: Henry VIII declares himself head of
church in England in 1534
• Accepts most Catholic teachings about faith and
good works. Does not recognise papal primacy
• The monarch is head of the church in England.
The monarch establishes what is allowable
religious practice in the realm
• Believe in the seven sacraments. Liturgy very
similar to Catholic liturgy. Bishops head dioceses
and priests serve in parishes. Priests can marry.
• Accepts: The Book of Common Prayer and most
Roman Catholic beliefs and practices
Development of the Christian Churches
EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH
4th Century
Church of Roman Empire
Mestorian Armenian Jacobite
Churches
1054
GREAT SCHISM
Coptic
Development of the Christian Churches
GREAT SCHISM
Western Christianity
(Rome)
Roman
Catholic Church
Church of
England
Eastern Orthodox
(Constantinople)
16th Century Reformation
Lutherans
Calvinists Anabaptists
Baptists Congregationalists Presbyterians Methodiests Quakers