Central Nervous System
Brain
Made up of:
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
Spinal
Cord
Meninges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOL_o6NBqBo
0 Protect and cover the
spinal cord and brain
3 Layers
0 Duramater
0 Arachnoid mater
0 Pia mater
Gross Anatomy of the Spinal
Cord
0 Anterior median
fissure and posterior
median sulcus
0 Divide spinal cord in to
right and left halves
0 Central canal
0 Contains spinal fluid
0 Gangalion
0 Swelling which contains
cell bodies of neurons
Gray Matter
0 Divided into horns
0 Anterior
0 Posterior
0 Lateral
0 Only in thoracic and
upper lumbar
White Matter
0 Organized into tracts
0 axons with common
origin or destination
0 Similar message
Plexuses
0 Where bunches of
nerves meet
0 Names describe regions
the nerves supply or
course they take
Major Plexuses
0 Cervical
0 Brachial
0 Lumbar
0 Sacral
Review Questions
****Add this question to your worksheet
10. Describe each major plexuses
0 HW: Read section 10.3 (Spinal Cord Functions) and
answer the following questions
0 How are somatic and autonomic reflexes similar and
different?
0 Self Quiz question #1
Image for Analysis Question
Components of a Reflex Arc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLrhYzdbbpE
A pathway that produces
a reflex
1. Sensory receptor
0 Responds by sending
nerve impulse
2. Sensory neuron
0 Sends msg to . . .
3. Integrating center
0 Processes info
4. Motor neuron
0 Pass msg to effector
5. Effector
0 Responds to stimulus
Analysis Question
6. You go to the doctor, the doctor hits you under the
patella with a rubber hammer. Your knee
involuntarily jerks. Explain what happened.
7. Is the patellar reflex an example of a positive or
negative feedback loop? Explain your answer.
The Patellar Reflex
What’s going on in the body?
1. Sensory neuron sends
info through the dorsal
root ganglion into the
spinal cord
2. Signal splits in two
0 motor neuron to the
quadriceps
0 What does this cause?
0 Interneuron sends message
to motor neuron in the
hamstring
0 What does this cause?
***The signals work together
Summary Questions
1. What is the difference between spinal reflexes and
cranial reflexes?
0 Integration in spinal cord = spinal reflex
0 Integration in brain = cranial reflex
2. What is the difference between autonomic and somatic
reflexes?
0 Effector is skeletal muscle = somatic
0 Effector is smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands = autonomic
BrainPop
1. The largest region of the brain is the
__________________.
2. What does the cerebellum control?
3. Is there a correlation between brain size and
intelligence?
Tour De Brain
0 What are the found major
parts of the brain?
0 Brain stem, diencephalon,
cerebrum, and cerebellum
0 What does the brain stem
consist of?
0 Midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata
0 What does the
diencephalon consist of?
0 Thalamus, hypothalamus,
and pineal gland
What Protects the Brain?
1. Cranium
2. Cranial meninges
The Medulla Oblongata
0 https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=cu7A8LIzL1
o
0 Based on what you
learned yesterday, is the
clip accurate? Why or
why not?
Did you Know??
0 The brain uses 20% of the
body’s oxygen
0 Brain damage may occur if
brain neurons are deprived
of O2 for more than 4
minutes
0 If blood entering the brain
has low glucose levels
mental confusion, dizziness
convulsions and loss of
consciousness may occur
Blood Brain Barrier
0 Capillaries that protect
harmful substances from
getting into the brain
0 What is able to cross?
0 Lipid-soluble
substances
0 Anesthetics
Cerebrospinal Fluid
0 Protects brain and spinal cord
0 Carries
0 O2
0 Glucose
0 Removes
0 Wastes
0 Toxins
The Brain Stem
0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM
Lobes of the Brain
How to Remember the Parts
of the Brain
0 http://www.thepsychfiles.com/20
08/09/episode-72-videomemorize-the-parts-of-the-brain/
The Lobes of the Brain
Lobe
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Function
The Lobes of the Brain
Lobe
Function
Frontal
•
•
•
•
Motor function (movement voluntary)
Decision making, behavioral control, decision making
Reasoning, thinking, planning
Personality and impulse control
Temporal
•
•
•
•
Memory (visual and verbal), facial recognition
Hearing (auditory)
Understand language
Hearing, speech
Parietal
• Sense of touch, taste
• Spatial awareness/relationships
• Perception (uses the senses)
Occipital
• Vision
• Visual perception
• color and object identification
The Limbic System
0 Regulates emotion, behavior
and long-term memory
Consists of the:
1. Hippocampus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Amygdala
Hypothalamus
0 All about homeostasis
1. Regulates hormones
0 Which gland releases
hormones? Pituitary gland
2. Regulation of emotional
and behavioral patterns
0 E.x.
3. Regulation of eating and
drinking
Continued
4. Control of body temp
0 Based on blood temp
5. Circadian rhythm and
consciousness
0 Sleeping and wakefulness
0 Stress response = Cortisol
release
0 Regulates breathing,
pulse, blood pressure and
arousal
Why do you think the rat
acted this way?
0 When the rat turns a
wheel, it receives an
electrical stimulus to the
medial forebrain bundle,
which is rewarding. The
rat will continue to do
this indefinitely and pass
up food, sex, and other
“natural” rewards for the
artificial stimulus.
Hippocampus
0 Encodes “short-term”
memories into longterm memories
0 What happens if it is
damaged?
0 Can not form new long-
term memories
Amygdala
0 Linked to fear, aggression
and pleasure
0 Positive correlation
between size and
aggression
0 Shrinks upon castration
0 What happens when it is
removed?
0 Person becomes tame and
indifferent
Fear Conditioning
0 A little boy named Albert was
fond of white animals, including
rats. One day, a scientist by the
name of James Watson made a
loud, unpleasant noise with a
hammer while Albert was
looking at a white rat. He cried
and seemed very frightened. Now
every time Albert sees a rat, even
when there is no noise, he starts
to cry. What happened?
0 Albert’s amygdala has learned to
associate white rats with loud
noises. Since he is afraid of loud
noises, he is now afraid of rats by
association. This is called “fear
conditioning”
Cingulate Cortex
0 Allows the thalamus to
“talk to” the
hippocampus
0 Emotional events
0 Memories linked to
0 Smells
0 Pain
Phineas Gage
0 http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=c6kRP41ygr
I
0 http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=kR7_oMSUB
FE
Phineas Gage
1. Which areas of his brain were damaged during the
2.
3.
4.
5.
accident?
Based on the clip you saw create a definition of
localization.
Why do you think Phineas’ behavior changed after the
accident?
Based on what you have learned about the limbic
system, why do you think that it is called the emotional
brain?
Have there been any other accidents similar to
Phineas’s accident? If so, what happened to the
individual?
Left Brain vs Right Brain
0 Do you consider yourself a
right brained person or a
left brained person? Why?
0 Go the website listed to the
right and take the quiz
print out your results and
paste them in your NB
0 When you get to the page
with the drop down menu
answer I don’t want to
answer to all questions.
0 http://www.wherecreati
vitygoestoschool.com/v
ancouver/left_right/rb_t
est.htm
0 http://testyourself.psyc
htests.com/testid/3178
Mr. Split Brainy Analysis
1. How would you describe the abilities of the left
hemisphere? What leads you to think this? Use data
from the experiment to support your answer.
2. How would you describe the abilities of the right
hemisphere? What leads you to think this? Use data
from the experiment to support your answer.
3. Based on the data you collected during the
experiments, which abstract should you send to be
published? What leads you to think this?
Split Brain Experiments
0 Performed by Dr. Sperry
on people with Epilepsy
0 Excessive nerve
signaling
0 Corpus Callosum was
severed
0 Hemispheres were still
able to learn but had no
idea what the other
hemisphere learned.
What came out of the Spilt
Brain Experiments?
0 Hemispheres have specialized tasks
0 Left: Analytical, verbal processing and speaking
0 Right: Space perception, music, art, rudimentary
words and phrases, emotional context to language.
0 Provides a good example:
http://physics.weber.edu/carroll/honorstime/split_brain.htm
Corpus Collasum
0 Connect comparable
structures on both sides
0 Allows data to be
processed on both sides
Medial surface of right hemisphere
0 What happens if it gets
cut?
Corpus Callosum
The Two Hemispheres
0 Which structure separates the
structures?
0 Corpus callosum
0 Some functions lateralized
0 Certain functions controlled by a
specific hemisphere
0 Never 100%, meaning?
0 Right
0 Music, creativity, images, color,
ect.
0 Left
0 Logic, language, reasoning, #’s,
critical thinking
Contralateral Organization
0 Sensory info sent to
opposite hemisphere
Left visual Right visual
field
field
0 Meaning?
0 How is this achieved?
0 Data crosses over in
pathways
0 Motor nerves cross
Optic
nerves
0 E.x.
0 This this restricted to
vision?
Left Visual
Cortex
Corpus
Callosum
Right Visual
Cortex
Lateralization of the Brain
Verbal
left
hemisphere
Nonverbal
right
hemisphere