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1. The SHAPE of a cell greatly
depends on the ________ of that
cell.
2. Use nerve cells (which are long,
skinny) and skin cells (flat) to
explain #1.
3. Cells differ in both shape and
_____.
4. True or false…larger cells are
more efficient at meeting their
own needs than smaller cells.
EXPLAIN!!!!!!!

Van ______________ was the first scientist to
observe cells using a _______ light microscope
◦ It had ______ lens
____________ light microscopes use a series of
lenses to magnify objects
◦ Can magnify up to 1500 times

Robert _________ used a compound light
microscope to study cork, the dead cells of
oak bark
◦ Box-shaped structures
◦ Called these __________

1. All organisms are composed of one or
more cells
◦ A. __________ – bacteria, certain algae and fungi
◦ B. ___________ - all plants and animals


2. The cells are the basic unit of ______
3. Cells originate from other __________
2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF
1.EVERY LIVING THING
IS MADE OF ONE OR
MORE CELLS.
A POLAR BEAR IS
MULTICELLULAR
LIFE
EX: FAT CELLS ARE ANIMAL CELLS
THAT
PROVIDE ENERGY AND INSULATION
3. ALL CELLS COME
FROM OTHER CELLS
EX: THESE CUBS BEGAN
AS ONE LIVING CELL
NOT ALL BACTERIA IS BAD!!!!!! MOST IS GOOD ACTUALLY
JUST A FEW OF
THE UNICELLULAR
ORGANISMS
IN THIS POND
(75X)
THE FROG AND WATER
LILLIES ARE
MUTICELLULAR
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1. List the 3 parts to the cell theory:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
2. Which type of cells hardly ever
make new cells?
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Prokaryotes
Lacks internal
membrane-bound
organelles
No nucleus
Most are
unicellular
Bacteria/Blue
Green Algae




Eukaryotes
Have true
membrane bound
organelles
Have nucleus
Most are
multicellular



Prokaryotes
Pro: Very simple
make-up
Con: Nonspecialized – don’t
have different
compartments that
can do different
things



Eukaryotes
Con: Complex to
build
Pro: Very
specialized

1. ________ was the first person to coin the term “cells” after
observing _____ cells under a compound light microscope.

2. Plant and bacterial cells are similar in that they both
contain a _______ _______.

3. List 3 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells.
◦ A._____________________________
◦ B._____________________________
◦ C._____________________________

Also called Plasma membrane
◦ 1. Separates the cell’s contents from the materials
outside the cell
◦ 2. Regulates what moves into and out of the cell
◦ 3. Maintains __________________

Is Selectively permeable******
◦ Means that it will allow certain materials in
while others cannot pass

2 Types of organic molecules make up
the cell membrane:
◦ Proteins
◦ Phospholipids

Made of 2 layers of phospholipids:
◦ PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER


Has 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate
molecule head attached to it
Phosphate
◦ Head region
◦ polar

Fatty acid
◦ Tail region
◦ Nonpolar region



1. The cell membrane, also called the ______
membrane is made of____ layers of
phospholipids.
2. Draw a phospholipid. (Use these terms to
label it: polar, nonpolar, fatty acid tails,
phosphate head)
3. The _________ region of the membrane
loves water, so it’s called___________ while
the _________ region does not and is called
____________.

The membrane is flexible – constantly in
motion – “FLUID”
◦ Ex: like a bubble

Proteins embedded in the membrane also
move along the phospholipids – “MOSAIC”


(Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph)
Scientists have given the cell
membrane the name of __________
___________ model….fluid because it is
___________ and not rigid, and mosaic
because it looks like a piece of
________ since __________s are
embedded all throughout the
membrane.
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm

A. Organelles:
◦ “cell organs”
◦ Perform specific functions

Jelly-like substance that fills the inside of the
cell and holds all the organelles




Contains a cell’s DNA or chromosomes
Only found in EUKARYOTIC cells
Enclosed in a double membrane– a nuclear
envelope
Is filled with pores.
Why?____________________________


Dense center inside the nucleus
JOB: make ribosomes
◦ Some ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
◦ Some float around in the cytoplasm
◦ Ribosomes link together ______ ______s to make
proteins
ER: thin folds of
membranes found right outside the
nucleus
◦ 4a.Smooth ER: contain no ribosomes (has a smooth
appearance)
◦ 4b.Rough ER: house ribosomes

The ER makes up a highway for moving
material throughout the cell




Transfers energy from ORGANIC MOLECULES to ATP
– which supplies the cell with energy!!!
Bean-shaped
Makes its own DNA (separate from nuclear DNA)
****************************************************





1. List four levels of organization that combine
to form an organism.
2. _________ is a dense area of DNA found inside
the nucleus in which ________(s) are made.
3. Ribosomes are important since they are the
sites for ___________ synthesis.
4. Ribosomes leave the __________ and attach to
the ____ ____, or the highway of the cell.
5. The mitochondria contains its own ________
and turns the energy from ________ molecules
into ________ that will then supply the cell with
______.


A. Another system of flattened membranous
sacs
B. processes, packages, and stores proteins –
can fix them if necessary



“little taxis”
Carry molecules where they need to go
(don’t copy) After a protein is made, part of
the ER pinches off to form a vesicle
surrounding the protein
◦ This is how it gets to the Golgi

Think “Vacuum”
◦ Bigger in plants





sac for storage– mostly water
Central Vacuole: only in plant cells
takes up most of space in a plant
cell
What causes plants to wilt?

Contain enzymes – “clean up crew”
Defend the cell against invading bacteria and
viruses
Break down damaged cell parts
****NOT found in plant cells****

(Look at animation under awe sci teachers)




Network of thin tubes and filaments that give
shape to the cell
◦ Ex: tent poles

Types:
◦ 1. cilia – short, hair-like extensions
◦ 2. flagella – long, whip-like tail used for movement
◦ ****not found in PLANT CELLS****



Organelles that carry out photosynthesis
Are filled with chlorophyll—green pigment
Also contain their own DNA– like what other
organelle?___________________


Structure and support
**Not found in animal cells**




1. What are 2 main purposes for the golgi
apparatus?
2. ___________ are vesicles that repair
damaged cell parts and keep out invading
bacteria and viruses.
3. Draw a diagram showing how a ribosome
gets from the nucleus to the golgi.
4. The _______ vacuole, located inside plant
cells, is much larger because ______________.

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Cytoplasm - icing
Nucleus – Reese cups
ER – rough and smooth – twizzlers, nerds on a rope
Ribosomes - nerds
Golgi Apparatus – air heads
Vesicles – skittles, M&Ms
Mitochondria – Mike n Ikes, hot tamales
Vacuole (Central Vacuole for plants) – air heads
Lysosomes – jelly beans
cilia and flagella(only in animals)- twizzlers
Chloroplast (plants) – mike n ikes
Cell Wall (plants) – sour straws
Cell Membrane – sour straws


A. Solutes: the substance that’s being dissolved
B. Solvent: the substance that DOES the
dissolving
◦ Ex: kool-aid – what is the solute and what is the
solvent?


1. Concentrated Solution is high in solutes!
2. Diluted solution is low in solutes, high in
solvent
◦ Ex: Urine




1. What are 2 main purposes for the golgi
apparatus?
2. ___________ are vesicles that repair
damaged cell parts and keep out invading
bacteria and viruses.
3. Draw a diagram showing how a ribosome
gets from the nucleus to the golgi.
4. The _______ vacuole, located inside plant
cells, is much larger because ______________.

Passive Transport:
◦ Movement of molecules across a membrane
WITHOUT the use of energy
2 Types:
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis



Movement of particles from high
concentration to lower concentration
DOWN the concentration gradient
Until equilibrium is reached!!!!!
◦ Ex: O2 diffuses from blood to muscle cells

The diffusion of WATER molecules through a
membrane from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration






1. ___________ are responsible for making
proteins.
2. ________ are little cell taxis that
transport protein and other material
throughout the cell.
3. ________stores and packages proteins
until they are needed.
4.______ is the main energy source for
cells.
5.Vesicles form when a piece of the
________ pinches off.
6.________ is just the diffusion of water
from an area of _____ concentration to an
area of ____ concentration

3 Types of solutions:

When a solution has the same concentration
of solutes as the cell
Equal amounts of water move in and out
Cell stays same size



Solution has a HIGHER conc of solutes than
the cell
Causes cell to shrink or even DIE
How will the water move along the: into or
out of the cell?





Solution has a lower concentration of
particles than the cell
Where is there more water and how will it
move?
Cell expands and can burst!!!!
Example: You place an egg in salt
water…how will the water move? And what
will happen to the size if the egg?
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++
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


Diffusion across a membrane by use of a
transport protein
“Facilitated” means to make easier
still passive transport– no Energy required!!!
Why is facilitated diffusion necessary at
times?


Requires the use of cell’s energy because
molecules go from LOW to HIGH
concentration (backwards)
Uses proteins pumps by expending ATP

1. Endocytosis: Process of taking in liquids or
large materials into a cell by ENGULFING them
in a membrane
◦ A. Phagocytosis: type of endocytosis
 “cell eating”– ex: white blood cells– engulf bacteria and
destroy them
 ***Again, through the use of ATP

2. Exocytosis: Opposite of endocytosis, it’s
the release of material out of the cell by the
fusion of a vesicle with the membrane