Notes
Taking notes
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J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Quiz time….
 Poll Results
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Quiz time….
 Poll Results
 Test-taking to date
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Quiz time….
 Poll Results
 Test-taking to date
 New test times:
Thursday 7 p.m. –
Saturday 10 p.m.
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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News of the day….
 Journalism is about writing tight.
Still, the newspaper critique
assignment called for “at least” three
or four pages. My apologies.
 Syllabus also pointed a site to get
info on how to format such papers:
http://webster.commnet.edu/mla/index.sh
tml
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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News of the day….
 “Martha Stewart Magazine Cuts Ad Rate
Base, as Readers Decline”
[NYT 10 Oct. 2003]
 “Digital Projection of Films Is Coming.
Now, Who Pays?”
[12 Oct. 2003]
 “New Papers Hope Free and Brief Will
Attract Younger Readers”
 “Judge Gives Leg Up to Internet Calls”
 “Sardonic Jewish Magazine Expands….
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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18th Century
1790: In England, the hydraulic press is
invented.
1792: Mechanical semaphore signaler built
in France. 1794: Signaling system connects
Paris and Lille.
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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J200: Journalism and Mass Communications Week VI
The Newspaper
Industry
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Newspaper: Industry, Profession, Avocation
 Watch for necessary conditions for mass
media gestation:
 Production technology
 Literate audience
 Distribution system
 Changes in the Infosphere
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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U.S. Nwppr Readership
U.S.Adult Pop. & Adult Newsppr Readership
90
80
U.S. Adult Pop. (000)
120,000
70
100,000
60
80,000
50
Total Adults
60,000
40
% of population
30
40,000
20
20,000
10
0
% of Adults Reading Newspprs
140,000
0
1964
1974
1979
1984
1989
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
1994
1999
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Newspaper: Industry, Profession, Avocation
 Definition:
Newspapers are a geographically
circumscribed print medium, regularly
issued, serving the GENERAL interests of a
specific community
(usually geographically, but not always, i.e.
computer newspapers, horse traders weekly,
etc.)
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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LondonIntelligencer- 1643
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TheLondonGazetteFireofLondon - 1666
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The Ladies Mercury - 1693
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StamfordMercury -1722
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The Colored News - 1855
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Eras of American press
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Colonial Press (up through 1776)
Revolutionary Press (1765-1788)
Political Press (1788-1833)
Penny Press (1833-1883)
Personal Editors (1840-1890)
Yellow Journalism (1890-1917)
Jazz Journalism (1914-1933)
Age of Consolidation (1929-today)
Electronic Journalism (1960-today)
Source: adapted from Emery and Emery, The Press and America)
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Eras of newspaper development in America:
Colonial press
 Grew out of the coffeehouses and taverns of the
colonies, which were the leading "media"
channels.
 Mercantile reports of prices, ship sailings and
arrivals (impt. information to the seaboard
colonies)
 The Colonial Press established the newspapers
as a gossip machine, a tradition still intact.
 Remember, "gossip" doesn't mean the facts are not
true.
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Eras of newspaper development in America:
Colonial press (1690-1765)
 “Publishers" were printers and often
undereducated.
 Gradually, "editors" evolved out of
printers and specialization took effect. By
1746, three decades before the
Revolution, a more educated and
ideological person was in charge.
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Eras of newspaper development in America:
Revolutionary Press (1765-1783)
 Established the role of advocacy and reflected
political stirrings of a restless country.
 Thomas Paine's "Crisis Papers":
 Paine was a radical activist in England (twice
dismissed from the "excise office" [tax collector] and
lead a movement for higher salaries (1772).
 Came to the colonies in 1774, carrying a letter of
introduction to Benj. Franklin.
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Revolutionary Press:
Thomas Paine
 "These are the times that try men's souls.
The summer soldier and the sunshine
patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the
service of his country; but he that stands
it now deserves the love and thanks of
man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not
easily conquered; yet we have this
consolation with us, the harder the
conflict, the more glorious the triumph."
---- Thomas Paine, 1776
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Revolutionary Press
 Alexander Hamilton's "Federalist Papers"
 85 political essays written 1787-88 (mostly
by Hamilton, some by James Madison and
John Jay);
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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MassCentinel04241790.
Mass Centinel 24 April 1790
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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GeoWashingtonElec
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Newspaper Eras:
“Kept” Press (1783-1833)
 $$ support from political parties and
factions
 Jacksonian period
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Historic Advances in Newspaper Press
Technology
Date
Colonial
Press
English
Common
Press
Desc.
Power
Paper
Copies/hr
Flatbed
Hand
Sheet
200
1832
Cylinder
Press
Movable
Flatbed
Steam
Sheet
4,000
1846
Type
Revolving
Press
Horizontal
Cylinder
Steam
Sheet
10,000
1871
Perfecting
Rotary Press
Rotary
Steam
Web
35,000
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Handpress
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Moveable flatbed press
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Handset type: Composing Room
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Calif. Job Case
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California Job Case
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Handset type
Source: http://www.wmwoods.edu/Academics_at_WWU/UndergraduateStudies/Letters_and_Sciences/Clarence_Printing/typesetting.htm
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Handset type
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Horizontal Cylinder Press- 1846
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Rotary Press
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Newspaper Eras:
“Penny” Press (1833-1861)
 1833:Benjamin Day
 Low cost, sensational news
 Why was the Penny Press possible?
 Primarily, literacy. But….
 Improved paper-making and printing
technology
 New literate class
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Atlanta Constitution
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Newspaper Eras:
“Personal Editors” (mid-19th Cent.)
 James G. Bennett, New York Herald (1835)
 Horace Greeley, New York Tribune (1841)
 Henry J. Raymond, The New York Times (1851)
 They established:
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
Crusading as a circulation-building device
Adversary relationship with government
Advertising promotions
Foreign correspondents
Specialized coverage: sports, campaigns, finance
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Newspaper Eras: “Yellow
Journalism” (1870-1900)
 William Randolph Hearst
 Joseph Pulitzer
 E. W. Scripps
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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NYWorld1884
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Newspaper Eras: “The
Muckrakers” (1890-1910)
 Lincoln Steffens (city corruption)
 Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil)
 Samuel Hopkins (patent-medicine
investigations)
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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NYPress
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Turn-of-the-century newspapering
 Chicago Daily News -
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpcoop/ichihtml/cdnho
me.html
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Newspaper Eras: “Jazz
Journalism” (1915-1930s)
 Tabloid format
 Extensive photos
 Sensationalism
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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“Jazz Journalism”
 Leopold and Lobe case
"Richard Lobe, a brilliant college
student and master of the English
language, today ended a sentence
with a proposition.“
-- Ed Lahey
Chicago Daily News
-
1936
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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“Jazz Journalism”
A chilly looking blonde with
frosty eyes and one of those
marble, you-bet-you-will chins, and
an inert, scare-drunk fellow that
you couldn't miss among any hundred
men as a dead set-up for a blonde,
or the shell game, or maybe a gold
brick.
--Damon Runyon
New York American-1927
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Jazz Journalism:
“Composograph” (1925)
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SundayPictorial
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NYWorld1884
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SFChron Phones to SF
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JFKElection
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LBJElection
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NixonElection
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SFChronEarthquake
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Newspaper Eras: “Age of Maturity”
(post-war to mid-’90s)

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
“Balanced” coverage
Photojournalism
Precision journalism
Graphic design
 Four-colors
 Informational graphics
 Re-packaging the news (books, electronic
databases)
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Newspaper Technonogies
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Newspaper Eras: Digital News (1995present)
Originally, BBS systems
“Shovelware”
Customization
Changing relationships between readers,
media, advertisers
 Threats to ad revenues, esp. classified
 Changing definitions and role of
“community”




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TheTimesofLondonWeb101299
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Financial Times101299
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% of Daily Newspaper Advertising Revenue
by Category
100%
80%
Classified
60%
Retail
National
40%
20%
0%
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998
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Expenses as % of Newspaper Operating
Budgets
10
2
10
5.5
Editorial
Advert
Circ
10.5
Promo
Printing
Newspt
27.5
2
Admin.
Land&Bldg
14
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Newspaper Revenue Sources
Circ.
Subscript.
Single Copy
15-30%
80-90%
10-20
Advertising 55-60%
Local/Retail
20-35%
Classified
10-15%
National
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
70-85% of
TOTAL Oper.
Revenue
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Avg. Churn Rates by Circulation
< 25,000
25-30,000
50-100,000
100-200,000
200-400,000
>400,000
30 percent
42 percent
60 percent
71 percent
66 percent
68 percent
* It can cost from $60-125 to sign up a
subscriber
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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No. of U.S. Morning & Evening Dailies
U.S. Morning & Evening Dailies - 1950-1998
2000
1500
Evening
1000
Morning
500
0
1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Daily Newspaper Circulation
U.S. Newspaper Circ. by Proportion
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Sunday
Total M&E
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
1997
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1980
1970
1960
Evening
Morning
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Current Newspaper Circulation & Data
 www.adage.com Data Center
http://www.adage.com/page.cms?pageId=954
 NAA data
http://www.naa.org/artpage.cfm?AID=1613&SID=154
 NAA 2002 Facts about newspapers
http://www.naa.org/info/facts02/index.html
 Daily newspaper circulation 1950-2001
http://www.naa.org/info/facts02/15_facts2002.html
 US Newspaper employment
http://www.naa.org/info/facts02/31_facts2002.html
J200 - Week VI © J.T.Johnson 1999_____________________________Fall 2003
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Newspaper Circ. Chart
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Newspaper Readership
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Making money with font change
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