H.L.BAJAJ
CHAIRMAN
INTRODUCTION
*ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY IN INDIA MORE THAN 100
YEARS OLD.
*STILL ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS TAKE
PLACE IN
SPITE OF ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY.
*THIS UNDERLINES THE NEED FOR TIMELY SAFETY.
*IT IS NOT JUST THE ACCIDENTS THAT SHOULD BE
INVESTIGATED BUT THE “NEAR MISSES” i.e.
ACCIDENTS WAITING TO HAPPEN.
*REDUCTION IN ACCIDENTS RESULTS IN AVOIDING
LOSS OF LIFE, PROPERTY ETC.
Per Capita Electricity Consumption & Human
Development Index (HDI)
Country
kWh
HDI
Canada
18212
0.943
USA
13241
0.939
Australia
11205
0.946
Singapore
8010
0.902
Korea
6632
0.888
Malaysia
3039
0.793
China
1139
0.793
India
582*
0.595
Pakistan
479
0.497
Bangladesh
115
0.509
63
0.504
Nepal
Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index prepared on a scale of 0-1
measured by three key components - longevity, knowledge and income.
Source: Human Development Report, 2004, UNDP
World Development Indicators, 2002, UNDP
* in the year 2003-2004
WORLD ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
BY SOURCE IN %
Renewable
Energy,1.7
Oil, 7.5
Coal, 38.5
Nuclear, 17.1
Hydro, 17
Natural Gas, 18.2
Source: IEA; Organisation for Economic cooperation & Development, 2001
OVERVIEW OF
INDIAN POWER
SYSTEM
GROWTH OF INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY (MW)
140000
114565 MW
120000
on 10-11-2004
100000
MW
80000
60000
40000
20000
19
47
19
49
19
51
19
53
19
55
19
57
19
59
19
61
19
63
19
65
19
67
19
69
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
0
Dec-47
Dec-55
Mar-61
Mar-66
Mar-74
Mar-80
Mar-85
Mar-90
Mar-95
Oct-04
Hydro
508
940
1917
4124
6905
11384
14460
18308
20506
29850
Thermal
854
1755
2736
4903
9059
16424
27030
43417
57244
81940
Nuclear
0
0
0
0
640
640
1095
1565
1720
2720
All India Generating Capacity
1%
3%
2%
Coal
26%
Natural Gas
Hydro Electricity
Nuclear
Oil
58%
Renew able Energy
10%
In MW
Coal
66416
Natural
Gas
Hydro
11840
29905
Nuclear
Oil
Wind
Total
(as on
10.11.2004)
2720
1196
2488
114565
Installed Capacity as on 10.11.2004
REGION
HYDRO
THERMAL
COAL
GAS
NCLR WIND
DSL
TOTAL
(MW)
TOTAL
NORTHERN
10596
16164
3213
15
19392
1180
179
31347
WESTERN
5327
20792
5036
18
25846
760
632
32565
SOUTHERN
10383
13893
2650
939
17482
780
1672
30317
EASTERN
2460
15237
190
17
15444
0
5
17909
N.EASTERN
1134
330
751
143
1224
0
0
2358
5
0
0
64
64
0
0
69
29905
66416
11840
1196
79452
2720
2488
114565
ISLANDS
ALL INDIA
 Generation during April 2004- Oct. 2004 (BU)
 High Voltage Transmission network
339.8
1 71 534
(220 KV & above) as on 31 Oct. 2004 (ckm)
 Inter regional transfer capacity
(MW)
 Outlay for power in Central Sector (Rs. Cr.)
8 400
1 44 000
(Xth Plan)
Actual Power Supply Position
(April 2004 – Oct. 2004)
ENERGY
Region
Reqmt.
(MU)
Avail.
(MU)
Surplus(+)/Deficit(-)
(MU)
%
Northern Region
105929
96888
-9041
-8.5
Western Region
111624 101983
-9641
-8.6
Southern Region
83383
82265
-1118
-1.3
Eastern Region
33308
32900
-408
-1.2
4202
3970
-232
-5.5
338446
318006
-20440
-6.0
N.Eastern Region
All India
Actual Power Supply Position
(April 2004 – Oct. 2004)
Peak Demand
Region
Projected
(MW)
Met
(MW)
Northern Region
26 834
24 125
-2 709
-10.1
Western Region
29 859
24 049
-5 810
-19.5
Southern Region
23 075
21 928
-1 147
-5.0
Eastern Region
8 340
8 320
-20
-0.2
N.Eastern Region
1 247
1 128
-119
-9.5
85 911
77 281
-8 630
-10.0
All India
Surplus(+)/Deficit(-)
(MW)
%
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
Village
Electrification
Pumpset Energised
In 1947
1500
6430
As on
30.09.04
496 861
(84.6% of Total)
141.97 Lakhs
(72.5% of Total)
• Target for 100 % Village Electrification
- By 2007
• Target for 100 % Household Coverage
- By 2009
Demand as per 16th E.P.S.
Region
Northern Region
Western Region
Southern Region
Eastern Region
N. E. Region
Islands
All India
Energy Requirement
(MU)
Peak Load
(MW)
2006-07
2011-12
2006-07
2011-12
220820
224927
194102
69467
9501
280
719097
308528
299075
262718
90396
14061
444
975222
35540
35223
31017
11990
1875
60
115705
49674
46825
42061
15664
2789
94
157107
NUCLEAR EVENTS
* International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) classifies
Nuclear Events in the 0 to 7 point International Nuclear
Event Scale (INES).
* Event level 0
- “Deviations”
(no safety significance).
* Events level 1 to 3 - “Incidents”
* Events level 4 to 7 - “Accidents”.
* No Nuclear accident at level 4 or higher occurred so far
in Indian Nuclear Power Plants.
NUCLEAR EVENTS
* Two Major Nuclear Accidents.
 Three Mile Island (USA 1979)
• Reactor severely damaged.
• Radiation contained.
• No adverse health and environmental impact.
• Rated 5 on INES
 Chernobyl (Ukraine 1986)
• Reactor destroyed.
• 31 people killed.
• Significant health and environmental impact.
COMPARISON OF ACCIDENT
STATISTICS IN PRIMARY ENERGY
PRODUCTION
FUEL
IMMEDIATE
FATALITIES
WHO ?
(1970 to 1992)
Coal
6400
Workers
Natural Gas
1200
Hydro
Nuclear
4000
31
Workers &
Public
Public
Workers
(Source : Briefing Paper on Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors, Nov.,2003)
FACTS IN PRIMARY ENERGY
PRODUCTION
* NUCLEAR
DISTINCTLY
ELECTRICITY.
SAFER
TO
PRODUCE
* OVER ONE THOUSAND PEOPLE DIE EVERY YEAR IN
COAL MINES TO PROVIDE FUEL FOR ELECTRICITY.
* MINING AND MULTIPLE HANDLING OF FOSSIL
FUEL FOR TRANSPORTATION TO POWER PLANTS
INVOLVES MANY HAZARDS.
* SIGNIFICANT
HEALTH
&
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS ARISING FROM FOSSIL FUEL USE.
ANALYSIS OF REASONS FOR ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS
IN INDIA
YEAR
1998-1999
1999-2000
2001-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
1
3541
3141
2782
3295
2434
2
1372
1532
1953
1733
1538
3
1610
1543
1551
1650
1461
4
615
613
536
585
672
5
2137
1704
1683
1703
1198
6
784
801
857
783
675
7
TOTAL
1418 11477
1643 10977
1043 10405
664 10413
988
8966
RANGE in % 27 to 32% 12 to 19%14 to 16% 5 to 8% 13 to 19%7 to 8% 6 to 15%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-
Snapping of Conductors
Accidental contact with live electric wire/equipment
Violation/Neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision
Defective appliances/apparatus/tools
Inadequate/lack of maintenace.
Unauthorised work.
Any other reason.
Accidents
4000
2000
1. Snapping of Conductors
3. Violation/Neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision
5. Inadequate/lack of maintenace.
7. Any other reason.
3
20
02
-2
00
2
20
01
-2
00
1
20
01
-2
00
0
00
-2
99
19
19
98
-1
99
9
0
2. Accidental contact with live electric wire/equipment
4. Defective appliances/apparatus/tools
6. Unauthorised work.
ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS IN INDIA FOR THE YEARS
1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2001-02 & 2002-03
YEAR
1998-1999
1999-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
HUMAN
FATAL
3662
3781
3568
3766
3367
HUMAN
NON
FATAL
2948
2540
3090
2974
2317
ANIMAL
FATAL +
TOTAL
NON
FATAL
4867
11477
4654
10977
3747
10405
3673
10413
3282
8966
Accidents
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
98-99
99-00
00-01
01-02
HUMAN FATAL
HUMAN NON FATAL
ANIMAL FATAL + NON FATAL
TOTAL
02-03
NEED FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY
* ELECTRICITY is an integral part of today’s
modern world but it can also shock you painfully,
damage sensitive equipment and ignite combustible
materials.
* ELECTROCUTIONS rank 4th (9%) in causes of
industrial fatalities (after traffic, violence and
construction).
* At the house voltage frequency even lower
Voltages can kill while people have withstood
40,000 Volts at a frequency of a million cycle or so
without fatal effects.
EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC
CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY
Current
(in mA)
0.5 – 1.5
1–5
3 – 10
EFFECT
Perception / Slight sensation
Muscular Contractions
Painful Shock / Muscular control lost
10 – 40
Painful Shock / ‘Let go’ threhold
30 – 75
75 – 100
Respiratory Paralysis
Ventricular Fibrilation
250 – 300
5000 – 6000
Heart Paralysis
Organ Burns
ELECTRICAL SAFETY SYSTEM
THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
SHOULD ENSURE:*SAFETY TO SELF
*SAFETY TO FELLOW WORKMEN
*SAFETY TO THE USER OF ELECTRICITY
*SAFETY TO PUBLIC
*SAFETY OF EQUIPMENT & APPLIANCES
*CONTINUITY & RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY
SOME LEADING CAUSES OF
ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS
1.
UNSAFE ACTS
There are 2 basic reasons for unsafe acts :
- We don’t know better.
- We know better but intentionally do something unsafe.
SOME OF THE UNSAFE ACTS ARE AS UNDER :
*Use of improper ,unconventional or defective/unsafe tools
*Lack of proper instruction or supervision
*Inadequacy or absence of essential protective devices
* Failure to de-energize, lockout & tagout hazards during
maintenance, repairs or inspections.
*Lack of Training & Job knowledge
*Poor Judgement/Intemperence
*Non adherence to Safety rules/instructions
* Working in an elevated position near overhead lines
*Absence of Caution/Warning boards
*Accidental touch
*Negligence/Carelessness of Workers or Others
* Adverse Mental/physical condition/fatigue of the Workers
2.
UNSAFE EQUIPMENT
* Loose Connections and defective parts
* Faulty Insulation
* Improper Grounding
*Non existence of Safety Alarm system
*Ineffectiveness of Safety Interlocks
* Unguarded Live parts
3.
HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS
* Presence of Flammable Vapours, liquids, gases and
combustible dusts
* Presence of Static discharge
* Corrosive & Explosive environment
* Poor Housekeeping – blocked electrical boxes, storage of
flammable material in equipment rooms lack of proper
hazard signs etc.
4.
OTHER CAUSES
*Absence of fencing, guards, wall/barriers
*Unauthorised/unwarranted entry of human beings and
animals
*Lack of public awareness
*Inadequate lighting at Workplace
SAFE INSTALLATIONS
VARIOUS WAYS OF PROTECTING PEOPLE
AND
PROPERTY
FROM
ELECTRICAL
ACCIDENT
*PROPER INSULATION & GROUNDING OF ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENTS/ INSTALLATION
*GUARDING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
*USE OF CIRCUIT PROTECTION
ADEQUATE INTERLOCKS
DEVICES
WITH
*STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH SAFE WORK PRACTICES
TOOLS AND PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
TOOLS USUALLY REQUIRED ARE:
*LADDERS
*SAFETY BELTS
*RODS
*GLOVES, COATS, BLANKETS, MATS OF
APPROVED INSULTING MATERIAL
*HELMETS & EYE PROTECTIONS
*HAND LINES
*CANVAS TOOL BAGS
*PROTECTIVE CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR
EVOLUTION OF PROTECTION SYSTEM
*TRADITIONAL SYSTEM
• One Device required per function
*MODERN SOLUTION
• Numerical Technology based on hardware platforms and
functional software libraries
• Enhanced Communication Capabilities.
• Allows the development of new solutions and higher
degree of integration.
• Efficient management of the network.
• Reduces Outages.
• Better Fault Analysis.
• Higher quality of monitoring functionality.
• Reduction of Cost.
GOOD REASONS FOR PRACTICING
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
1. Personal Reasons
- Affect everyone as caring individuals and employers
2. Business Reasons
- Safety makes good business sense
3. Regulatory and Legal Reasons
- Violations can result in fines, legal action etc.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES
 Plan every Job.
 Anticipate unexpected Events.
 Use the right tool for the job.
 Isolate the Equipment.
 Minimize the hazard.
 Protect the personnel.
 Assess abilities of the personnel.
Audit the above Principles periodically.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY POLICY
AT WORK PLACES
THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT
NEEDS TO BE IMPLEMENTED.
SUPPORT
OF
ESSENTIAL.
TOP
SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT
THE MAIN FEATURES ARE:
* AN ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM PUT IN PLACE
FOR OVERALL SAFETY DIRECTIONS IN FACILITY
ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ELECTRICAL WORK.
* SAFETY INCHARGE VESTED WITH NECESSARY
POWERS AND TESTING RESPONSIBILITIES .
*ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAMS TO BE INTEGRATED
WITH AN OVERALL SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH PROGRAM.
*SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
AND WORKMEN:
THE USER OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT /APPLIANCES TO
ENSURE ITS SAFETY BY PROPER INSPECTION & TESTING.
*AUTHORISATION:
ONLY AUTHORISED PERSON BE ALLOWED TO WORK.
* TRAINING :
ALL PERSONNEL TO HAVE ELECTRICAL SAFETY
TRAINING APPROPRIATE TO THEIR ASSIGNED JOBS.
*ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY RESCUE
PROCEDURES:
• SYSTEM IN PLACE FOR PROMPT ASSISTANCE AND
RESCUE IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES OR ACCIDENTS.
•THE RESPONSE TIME SHOULD BE MINIMUM.
* FIRST AID ARRANGEMENTS:
• ADEQUATE FIRST AID ARRANGEMENTS .
•THE STAFF BE PROPERLY TRAINED IN FIRST AID e.g.
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION ETC.
* TECHNICAL SUPPORT :
ACCESS
TO
QUALIFIED
ENGINEERING
ORGANIZATION
OR
IN-HOUSE
COMPETENT
ENGINEERS TO GUIDE ON ALL ASPECTS OF
OPERATIONS, MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY.
*ELECTRICAL SAFETY AUDIT:
•TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND QUALITY OF
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SAFETY
PROGRAM.
•TO BE PERFORMED ON A REGULAR BASIS.
• TO IDENTIFY NEW OR REVISED REQUIREMENTS
BASED ON REGULATIONS, STANDARDS OR NEW
TECHNOLOGIES.
ELECTRICAL SAFETYSUGGESTIONS
* USE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS OF STANDARD
DESIGN AND QUALITY.
*DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AS PER
STANDARD NORMS WITH ADEQUATE PROTECTION &
INTERLOCK FACILITIES.
* ESTABLISHMENT AND STRICT IMPLEMENTATION OF
AN EFFECTIVE ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM.
* UTILISATION OF GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) FOR
SPECIFIC LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY OF PERSONNEL.
*USE OF GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS
(GFCIs) FOR PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRICAL
SHOCKS.
ELECTRICAL SAFETYSUGGESTIONS (Contd.)
* USE OF EXTREMELY FAST EARTH FAULT DIVERTERS
HAVING OPERATING TIME AS LOW AS 2.0 MILLISECONDS.
* ON-LINE INSULATION MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
SUCH AS CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, UNDERGROUND COAL
MINES etc.
* DEPLOYMENT
OF
QUALIFIED
ELECTRICAL
SUPERVISORS EXCLUSIVELY FOR SAFETY WATCH
DURING EXECUTION OF HAZARDOUS ELECTRICAL
WORK.
STATUTORY MECHANISM FOR
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
*THERE IS IN PLACE WELL-ESTABLISHED, TIME TESTED
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY
MAINLY IN THE FORM OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES,
1956.
*ELECTRICAL INSPECTORS OF THE STATE GOVT. AND
CENTRAL GOVT. DEPARTMENTS LIKE DEFENCE,
TELECOMMUNICATION,
RAILWAYS,
MINES
ETC.
CHARGED WITH RESPONSIBILITY OF ENFORCEMENT OF
THESE RULES.
*UNDER SECTONS 53, 73(c) & 177(2) OF INDIAN
ELECTRICITY ACT 2003, CEA HAS TO NOTIFY THE
REGULATIONS RELATING TO SAFETY AND ELECTRIC
SUPPLY.
*CEA IS PREPARING SAFETY REGULATIONS RELATING
TO CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
OF :
- THERMAL POWER STATIONS
- HYDRO POWER STATIONS ; AND
- TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION OF POWER
INCLUDING USE OF ELECTRICITY.
*TILL THE NEW REGULATIONS ARE NOTIFIED THE
SAFETY REGULATIONS IN THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY
RULES, 1956 WILL CONTINUE TO BE IN OPERATION AS
PER SECTON 185 OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003.
THOUGH STATUTORY MECHANISM
– RULES, SAFE WORK PRACTICES
etc. EXIST BUT THEY ARE NOT
SUBSTITUTE FOR A DEVELOPED
CULTURE OF SAFETY WITHIN THE
ORGANISATION WHICH IS VERY
ESSENTIAL FOR PREVENTING
ACCIDENTS.