Open wound

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NURSING CARE FOR PATIENT
WITH WOUND
By
Purwaningsih
Break in skin
or
mucous membranes
What are wounds ?
Injury to any of
the tissues of the body,
especially that caused by
physical means and with
interruption of continuity
is defined as a wound.
Wound healing is a natural
and spontaneous
phenomenon.
* dead tissue and foreign bodies
must be removed,
* infection treated,
* and the tissue must be held in
apposition
Until the healing
process provides
the wound with
sufficient strength
to with stand stress
without
mechanical
support.
A wound may
be approximated
with sutures,
staples, clips,
skin closure
strips, or topical
adhesives.
1. Intentional Vs. Unintentional.
2. Open Vs. Closed.
3. Degree of contamination.
4 . Depth of the
Classification of wounds
Intentional Vs. Unintentional wounds
Intentional wound: occur during therapy. For
example: operation or venipuncture.
Unintentional wound: occur accidentally.
Example: fracture in arm in road traffic accident.
Open Vs. Closed wounds
Open wound: the mucous membrane or skin
surface is broken.
Closed wound: the tissue are traumatized
without a break in the skin.
Degree of contamination
Clean wounds: are uninfected wounds in which
minimal inflammation exist, are primarily closed
wounds.
Clean –contaminated wound: are surgical wounds in
which the respiratory, alimentary, genital, or urinary
tract has been entered. There is no evidence of
infection.
Degree of contamination
Contaminated wounds: include open, fresh,
accidental wounds. There is evidence of
inflammation.
Dirty or infected wounds: includes old,
accidental wounds containing dead tissue and
evidence of infection such as pus drainage.
Depth of the wound
Partial thickness: the wound involves dermis and
epidermis.
Full thickness: involving the dermis, epidermis,
subcutaneous tissue, and possibly muscle and
bone.
Types of wounds
1. Incision: open wound, painful, deep or
shallow, due to sharp instrument.
2. Contusion: closed wound, skin appears
ecchymotic because of damaged blood
vessels, due to blow from blunt instrument.
Types of wounds
3. Abrasion: open wound involving skin only,
painful, due to surface scrape.
4. Puncture: open wound, penetrating of the
skin and often the underlying tissues by a
sharp instrument.
Types of wounds
5. Laceration: open wound edges are often
jagged, tissues torn apart. Often from
accidents.
6. Stab wound: open wound, penetration of the
skin and the underlying tissues, usually
unintentional.
Wound Healing
• Primary Intention
– skin edges are approximated (closed) as in a surgical
wound
– Inflammation subsides within 24 hours (redness, warmth,
edema)
– Resurfaces within 4 to 7 days
• Secondary Intention: tissue loss
– Burn, pressure ulcer, severe lasceration
– Wound left open
– Scar tissue forms
Wound Healing
• Inflammatory Response
– Serum and RBC’s form fibrin network
– Increases blood flow with scab forming in 3 to 5 days
• Proliferative Phase: 3-24 days
– Granulation tissue fills wound
– Resurfacing by epithelialization
• Remodeling: more than 1 year
– collagen scar reorganizes and increases in strength
– Fewer melanocytes (pigment), lighter color
Some Factors Influencing Wound Healing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Age
Nutrition: protein and Vitamin C intake
Obesity decreased blood flow and increased risk for infection
Tissue contamination: pathogens compete with cells for
oxygen and nutrition
Hemorrhage
Infection: purulent discharge
Dehiscence: skin and tissue separate
Evisceration: protrusion of visceral organs
Fistula: abnormal passage through two organs or to outside
of body
Complications of wound healing
1. Hemorrhage: some escape of blood from a
wound is normal, but persistent bleeding is
abnormal.
2. Hematoma: localized collection of blood
underneath the skin, and may appear as a
reddish blue swelling.
3. Infection
Risk Assessment
•
•
•
•
Alterations in mobility
Level of incontinence
Nutritional status
Alteration in sensation or response to
discomfort
• Co-morbid conditions
• Medications that delay healing
• Decreased blood flow to lower extremities
when ulceration is present
Assessment and Documentation
• Location
• Stage and Size
• Periwound
• Undermining
• Tunneling
• Exudate
• Color of wound bed
• Necrotic Tissue
• Granulation Tissue
• Effectiveness of Treatment
Pressure Ulcer Assessment
• Tissue Type
– Granulation Tissue: red and moist
– Slough: yellow stringy tissue attached to wound
bed; removal essential for healing
– Eschar: necrotic tissue which is brown or black
appearance must be debrided
Pressure Ulcer Assessment
• Wound Deterioration
– Skin surrounding ulcer
• Redness, warmth, edema
• Exudate
– Amount, color, consistency, odor
Assessment
• In emergency settings
– Bleeding?
– Foreign bodies or contamination?
– Size of wound?
– Need for protection of wound?
– Need for tetanus antitoxin
Assessment
• Stable Setting
– Wound appearance
– Character of drainage
•
•
•
•
Serous
Sanguineous
Serosanguineous
Purulent
Assessment
• Stable setting
– Drains
• Penrose
• Evacuator units
– Jackson Pratt drains
– Hemovac drains
– Wound closures
•
•
•
•
Sutures
Steel staples
Clear strips
Wound glues
Drains and Wound Closures
Pressure Ulcer Staging
2
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Pressure Ulcer Stages
• Stage I: No Skin Break
– Skin temperature, consistency (firm), sensation
(pain or itching)
– Persistent redness in light skin tones
– Persistent red, blue or purple hue in darker skin
tones
Pressure Ulcer Stages
• Stage II: Superficial
– Partial-thickness skin loss (epidermis and/or dermis
– Abrasion, blister or shallow crater
• Stage III
– Full-thickness skin loss (subcutaneous damage or necrosis
and may extend down to but not through fascia
– Deep crater
Pressure Ulcer Stages
• Stage IV: full thickness skin loss and destruction, necrosis of
the tissue, damage to muscle, bone, tendons and joint
capsules and sinus tract
• Types of Dressings
•
•
•
•
Transparent film (Tegraderm, Bioclusive)
Hydrocolloid (Duoderm, Comfeel)
Hydrogel
Gauze Roll (Kerlix)
– Provide moist environment
– Loosen slough and necrotic tissue
– Wick drainage from wound
Nursing Diagnosis
•
•
•
•
•
Impaired Skin Integrity
Impaired Tissue Integrity
Risk for Infection
Pain
Imbalanced Nutrition, Less than body
requirements
Care Planning
.
Overall strategy and scope of the
treatment plan depends on patient’s
condition, prognosis, and reversibility of
the wound.
Appropriate Goals
• Prevent complications or the deterioration of an
existing wound
• Prevent additional skin breakdown
• Minimize harmful effects of the wound on the
patient’s overall condition
• Promote wound healing
Interventions
Dressing considerations should include:
•
•
•
•
•
Patient’s condition and prognosis
Caregiver ability
Ease and continuity of use
Ability to maintain moisture balance
Frequency of change
Specific Points Affecting
Wound Healing
•
•
•
•
•
Keep wound clean and scab free
Keep wound moist
Avoid steroid creams
Suturing wound splints skin
Wounds actually shrinks
Pain Management
) Medicate the resident prior to dressing
changes
2) Some treatment regimes may be
uncomfortable for the resident
3) Provide maintenance doses of medication
for those patients who have pain.
4) Adjuvant therapy may be appropriate
5) Consider non-medicinal approaches
1
Wound Preparation
• Removal of hair
– Not eyebrow
• Scrubbing the wound
• Irrigation with saline
– Avoid peroxide, betadine,
tissue toxic detergents
Basic Elements of Wound Care
• Cleanse Debris from the
Wound
• Possible Debridement
• Absorb Excess Exudate
• Promote Granulation
and Epithelialization
When Appropriate
• Possibly Treat Infections
• Minimize Discomfort
Interventions
Stage I
GOALS:
TREATMENTS:
•
•
•
Preferred agents (dry skin)
Maintain skin integrity
Skin to remain clean and odor free
Protect and moisturize skin
• Aloe Vesta skin cream
Preferred agents (at risk for breakdown
due to incontinence/pressure)
• Aloe Vesta protective ointment
• Dermarite Perigaurd barrier
ointment
Interventions
Stage II, III, IV
Dry to Minimal Exudate
GOALS:
•
•
•
•
Minimize dressing changes
Maintain moist environment
Prevent infection
Prevent additional skin
breakdown
TREATMENTS:
Preferred agents:
• Hydrofiber (Aquacel)
• Viscopaste
• Hydrocolloid (DuoDERM
Extra Thin)
Follow product guidelines for
frequency of dressing change
Interventions
Stage II, III, IV
Moderate Exudate
GOALS:
•
•
•
•
Minimize dressing changes
Maintain moist environment
Prevent infection
Prevent additional skin
breakdown
TREATMENTS:
Preferred Agents:
• Hydrofiber (Aquacel)
• Hydrocolloid (DuoDERM
Signal)
Follow product guidelines for
frequency of dressing change
Interventions
Stage II, III, IV
Copious Exudate
GOALS:
•
•
•
•
Minimize dressing changes
Manage Exudate
Prevent infection
Prevent additional skin
breakdown
TREATMENTS:
Preferred Agents:
• Hydrofiber (Aquacel)
• Hydrocolloid (DuoDERM
Signal)
Follow product guidelines for
frequency of dressing change
Interventions
Infected Wounds
…
Diagnosis of wound infection:
• Swab Cultures not recommended
• Based on clinical signs (fever,
increased pain, friable granulation
tissue, foul odor)
Treatments:
Tissue culture or biopsy is not
optimal for the hospice patient.
DO NOT USE:
Preferred agents:
• Hydrofiber (Aquacel Ag)
• Silvadene ointment and nonsterile gauze
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•
•
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Providine Iodine
Iodophor
Dakin’s solution
Hydrogen peroxide
Acetic Acid
Cleaning a Wound
Securing A Dressing
REFERENCES
1. Bucky Boaz, Principles of Wound Closure
2. Magdy Amin RIAD, Wound care, University of Dundee
3. Teresa V. Hurley, Skin Integrity and Wound Care
4. UNC Emergency Medicine, Wound Management
5. VITAS Healthcare Corporation, Wound CareBest Practice Guidelines
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