Journal Response #3
Unit 2.2 Lesson Prompt for the Formation of Government:
- A little brainstorming… what would happen to a basketball team if
every player concentrated on setting individual records rather than
working as a team to win games?
- Now, let’s apply that same concept to our government… what would
happen if each state pursued its own interests rather than those of the
nation as a whole?
This brainstorming entry was completed on
your Ch. 5.1 Worksheet: Experimenting with
Confederation”. Be prepared to share your
answers in class!
Unit 2 Part 2 (Ch. 5) Notes:
Foundations of Government
U.S. History & The Constitution
Mr. Weathers
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the
conflicts between regional and national interest in the development of
democracy in the United States.
USHC-1.4: Analyze how dissatisfactions with the government under the
Articles of Confederation were addressed with the writing of the
Constitution of 1787, including the debates and compromises reached at
the Philadelphia Convention and the ratification of the Constitution.
Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)
- Americans created a government under the
Articles of Confederation (AOC).
- Protected hard fought rights.
- AOC’s downfall = weak central government to
meet the nation’s needs.
- Weak government = result of experiences
that led to the Am. Revolution.
Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)
- Americans fought to maintain colonial assemblies’ rights.
- Believed sovereignty rested in state governments.
- Continental Congress = model for the AOC government (Confederation
government).
- Authority rested in states, not central, governments.
Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)
Successes of the Confederation Government (see 5.1 Worksheet)
- Large & small states conflicted over western land claims.
- Resolved = states gave up land claims to the Confederation
government = created national domain.
- Government established land distribution method = Land Ordinances.
- Set precedent for the creation
of new states (Northwest Ordinance).
Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)
Successes Cont.
- Northwest Ordinances = slavery illegal in the
old Northwest Territory. (nation’s 1st effort).
- Land Ordinance & Northwest Ordinance were
the first acts of the 1st Congress under the new
1787 Constitution.
- System for equal state creation = achievement
of the Confederation government.
Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)
Successes Cont.
- Confederation government = effective during Revolution when states had
a common cause.
- Allowed states to write constitutions & passed laws that met their needs.
Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)
Weaknesses of the Confederation Government:
- AOC government negotiated the Treaty of Paris.
- Problems between states rose soon after the war’s end in 1781.
- Americans found AOC government too weak for the new nation.
Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)
Weaknesses of the Confederation Government Cont.:
1.) Economic Problems: Interruption of trade with Britain (primary trade
partner) = economic depression & challenges to the AOC gov’t.
2.) Government didn’t have the ability to pay an army; elite feared it might
not be able to respond to crisis.
3.) Government could not solve conflicts
between states over interstate trade,
currency, or boundaries.
- Power to do so was not recognized by
the states
- No national judicial branch to resolve
conflicts.
Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)
Problems Cont.
4.) Diplomatic Problems: gov’t couldn’t force the British to follow the
Treaty of Paris = remove British from U.S. land.
5.) Couldn’t persuade British gov’t to allow the continuation of trade.
6.) Couldn’t get U.S. access to the sea through Spanish New Orleans.
States attempted to negotiate with foreign powers separately.
7.) Couldn’t levy taxes (only request
funds from the states.
- Many states refused to support the
national gov’t with funds = gov’t
couldn’t raise an army that would
give the government diplomatic
clout.
Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)
Problems Cont.
8.) Lack of power to solve national problems = states refused to acknowledge
central government’s authority.
- 2/3 majority needed by states to pass legislation.
9.) No executive branch to carry out the will of the national congress or a
judiciary to resolve disputes.
10.) Authority of the government derived from the states = Confederation
Congress delegates were selected by state legislatures.
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up
Bell Ringer #10 (26 Sept)
10.) The Articles of Confederation (AOC) proved ineffective as a national body
of laws for which of the following reasons?
a.) It gave too much power to the Congress without providing for a commander
of the nation’s armed forces.
b.) It imposed federal taxes that led to a rebellion of farmers in New England.
c.) It did not give the federal government enough power to effectively lead.
d.) If prevented individual states from having their own constitutions.
CORRECT ANSWER: C
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the
conflicts between regional and national interest in the development of
democracy in the United States.
USHC-1.4: Analyze how dissatisfactions with the government under the
Articles of Confederation were addressed with the writing of the
Constitution of 1787, including the debates and compromises reached at
the Philadelphia Convention and the ratification of the Constitution.
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Small Group Case Studies
Every Group Member Receives:
-Incident Report form (one per person – everyone fills one out!)
-group specific case study on challenges of the Articles of Confederation
period.
Procedures
- Your group will be given a case study.
-Review the case study & work together to complete the
incident report based on your findings have each group
present its incident report.
-Each group will explain & present their findings &
display their Incident report form to the class.
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Case Study #1 – Settling the National Debt
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Case Study #2 – The Pirates of North Africa
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Case Study #3 – Soldiers in the Time of Peace
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Case Study #4 – Western Lands
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
Shay’s Rebellion:
-Term (definition):
- Uprising of debt-ridden farmers protesting increased state taxes.
- When:
- 1787
- Where:
- Massachusetts
- Significance:
- Spread panic of further uprisings
throughout the nation. Caused people
to realize the need for a stronger national
government.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
Constitutional Convention:
- Term (definition):
- Meeting of 55 states delegates to discuss the need to strengthen
the central government.
- When:
- 1787
- Where:
- Pennsylvania State House
(Independence Hall)
- Significance:
- Delegates from the states
began the construction of a
new government framework
to address the shortfalls of
the Articles of Confederation.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
The Convention’s Issues
Issue
Levying (Collecting)
Taxes
Articles of Confederation
Congress couldn’t enact
& collect taxes; only
request them.
Constitution
Congress had right to levy
taxes on individuals; money
could help support an army.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
The Convention’s Issues
Issue
Articles of Confederation
Interstate or Foreign Trade,
& currency (money).
Congress couldn’t
regulate interstate or
foreign trade; no standard
currency.
Constitution
New national government
given exclusive power
to control interstate
commerce; control of
currency.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
The Convention’s Issues
Issue
Treaties & Dealing with
Foreign Powers
Articles of Confederation
Constitution
Individual states negotiated National government given
exclusive right to make
treaties with foreign
treaties with foreign
powers.
powers.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
The Conventions Issues
Issue
Congressional
Representation
Articles of Confederation
1 house (unicameral);
1 vote per state regardless
of population.
Constitution
2 houses (bicameral);
upper house (senate) = 2 votes
per state); lower house (House
of Representatives) = based on
population.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
The Convention’s Issues
Issue
Congress’ Ability to
Pass Laws
Articles of Confederation
9/13 states required
Constitution
50% +1 of both houses plus
signature of president.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
The Convention’s Issues
Issue
Amending the
Document
Articles of Confederation
13/13 states required.
Constitution
2/3 of both houses of Congress
plus 3/4 of state legislatures or
national convention.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
The Convention’s Issues
Issue
Executive Branch
(President)
Articles of Confederation
No executive with power to
enforce Congress’ laws.
President merely presided
over Congress.
Constitution
Executive branch headed by
a president who chose a
Cabinet & has checks on
power of judicial & legislative
branches.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
The Convention’s Issues
Issue
Judicial Branch (Courts)
Articles of Confederation
No court system to settle
legal disputes.
Constitution
Court system created to
resolve issues between
citizens, states.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
The Convention’s Issues
Issue
National Unity
Articles of Confederation
13 states believed in a weak
central government; no
national unity.
Constitution
Constitution = supreme law
of the land; strong central
government.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
Representation in Congress (Problem & Solution)
Virginia Plan
1.) The Virginia Plan proposed a Congress
composed of:
Bicameral (two house) legislature: lower
& upper houses.
New Jersey Plan
2.) The New Jersey Plan called for a
Congress consisting of:
Unicameral (one house) legislature.
3.) The Virginia Plan proposed that
representation in Congress be based on:
Population of each state.
Other large states agreed.
4.) The New Jersey Plan proposed that
congressional representation be based on:
One vote per state.
Other small states agreed.
5.) How did Roger Sherman’s Great Compromise resolve this conflict?
Proposed a bicameral Congress, giving each state equal representation in the
Senate and representation based of population in the House of Representatives.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
Representation in Congress Cont. (Problem & Solution)
6.) Northern States felt that representation in 7.) Southern states felt that representation
Congress should be based on the number of: should be based on the number of:
People, other than slaves.
People, including slaves.
8.) How did the Three-Fifths Compromise resolve this conflict?
Proposed that three-fifths of a state’s slave population be counted for
representation.
.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
- How did the members of the Constitutional Convention help ease the
southern delegates’ fears of federal control of the slave trade?
- Federal government wouldn’t attempt to limit the international
slave trade for at least 20 years; Made illegal in 1808.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
- The three branches of government:
- Legislative: makes the laws
- Executive: enforces the laws
- Judicial: interprets the laws and the Constitution
Checks & Balances:
- Provisions of the U.S. Constitution that prevent any branch from
dominating the other two branches.
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
Checks & Balances in Action
Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)
- Electoral College: group selected by the states to elect the president &
vice president; each state’s number of electors is equal to the number of its
senators & representatives in Congress.
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the
conflicts between regional and national interest in the development of
democracy in the United States.
USHC-1.4: Analyze how dissatisfactions with the government under the
Articles of Confederation were addressed with the writing of the
Constitution of 1787, including the debates and compromises reached at
the Philadelphia Convention and the ratification of the Constitution.
USHC-1.5: Explain how the fundamental principle of limited government is
protected by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, including democracy,
republicanism, federalism, the separation of powers, the system of checks
and balances, and individual rights.
Ch. 5.3 –Ratifying the Constitution (pgs. 145-149)
- Concept of Limited Government: government must be controlled so that
it cannot infringe upon the rights of the people.
- Under the Constitution, national government’s power is limited.
- Fundamental Principle of Democracy: government derives its power
from the consent of the governed.
Ch. 5.3 –Ratifying the Constitution (pgs. 145-149)
Philadelphia Convention (Constitutional Convention): May-Sept 1787
- Declared overall authority to govern granted by “We, the people” (voters) to
the national government, not to the states.
- Acted on principle of federalism = limits national government’s power by
only
delegating it some powers.
- Other powers: reserved to the states, held concurrently by the states
& by the nation, while others reside with the people.
Ch. 5.3 –Ratifying the Constitution Cont. (pgs. 145-149)
Philadelphia Convention (Constitutional Convention) (Cont.):
- Gave House of Representatives the right to initiate tax measures.
- Determined directly election of representatives by the voters of their states.
- Buffered the impact of the popular will on the election of the president.
(Electoral College).
- Devised system for indirect election of Senators.
- Supreme Court Justices = nominated (president) & confirmed (Senate).
Ch. 5.3 –Ratifying the Constitution (pgs. 145-149)
- Ratification: Constitution sent to special state conventions for ratification;
required 9 of 13 states’ votes.
- Ratification = compromise between a stronger national gov’t & those who
feared it.
Ch. 5.3 –Ratifying the Constitution (pgs. 145-149)
- Two groups debated ratification:
a.) Federalists: Pro-Constitution; represented the coastal elites.
- Favored strong national government & loose interpretation of the
Constitution.
- James Madison, Alexander Hamilton & John Jay campaigned for
ratification; wrote essays known as The Federalist Papers.
- Written to influence New York’s ratifying
convention.
- For a central government that protected people’s
rights against local prejudices, but not too strong
to threaten their liberties.
Ch. 5.3 – Ratifying the Constitution (pgs. 145-149)
b.) Anti-Federalists: anti-Constitution; backcountry farmers who feared the
power that the elites would have in a strong national government located far
away from the influence of the people.
- Favored a weak national government & strict interpretation of the
Constitution.
- believed state governments would
be more responsive to people’s needs.
- Constitution met minimum ratification
requirements on June 21, 1788.
Debating ratification in the
Virginia House of Burgesses
Ch. 5.3 – Ratifying the Constitution (pgs. 145-149)
Ch. 5.3 – Ratifying the Constitution (pgs. 145-149)
Bill of Rights: antifederalists concerned about the rights of the individual
against an abusive government.
- Several states ratified only on the condition that a bill of rights (first ten
amendments) would be added.
1st
- ______ = Right to freedom of speech, religion, assembly & the press.
2nd
- ______ = Right to bear arms.
4th
- ______ = Unreasonable searches & seizures.
th
6
- ______
= Protection against unfair trials.
th
10
- ______ = Reserved powers to the state
(& people).
The Bill of Rights was ratified on Dec, 15, 1791.
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the
conflicts between regional and national interest in the development of
democracy in the United States.
USHC-1.6: Analyze the development of the two-party system during the
presidency of George Washington, including controversies over domestic
and foreign policies and the regional interests of the DemocraticRepublicans and the Federalists.
USHC-1.7: Summarize the expansion of the power of the national government
as a result of Supreme Court decisions under Chief Justice John Marshall,
such as the establishment of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison and the
impact of political party affiliation on the Court.
Chapter 6.1- 6.3 Small Group Work
Group Topics:
Group I - Alexander Hamilton v Thomas Jefferson (T-Chart)
- Role of government, economic vision, & view towards the
Constitution.
- Hamilton’s economic plan & role for a Bank of the United States.
Group 2 - 2 Emerging Political Parties (who were they) (Venn Diagram)
- Political beliefs / attitudes
- Views towards the French Revolution
Group 3 - The Whiskey Rebellion (significance of) (Cause & Effect Chart)
- role of the federal government.
Group 4 - Alien & Sedition Acts & VA & KY Resolutions (5 W’s Chart)
Group 5 - Power of the Supreme Court (Circle Diagram/Web)
- Judiciary Act of 1789
- Chief Justice John Marshall & His Court (type of court, political
alignment, etc.)
- Marbury vs. Madison (impact of)
All Group Charts/Diagrams Must Have Accompanying Visuals!
6.1 - Washington Leads the New Gov’t (pgs. 182-187)
Judiciary Act of 1789
- Created a judicial structure that has remained essentially intact.
- Created the supreme court, circuit courts, & district courts.
- Law allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when
constitutional issues were raised.
Washington Shapes the Executive
- Created the positions of
- Secretary of State : T. Jefferson
- Secretary of Treasury: A. Hamilton
- Secretary of War: Henry Knox
- They would be known as the cabinet.
6.1 - Washington Leads the New Gov’t (pgs. 182-187)
Hamilton & Jefferson in Conflict
- Hamilton = strong central government
- Jefferson = strong state government
- Hamilton = strong commerce & industry
- Jefferson = strong society of farmers
- Strict vs. Loose interpretation of Constitution
Hamilton’s Economic Plan
T. Jefferson
- Hamilton wanted to manage the country’s debt
& est. a national bank system.
- National debt was at a couple million & the
money needed to be paid to foreign countries
& U.S. citizens
- Wanted national govt. to absorb state debt
to strengthen the faith in the new govt.
A. Hamilton
6.1 - Washington Leads the New Gov’t (pgs. 182-187)
E. Hamilton’s Plan for a National Bank
- Hamilton created the Bank of the United States = hoped to tie wealthy
investors to the country’s welfare, .
- Bank would issue paper money to handle tax receipts & other govt. funds.
F. District of Columbia
- Hamilton wanted to move the
capital to a southern state in
hopes for these states to feel
more included in the govt.
6.1 - Washington Leads the New Gov’t (pgs. 182-187)
Federalist vs. Democratic-Republicans
- 2 parties formed around issues of federal gov’t’s power & size vs. state gov’ts.
- Federalists - sided with Hamilton (strong central gov’t).
- Dem. Republicans – sided with Jefferson (strong state gov’t).
- Started the 2 party system.
Whiskey Rebellion
- Protective tariff - import tax on
European goods.
- Excise tax = tax on whiskey.
- Farmers refused to pay tax
(western PA).
- Showed power of federal gov’t over
regional/state gov’ts.
Washington & The Whiskey Rebellion
6.2 – Foreign
AffairsAffairs
TroubleTrouble
the Nation
(pgs.
190-196)
6.2 Foreign
the
Nation
Reactions to the French Revolution
- Democratic-Republicans wanted to help France.
- Federalists wanted to help the British.
- Neutrality was decided.
Treaty with Spain
- Pinckney’s Treaty = gave U.S. all
lands east of the Mississippi River
& Spain recognized the 31st parallel
as its northern border.
- Allowed U.S. to travel down the
Mississippi River.
Storming the Bastille
(French Revolution: 1789-1799)
6.2 – Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation (pgs. 190-196)
Jay’s Treaty
- British agreed to evacuate their post in
the NW Territory, but British were still able
to have fur trade.
Election of 1796
- John Adams (Federalist) = president.
- Thomas Jefferson (Dem.-Rep) = VP.
6.2 – Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation (pgs. 190-196)
Adams Tries to Avoid War
- French were mad at U.S. for making a treaty with Britain over the NW Territory.
- Adams sent 3 delegates to Paris to smooth over matters.
- XYZ affair = 3 low level officials demanded $250K before 3 U.S. delegates
could speak to the foreign minister.
- Affair caused many anti-French sentiments.
6.2 – Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation (pgs. 190-196)
Alien & Sedition Acts
- Immigrants joined the
Dem-Republican Party.
- Alien + Sedition Acts
- 14 yrs in the U.S. to become a citizen.
- President could deport or jail any
alien considered undesirable.
- Dem-Rep saw the laws as a violation of freedom of speech.
VA & KY Resolutions
- Doctrine of Nullification = states had the right to nullify, or void, any act.
- Came about b/c of the Alien + Sedition Acts.
6.3 - Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course (197-201)
Electoral Deadlock (1800 Election)
- Jefferson defeated Adams; Aaron Burr (T.J.s VP) received same votes as T.J.
- Jefferson became president.
- After this, electoral cast separate ballots for president + vice president.
Thomas Jefferson
Hamilton-Burr Duel
6.3 - Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course (197-201)
John Marshall + the Supreme Court
- Federalist had power in the judicial branch.
- Judiciary Act of 1801 – Adams appointed 16 federal judges & filled most of the seats with
federalists. (known as the midnight judges)
- Some paperwork for the judges wasn’t authorized.
Marbury vs. Madison
- Marbury = midnight judge never received his official
papers.
- Madison was in charge of delivering the papers.
- Judiciary Act of 1789 required the supreme court to
order the papers to be delivered.
- Marbury sued to enforce the law.
- Judicial review – ability of the supreme court to
declare an act of congress unconstitutional.
William Marbury
Sec. of State
James Madison