GC #1: cognates • Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound like words in the English language. • However, there are false cognates: • Examples of cognates – La clase, febrero • Examples of false cognates – Embarazada, sopa GC #2: pronouns Singular First person Second Person Third Person Plural Yo-I Nosotros we Tú-you Vosotros You (Spain) Él-he Ella-she Ellos (as)-they Usted (Ud.)Ustedes (Uds.) you formal You GC # 3: ser (to be) Singular First person Second Person Third Person Plural Yo soy Nosotros somos Tú eres Os sois Él es Ellas es Usted (Ud.) es Ellos son Ellas son Ustedes son GC #4: question formation Preguntas (con letra) ECDL • To ask a question that may be answered yes or no, simply raise your voice at the end of the question. • You may answer a question with the word no twice: once to mean no and again to mean not. • Notice that all question words are written with an accent mark. • Also all questions start with an upside question mark ¿ then close up the questions with ? GC # 4: question formation ¿Qué dice el Wordle? ¿Qué? What? ¿Cómo? What? How? ¿Cuándo? When? GC # 4: question formation ¿Quién? Who? Who all? ¿Quiénes? Who are? ¿Cuánto? How much? GC # 4: question formation ¿Por qué? Why? ¿De dónde? Where from? ¿Cuál? Which? What? GC #5: gender and adjective agreement • Adj. describe nouns and must therefore match the gender and number of the noun. • The masculine forms of most adj. end in –o. • The feminine forms of most adj. End in –a. • Adj. ending in consonants or “e” have the same masc. and fem. Forms and do not add an “a”. GC #5: gender and adjective agreement • One exception: Adj. ending in letters “or” or are adj. of nationality form the fem. By adding an “a” • To make an adj. plural, add –s to the singular form. • If it ends in a consonant, add –es. • To describe a mixed group of men and women, use the masc. Plural form of the adj. GC #5: gender and adjective agreement • To describe a mixed group of men and women, use the masc. plural form of the adj. • Examples: –El libro bueno –La comida buena –Los libros buenos –Las comidas buenas GC #6: nouns and definite articles • Definite articles are used to say “the”. • They have different forms and must agree with the noun in gender and number. GC # 6: definite articles (the) Masculino femenino singular plural el los la las GC #7: gustar (to like) Use the verb gustar to say what people like. If the thing they like is singular, use gusta. If it's plural, use gustan. Use ¿qué? with gusta to ask what someone likes. Ejemplos: ¿Te gusta la pizza? Do you like pizza? --Sí, y me gustan las verduras. --Yes, and I like vegetables. ¿Qué te gusta? Me gustan los carros. What do you like? I like cars. GC # 7: gustar (to like) Singular First person Me gusta Plural Nos gusta Os gusta Second Person Te gusta Third Person Le gusta Les gusta 1. Notice that le can stand for you (usted), he, she or it; 2. and les can stand for you (ustedes) or they. 3. To ask who is being talked about, use a quién or a quiénes. 4. To clarify who is being talked about, use a + name(s). Ejemplos: —¿A quién le gusta la pizza? —Who likes pizza? —A Juan le gusta la pizza. —¿A quiénes les gusta la pizza? —Who likes pizza? —A Juan y a Sara les gusta. • Put the word no before the pronoun to say don't or doesn't. —¿Te gusta la fruta? —No, no me gusta la fruta. • To ask why, use ¿Por qué? Answer with porque (because). —¿Por qué te gusta el helado? —Me gusta porque es delicioso. GC #8: Preposition “de” 1) De is used to show possession or relationship. Es el carro de Ernesto. It’s Ernesto’s car. Son los amigos de la profesora. They’re the teacher’s friends. GC #8: Preposition “de” 2) In addition, de can be used to indicate what type of thing you’re describing. los libros de aventuras adventure books las películas de misterio mystery movies GC #8: Preposition “de” 3) The word de is also used to say where someone is from. Julio es de Costa Rica. Julio is from Costa Rica. 4) The preposition de followed by el makes the contraction del. el correo electrónico del profesor the teacher’s e-mail address GC #9: Gustar + infinitives 1) Infinitive – to + a verb, tells what’s happening without telling who performs the action or when the action takes place: 2) There are 3 types of infinitives in Spanish -ar Hablar -er comer -ir escribir 3) Use an infinitive after the verb “gustar” to say what people like to do. Me gusta patinar. I like to skate. ¿Te gusta cantar? Do you like to sing? Cantaris a verb written in the infinitive. 4) Always use gusta with an infinitive never gustan. GC #10: Querer (to want) 1. Use a noun after querer to say what you want. 2. Use an infinitive after querer to say what you want to do. Examples: Quiero Taco Bell. I want Taco Bell. Quiero comer Taco Bell. I want to eat… GC #10: Querer to want First person Singular quiero Second Person Third Person quieres Plural queremos queréis Quiere quieren GC #11: Pronouns after prepositions 1. Pronouns can have different forms even if they refer to the same person. Example: Yo soy Andrea. Me gusta el helado. 2 After preposition like a (to, at), de (of, from, about), and en (in, on, at), the subject pronouns yo and tú change to mí and ti. All other subject pronouns stay the same. 3. Con + the pronoun mí and ti make conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you). 4. To add people to the sentence, use the word a before the name. Example: A Lisa y a Teo les gusta cantar. A mí me gusta patinar. GC #12: Present tense of regular –ar verbs 1. Every verb has a stem followed by an ending. The stem tells the verb’s meaning. An infinitive ending doesn’t name a subject. Stem Stem Stem Hablar Comer Vivir ending ending ending 2. To give the verb a subject, you conjugate it. To conjugate a regular -ar verb in the present tense, drop the -ar ending of the infinitive and add these endings. Each ending goes with a particular subject. Cantar: to sing First person Singular Yo canto Second Person Third Person Tú cantas Él canta Ella canta Ud. Canta Plural Nosotros cantamos vosotros/as cantáis Ellos/as cantan Uds. cantan Examples: --¿Cantan ustedes mucho? Do you sing a lot? --No, casi nunca cantamos. No, we hardly ever sing. 3. Since most of the time the ending of the verb tells the subject, the subject pronoun is normally left out. Use subject pronouns to add emphasis, or when it wouldn’t otherwise be clear who the subject is. Examples: --¿Patinan ustedes mucho? Do you skate a lot? --Ellos patinan. Yo nunca pantino. They skate. I never skate. GC #13: irregular verb ir The -ar verbs you have learned are called regular verbs because their conjugations all follow a predictable pattern. Some verbs such as ir (to go) are called irregular, because they do not follow a clear pattern. GC #13: Ir to go First person Second Person Third Person Singular Voy Vas Va Plural Vamos vais Van GC #13: jugar U UE The verb jugar (to play a sport or game) has regular -ar endings, but the vowel u in the stem changes to ue in all but the nosotros and vosotros forms. GC #13: Jugar: to play First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Jugamos Juego Juegas Jugáis Juega Juegan The preposition a is used after ir to mean to. A is also used after jugar with a sport. When a is followed by el, the two words combine to form the contraction al. Use ¿adónde? to ask where to. Al to the —¿Adónde van los domingos? CONTRACTION: al = a + el 1. Juego al (a el) ajedrez. 2. Jugamos al béisbol. 3. Juegas al básquetbol. 4. Voy al (a el ) mercado. 5. Vamos al (a el ) cine. 6. Van al (a el) colegio. GC #14: Weather Expressions ¿Qué tiempo hace? How is the weather? Hace mal tiempo. The weather is bad. Hace buen tiempo. The weather is good. Hace fresco. Hace calor. Hacer frío. Hace sol. Hace viento. Llueve. Nieva. It is cool. It is hot. It is cold. It is sunny. It is windy. It rains. It snows. GC #15: Indefinite Articles. 1. Indefinite articles are used to say “a”, “an”, and “some”. 2. Indefinite articles have four forms and must agree with the noun in gender and number. GC #15: indefinite articles masculine feminine Sing. una un unas Plu. unos GC #16: Present Tense -er verbs First person Second Person Third Person Singular -o -es -e Plural -emos -en GC #16: P T -ir verbs First person Second Person Third Person Singular -o -es -e Plural -imos -en GC #17: tener (to have) First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Tenemos Tengo Tienes Tiene Tienen Tener idioms Tengo que + infinitive-to have to do something. Tener ganas de + inf. –to feel like doing something. Tener prisa– to be in a hurry Tener (mucha) hambre– to be very hungry Tener mucha sed—to be very thirsty. Tener sueño– to be sleepy Tener miedo– to be afraid Tener calor– to be hot Tener frío– to be cold GC #18: venir (to come) Singular First person Second Person Third Person Plural Venimos Vengo Vienes Viene Vienen GC #19: hacer (do) First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Hacemos Hago Haces Hace Hacen GC #19: poner (to put) First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Ponemos Pongo Pones Pone Ponen GC #19: traer (to bring) First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Traemos Traigo Traes Trae Traen GC #19: salir (to go out) First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Salimos Salgo Sales Sale Salen GC #19: Saber (to know something) First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Sabemos Sé Sabes Sabe Saben GC #19: Ver (to see) First person Second Person Third Person Singular Veo Ves Ve Plural Vemos Ven GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs e ie Despertarse To wake up Sentirse To feel Mantenerse To maintain/To stay in form Cerrar To close Comenzar To start Sentarse To sit down GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs e ie Querer To want Empezar To begin Entender To understand Preferir To prefer Calentar To heat up Perder To lose GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs ei Servir To serve Pedir To ask for Vestirse To get dressed Seguir To follow Conseguir To obtain GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs O ue Dormir To sleep Volver To return Almorzar To have lunch Probar To try (food) Acostarse To go to bed GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs O ue Encontrarse To find oneself with Doler To feel pain Costar To cost Devolver To return (something) Colgar To hang (something) Contar To count GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs U ue Jugar to play GC #20: possessive adj. First person Second Person Third Person Singular My Plural Our(s) Your(s) His/her(s) Their(s) GC #20: possessive adj. First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Nuestra(s) Nuestro(s) Mi (s) Tu (s) Su (s) su(s) GC #21: Estar + prepositions First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Estamos Estoy Estás Está Están Prepositions The verb estar is also used with some prepositions to say where someone or something is in relation to someone or something else. Here are some prepositions made up of more than one word: Prepositions Detrás de behind Cerca de close to, near Debajo de underneath Al lado de next to Prepositions Delante de in front of Lejos de far from Encima de on top, above Ejemplo ¿En dónde esta tu departamento? Está detrás de un edificio grande. Tocar Tocar is used to say what you have to do, what your duties are, or whose turn it is. GC #23: tocar (to play/to touch) First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Nos Me toca(n) toca (n) Te toca(n) Le toca(n) Les toca(n) ejemplos ¿Qué quehaceres te tocan en tu casa? ¿Qué te toca hacer hoy? Parecer Parecer means to seem. It is used to give your opinion about something. GC #23: Parecer First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Nos Me parece(n) parece(n) Te parece(n) Le Les parece(n) parece(n) ejemplos ¿Qué te parecen tus clases? ¿Qué te parece hacer tarea? GC # 24: Ser vs. Estar Ser and estar both mean to be. Ser 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Permanent characteristics. Physical descriptions Origin/natinality Time expressions Professions (jobs) GC #24: Ser First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Soy-I am Somoswe are Eres- you are Es-he is, she Son-they are; is, you are formal you all are Estar 1. 2. 3. Estar Location Feelings 4. Weather expressions GC #24: estar First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural EstamosEstoy-I we are am estás- you are Está, he is, Estás-they she is, you are formal are; you all are Pedir and servir 1. 2. Pedir to ask for; to order Servir to serve Pedir and servir 1. Pedir i 2. Servir i Pedir to ask for; to order First person Second Person Third Person Singular Pido Plural pedimos pides Pide Piden Servir to serve First person Second Person Third Person Singular sirvo Plural servimos sirves sirve sirven GC #25: direct object pronouns • Verbs can be followed by direct objects, the person or thing receiving the action of the verb. Rafaela pone la mesa. Siempre pido la sopa. A direct object can be a noun or a pronoun. Use direct object pronouns to avoid repeating nouns that have already been mentioned. These pronouns must agree with the nouns they stand for. Direct object pronouns Servir to serve Singular Plural Lo-it, him Los-them Las them La-it, her GC #25: direct object pronouns • Direct object pronouns go before the conjugated verb. If there is an infinitive in the sentence, the pronouns go before the conjugated verb or are attached to the end of the infinitive. —¿Quién prepara los sándwiches? —Yo los preparo. —¿Quién va a preparar la cena? —Mi padre la va a preparar. —Mi padre va a prepararla. GC #26: affirmative informal commands • To tell someone you address as tú to do something, use an affirmative informal command. • To form the affirmative informal command of regular or stem-changing verb, just drop the final s off the end of the tú form of the verb. (tú) hablas habla (tú) comescome (tú) pides pide you speak speak you eateat you ask (for) ask (for) GC #26: affirmative informal commands Pide un sandwich de pollo. Order a chicken sandwich. Lava los platos. Wash the dishes. GC #26: affirmative informal commands Some verbs have irregular affirmative informal command forms. Tener Venir Hacer Poner Salir Ir Ser Ten Ven Haz Pon Sal Ve Sé have come do; make put go out; leave go be GC #26: affirmative informal commands Here are some verbs you might use to ask someone to help you in the kitchen. They all have regular command forms. Note that calentar is an e→ ie stem-changing verb. Abrir Cortar Mezclar Calentar Sacar Añadir abre corta mezcla calienta saca añade open up cut mix heat up take out add GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns • A reflexive verb shows that the subject acts upon itself. In Spanish, reflexive verbs have -se attached to the verb. (lavarse, bañarse, ponerse, quitarse, etc.). Some verbs can be both regular and reflexive. Lavo los platos. Me lavo la cara. I wash the dishes. I wash my face. GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns • When you conjugate the reflexive verb, include the reflexive pronoun that agrees with the subject. Example: lavarse Yo me lavo Tú te lavas Ud. Él, ella se lava nosotros nos lavamos Uds. , ellos se lavan GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns • A reflexive pronouns can go before a conjugated verb or can be attached to the end of an infinitive: Example: Me voy a lavar la cara == voy a lavarme la cara. Both sentences mean: I am going to wash my face. GC #27: Reflexive pronouns First person Singular Me -I Plural Nos-we Second Person Te - you Third Person se –he, she, se- they it, you formal You all Reflexive pronouns First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Nos Me despertamos despierto Te despiertas Se Se despierta despiertan Reflexive pronouns First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Nos Me acostamos acuesto Te acuestas Se Se acuesta acuestan Reflexive pronouns: vestir First person Singular Plural Me visto Nos vestimos Second Person Third Person Te vistes Se viste Se visten Reflexive pronouns First person Singular Me Plural Nos mantengo mantenemos Second Person Third Person Te mantienes Se Se mantiene mantienen GC #28: Negative affirmative commands • A negative command tells someone not to do something. To form the negative informal command of most -ar verbs, drop the final o of the yo form and add es. Yo fumo Yo trabajo Yo hablo No fumes Don’t smoke No trabajes Don’t work no hables Don’t talk GC #28: Negative affirmative commands • To form the negative informal command of most -er and -ir verbs, drop the final o of the yo form and add as. Yo form n.i. command translation Vengo Como Duermo Pongo No vengas No comas No duermas no pongas don’t come don’t eat don’t sleep don’t put GC #28: Negative affirmative commands These verbs have irregular negative informal commands. Dar no des Don’t give Ir no vayas Don’t go Ser no seas Don’t be GC # 29: Demonstrative adj. and Comparatives. This, these: este, esta, estos, estas That, those: ese, esa, esos, esas Estos pantalones estan pasados de moda. GC # 29: Comparatives. Más + adj.: more…than Menos + adj.: less…than Tan + adj. + como: as…as GC # 29: Irregular Comparatives. Mejor(es): better Peor(es): worse Menor(es): younger Mayor(es): older GC # 29: Irregular Comparatives. Mejor(es): better Peor(es): worse Menor(es): younger Mayor(es): older GC # 30-Preterite of –ar verbs First person Singular -é Second Person -aste Third Person -ó Plural -amos -aron GC # 31-Preterite of “ir” to go First person Second Person Third Person Singular Fui I went Fuiste You went Plural Fuimos We went Fue Fueron He,she, it went They, you all went GC # 32-Preterite of –er/-ir verbs First person Singular -í Second Person -iste Third Person -ió Plural -imos -ieron GC # 33: conocer-to know someone First person Singular Conozco Second Person conoces Third Person conoce Plural conocemos conocen Yo conozco a Laura. I know laura. GC # 33: saber-to know-something First person Singular Sé Second Person sabes Third Person sabe Plural sabemos saben Yo sé hablar dos idomas. I know how to speak two languages. GC # 34: present progressive –ar verbs First person Second Person Third Person Singular Estoy cantando Estás cantando Está cantando Plural Estamos cantando Están cantando GC # 34: present progressive of –er verbs First person Second Person Third Person Singular Estoy comiendo Estás comiendo Está comiendo Plural Estamos comiendo Están comiendo GC # 34: present progressive of –ir verbs First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Estoy viviendo Estamos viviendo Estás viviendo Está viviendo Están viviendo GC # 34: present progressive of leer First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Estoy Leyendo Estamos Leyendo Estás Leyendo Está Leyendo Están leyendo GC # 34: present progressive of dormir First person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Estamos Estoy Durmiendo durmiendo Estás Durmiendo Están Está Durmiendo durmiendo GC # 34: present progressive of servir First person Second Person Third Person Singular Estoy Sirviendo Estás sirviendo Está sirviendo Plural Estamos sirviendo Están sirviendo La estoy haciendo Estoy haciendola