GC #1: cognates
• Cognates are words that can be easily
recognized because they either look or sound
like words in the English language.
• However, there are false cognates:
• Examples of cognates
– La clase,
febrero
• Examples of false cognates
– Embarazada,
sopa
GC #2: pronouns
Singular
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Plural
Yo-I
Nosotros
we
Tú-you
Vosotros
You (Spain)
Él-he Ella-she Ellos (as)-they
Usted (Ud.)Ustedes (Uds.)
you formal
You
GC # 3: ser (to be)
Singular
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Plural
Yo soy
Nosotros
somos
Tú eres
Os sois
Él es
Ellas es
Usted (Ud.) es
Ellos son
Ellas son
Ustedes son
GC #4: question formation
Preguntas (con letra) ECDL
• To ask a question that may be answered yes or
no, simply raise your voice at the end of the
question.
• You may answer a question with the word no
twice: once to mean no and again to mean not.
• Notice that all question words are written with an
accent mark.
• Also all questions start with an upside question
mark
¿
then close up the questions with
?
GC # 4: question formation
¿Qué dice el Wordle?
¿Qué? What?
¿Cómo?
What?
How?
¿Cuándo?
When?
GC # 4: question formation
¿Quién? Who?
Who
all?
¿Quiénes?
Who are?
¿Cuánto? How
much?
GC # 4: question formation
¿Por qué?
Why?
¿De dónde? Where
from?
¿Cuál?
Which?
What?
GC #5: gender and adjective
agreement
• Adj. describe nouns and must therefore match
the gender and number of the noun.
• The masculine forms of most adj. end in –o.
• The feminine forms of most adj. End in –a.
• Adj. ending in consonants or “e” have the
same masc. and fem. Forms and do not add
an “a”.
GC #5: gender and adjective
agreement
• One exception: Adj. ending in letters “or” or
are adj. of nationality form the fem. By adding
an “a”
• To make an adj. plural, add –s to the singular
form.
• If it ends in a consonant, add –es.
• To describe a mixed group of men and
women, use the masc. Plural form of the adj.
GC #5: gender and adjective agreement
• To describe a mixed group of men and
women, use the masc. plural form of the adj.
• Examples:
–El libro bueno
–La comida buena
–Los libros buenos
–Las comidas buenas
GC #6: nouns and definite articles
• Definite articles are used to
say “the”.
• They have different forms and
must agree with the noun in
gender and number.
GC # 6: definite articles (the)
Masculino femenino
singular
plural
el
los
la
las
GC #7: gustar (to like)
Use the verb gustar to say
what people like. If the thing
they like is singular, use gusta.
If it's plural, use gustan. Use
¿qué? with gusta to ask what
someone likes.
Ejemplos:
¿Te gusta la pizza?
Do you like pizza?
--Sí, y me gustan las verduras.
--Yes, and I like vegetables.
¿Qué te gusta?
Me gustan los carros.
What do you like?
I like cars.
GC # 7: gustar (to like)
Singular
First
person
Me gusta
Plural
Nos gusta
Os gusta
Second
Person
Te gusta
Third
Person
Le gusta Les gusta
1. Notice that le can stand for you
(usted), he, she or it;
2. and les can stand for you
(ustedes) or they.
3. To ask who is being talked about,
use a quién or a quiénes.
4. To clarify who is being talked
about, use a + name(s).
Ejemplos:
—¿A quién le gusta la pizza?
—Who likes pizza?
—A Juan le gusta la pizza.
—¿A quiénes les gusta la pizza?
—Who likes pizza?
—A Juan y a Sara les gusta.
• Put the word no before the pronoun to say
don't or doesn't.
—¿Te gusta la fruta?
—No, no me gusta la fruta.
• To ask why, use ¿Por qué? Answer with porque
(because).
—¿Por qué te gusta el helado?
—Me gusta porque es delicioso.
GC #8: Preposition “de”
1) De is used to show possession or
relationship.
Es el carro de Ernesto.
It’s Ernesto’s car.
Son los amigos de la profesora.
They’re the teacher’s friends.
GC #8: Preposition “de”
2) In addition, de can be used to indicate
what type of thing you’re describing.
los libros de aventuras
adventure books
las películas de misterio
mystery movies
GC #8: Preposition “de”
3) The word de is also used to say where
someone is from.
Julio es de Costa Rica.
Julio is from Costa Rica.
4) The preposition de followed by el makes
the contraction del.
el correo electrónico del profesor
the teacher’s e-mail address
GC #9: Gustar + infinitives
1) Infinitive – to + a verb, tells what’s
happening without telling who performs
the action or when the action takes
place:
2) There are 3 types of infinitives in Spanish
-ar
Hablar
-er
comer
-ir
escribir
3) Use an infinitive after the verb “gustar” to
say what people like to do.
Me gusta patinar. I like to skate.
¿Te gusta cantar? Do you like to sing?
Cantaris a verb written in the infinitive.
4) Always use gusta with an infinitive never
gustan.
GC #10: Querer (to want)
1. Use a noun after querer to say what you
want.
2. Use an infinitive after querer to say what
you want to do.
Examples:
Quiero Taco Bell. I want Taco Bell.
Quiero comer Taco Bell. I want to eat…
GC #10: Querer to want
First
person
Singular
quiero
Second
Person
Third
Person
quieres
Plural
queremos
queréis
Quiere quieren
GC #11: Pronouns after prepositions
1. Pronouns can have different forms even
if they refer to the same person.
Example: Yo soy Andrea.
Me gusta el helado.
2 After preposition like a (to, at), de (of,
from, about), and en (in, on, at), the subject
pronouns yo and tú change to mí and ti. All
other subject pronouns stay the same.
3. Con + the pronoun mí and ti make
conmigo (with me) and contigo (with
you).
4. To add people to the sentence, use the
word a before the name.
Example:
A Lisa y a Teo les gusta cantar.
A mí me gusta patinar.
GC #12: Present tense of regular –ar verbs
1. Every verb has a stem followed by an
ending. The stem tells the verb’s meaning.
An infinitive ending doesn’t name a
subject.
Stem
Stem
Stem
Hablar
Comer
Vivir
ending
ending
ending
2. To give the verb a subject, you
conjugate it. To conjugate a
regular -ar verb in the present
tense, drop the -ar ending of
the infinitive and add these
endings. Each ending goes
with a particular subject.
Cantar: to sing
First
person
Singular
Yo canto
Second
Person
Third
Person
Tú cantas
Él canta
Ella canta
Ud. Canta
Plural
Nosotros
cantamos
vosotros/as
cantáis
Ellos/as cantan
Uds. cantan
Examples:
--¿Cantan ustedes mucho?
Do you sing a lot?
--No, casi nunca cantamos.
No, we hardly ever sing.
3. Since most of the time the
ending of the verb tells the
subject, the subject pronoun is
normally left out. Use subject
pronouns to add emphasis, or
when it wouldn’t otherwise be
clear who the subject is.
Examples:
--¿Patinan ustedes mucho?
Do you skate a lot?
--Ellos patinan. Yo nunca pantino.
They skate. I never skate.
GC #13: irregular verb ir
The -ar verbs you have learned are
called regular verbs because their
conjugations all follow a
predictable pattern. Some verbs
such as ir (to go) are called
irregular, because they do not
follow a clear pattern.
GC #13: Ir to go
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Voy
Vas
Va
Plural
Vamos
vais
Van
GC #13: jugar U UE
The verb jugar (to play a sport or
game) has regular -ar endings, but
the vowel u in the stem changes to
ue in all but the nosotros and
vosotros forms.
GC #13: Jugar: to play
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Jugamos
Juego
Juegas Jugáis
Juega Juegan
The preposition a is used after ir
to mean to. A is also used after
jugar with a sport. When a is
followed by el, the two words
combine to form the contraction
al. Use ¿adónde? to ask where to.
Al to the
—¿Adónde van los domingos?
CONTRACTION: al = a + el
1. Juego al (a el) ajedrez.
2. Jugamos al béisbol.
3. Juegas al básquetbol.
4. Voy al (a el ) mercado.
5. Vamos al (a el ) cine.
6. Van al (a el) colegio.
GC #14: Weather Expressions
¿Qué tiempo hace?
How is the weather?
Hace mal tiempo.
The weather is bad.
Hace buen tiempo.
The weather is good.
Hace fresco.
Hace calor.
Hacer frío.
Hace sol.
Hace viento.
Llueve.
Nieva.
It is cool.
It is hot.
It is cold.
It is sunny.
It is windy.
It rains.
It snows.
GC #15: Indefinite Articles.
1. Indefinite articles are used to
say “a”, “an”, and “some”.
2. Indefinite articles have four
forms and must agree with the
noun in gender and number.
GC #15: indefinite articles
masculine feminine
Sing.
una
un
unas
Plu. unos
GC #16: Present Tense -er verbs
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
-o
-es
-e
Plural
-emos
-en
GC #16: P T -ir verbs
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
-o
-es
-e
Plural
-imos
-en
GC #17: tener (to have)
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Tenemos
Tengo
Tienes
Tiene Tienen
Tener idioms
Tengo que + infinitive-to have to
do something.
Tener ganas de + inf. –to feel like
doing something.
Tener prisa– to be in a hurry
Tener (mucha) hambre– to be very
hungry
Tener mucha sed—to be very
thirsty.
Tener sueño– to be sleepy
Tener miedo– to be afraid
Tener calor– to be hot
Tener frío– to be cold
GC #18: venir (to come)
Singular
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Plural
Venimos
Vengo
Vienes
Viene Vienen
GC #19: hacer (do)
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Hacemos
Hago
Haces
Hace Hacen
GC #19: poner (to put)
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Ponemos
Pongo
Pones
Pone Ponen
GC #19: traer (to bring)
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Traemos
Traigo
Traes
Trae Traen
GC #19: salir (to go out)
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Salimos
Salgo
Sales
Sale Salen
GC #19: Saber (to know something)
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Sabemos
Sé
Sabes
Sabe Saben
GC #19: Ver (to see)
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Veo
Ves
Ve
Plural
Vemos
Ven
GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs
e  ie
Despertarse
To wake up
Sentirse
To feel
Mantenerse
To maintain/To stay in
form
Cerrar
To close
Comenzar
To start
Sentarse
To sit down
GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs
e  ie
Querer
To want
Empezar
To begin
Entender
To understand
Preferir
To prefer
Calentar
To heat up
Perder
To lose
GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs
ei
Servir
To serve
Pedir
To ask for
Vestirse
To get dressed
Seguir
To follow
Conseguir
To obtain
GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs
O  ue
Dormir
To sleep
Volver
To return
Almorzar To have lunch
Probar
To try (food)
Acostarse To go to bed
GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs
O  ue
Encontrarse To find oneself with
Doler
To feel pain
Costar
To cost
Devolver To return (something)
Colgar
To hang (something)
Contar
To count
GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs
U  ue
Jugar
to play
GC #20: possessive adj.
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
My
Plural
Our(s)
Your(s)
His/her(s)
Their(s)
GC #20: possessive adj.
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Nuestra(s)
Nuestro(s)
Mi (s)
Tu (s)
Su (s) su(s)
GC #21: Estar + prepositions
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Estamos
Estoy
Estás
Está Están
Prepositions
The verb estar is also used with
some prepositions to say where
someone or something is in
relation to someone or
something else. Here are some
prepositions made up of more
than one word:
Prepositions
Detrás de  behind
Cerca de  close to, near
Debajo de  underneath
Al lado de  next to
Prepositions
Delante de in front of
Lejos de  far from
Encima de  on top,
above
Ejemplo
¿En dónde esta tu
departamento?
Está detrás de un edificio
grande.
Tocar
Tocar is used to say what
you have to do, what
your duties are, or
whose turn it is.
GC #23: tocar (to play/to touch)
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Nos
Me
toca(n)
toca (n)
Te toca(n)
Le toca(n)
Les
toca(n)
ejemplos
¿Qué quehaceres te
tocan en tu casa?
¿Qué te toca hacer hoy?
Parecer
Parecer means to seem.
It is used to give your
opinion about
something.
GC #23: Parecer
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Nos
Me
parece(n) parece(n)
Te
parece(n)
Le
Les
parece(n) parece(n)
ejemplos
¿Qué te parecen tus
clases?
¿Qué te parece hacer
tarea?
GC # 24: Ser vs. Estar
Ser and estar
both mean to be.
Ser
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Permanent characteristics.
Physical descriptions
Origin/natinality
Time expressions
Professions (jobs)
GC #24: Ser
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Soy-I am Somoswe are
Eres- you
are
Es-he is, she Son-they are;
is, you are formal
you all are
Estar
1.
2.
3.
Estar
Location
Feelings
4.
Weather expressions
GC #24: estar
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
EstamosEstoy-I
we are
am
estás- you
are
Está, he is, Estás-they
she is, you are formal
are; you all are
Pedir and servir
1.
2.
Pedir to ask for; to order
Servir to serve
Pedir and servir
1. Pedir  i
2. Servir  i
Pedir to ask for; to order
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Pido
Plural
pedimos
pides
Pide
Piden
Servir to serve
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
sirvo
Plural
servimos
sirves
sirve
sirven
GC #25: direct object pronouns
• Verbs can be followed by direct objects, the
person or thing receiving the action of the
verb.
Rafaela pone la mesa.
Siempre pido la sopa.
A direct object can be a noun or a
pronoun. Use direct object pronouns to
avoid repeating nouns that have already
been mentioned. These pronouns must
agree with the nouns they stand for.
Direct object pronouns
Servir to serve
Singular Plural
Lo-it, him Los-them
Las
them
La-it, her
GC #25: direct object pronouns
• Direct object pronouns go before the
conjugated verb. If there is an infinitive in the
sentence, the pronouns go before the
conjugated verb or are attached to the end of
the infinitive.
—¿Quién prepara los sándwiches?
—Yo los preparo.
—¿Quién va a preparar la cena?
—Mi padre la va a preparar.
—Mi padre va a prepararla.
GC #26: affirmative informal
commands
• To tell someone you address as tú to do
something, use an affirmative informal command.
• To form the affirmative informal command of
regular or stem-changing verb, just drop the final s
off the end of the tú form of the verb.
(tú) hablas habla
(tú) comescome
(tú) pides  pide
you speak speak
you eateat
you ask (for)  ask (for)
GC #26: affirmative informal
commands
Pide un sandwich de pollo.
Order a chicken sandwich.
Lava los platos.
Wash the dishes.
GC #26: affirmative informal
commands
Some verbs have irregular affirmative
informal command forms.
Tener
Venir
Hacer
Poner
Salir
Ir
Ser
Ten
Ven
Haz
Pon
Sal
Ve
Sé
have
come
do; make
put
go out; leave
go
be
GC #26: affirmative informal
commands
Here are some verbs you might use to ask
someone to help you in the kitchen. They all have
regular command forms. Note that calentar is an
e→ ie stem-changing verb.
Abrir
Cortar
Mezclar
Calentar
Sacar
Añadir
abre
corta
mezcla
calienta
saca
añade
open up
cut
mix
heat up
take out
add
GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns
• A reflexive verb shows that the subject
acts upon itself. In Spanish, reflexive
verbs have -se attached to the verb.
(lavarse, bañarse, ponerse, quitarse,
etc.). Some verbs can be both regular
and reflexive.
Lavo los platos.
Me lavo la cara.
I wash the dishes.
I wash my face.
GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns
• When you conjugate the reflexive verb,
include the reflexive pronoun that agrees with
the subject.
Example: lavarse
Yo me lavo
Tú te lavas
Ud. Él, ella se lava
nosotros nos lavamos
Uds. , ellos se lavan
GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns
•
A reflexive pronouns can go before a conjugated
verb or can be attached to the end of an
infinitive:
Example:
Me voy a lavar la cara == voy a lavarme la cara.
Both sentences mean:
I am going to wash my face.
GC #27: Reflexive pronouns
First
person
Singular
Me -I
Plural
Nos-we
Second
Person
Te - you
Third
Person
se –he, she, se- they
it, you formal
You all
Reflexive pronouns
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Nos
Me
despertamos
despierto
Te
despiertas
Se
Se
despierta
despiertan
Reflexive pronouns
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Nos
Me
acostamos
acuesto
Te
acuestas
Se
Se acuesta
acuestan
Reflexive pronouns: vestir
First
person
Singular
Plural
Me visto Nos
vestimos
Second
Person
Third
Person
Te vistes
Se viste
Se visten
Reflexive pronouns
First
person
Singular
Me
Plural
Nos
mantengo mantenemos
Second
Person
Third
Person
Te
mantienes
Se
Se
mantiene mantienen
GC #28: Negative affirmative commands
• A negative command tells someone not to do
something. To form the negative informal
command of most -ar verbs, drop the final o of
the yo form and add es.
Yo fumo
Yo trabajo
Yo hablo
No fumes Don’t smoke
No trabajes Don’t work
no hables Don’t talk
GC #28: Negative affirmative commands
• To form the negative informal command of most
-er and -ir verbs, drop the final o of the yo form
and add as.
Yo form
n.i. command
translation
Vengo
Como
Duermo
Pongo
No vengas
No comas
No duermas
no pongas
don’t come
don’t eat
don’t sleep
don’t put
GC #28: Negative affirmative commands
These verbs have irregular negative informal
commands.
Dar
no des
Don’t give
Ir
no vayas
Don’t go
Ser
no seas
Don’t be
GC # 29: Demonstrative adj. and
Comparatives.
This, these: este, esta,
estos, estas
That, those: ese, esa, esos,
esas
Estos pantalones estan pasados de
moda.
GC # 29: Comparatives.
Más + adj.: more…than
Menos + adj.: less…than
Tan + adj. + como:
as…as
GC # 29: Irregular Comparatives.
Mejor(es): better
Peor(es): worse
Menor(es): younger
Mayor(es): older
GC # 29: Irregular Comparatives.
Mejor(es): better
Peor(es): worse
Menor(es): younger
Mayor(es): older
GC # 30-Preterite of –ar verbs
First
person
Singular
-é
Second
Person
-aste
Third
Person
-ó
Plural
-amos
-aron
GC # 31-Preterite of “ir” to go
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Fui
I went
Fuiste
You went
Plural
Fuimos
We went
Fue
Fueron
He,she, it
went
They, you all
went
GC # 32-Preterite of –er/-ir verbs
First
person
Singular
-í
Second
Person
-iste
Third
Person
-ió
Plural
-imos
-ieron
GC # 33: conocer-to know someone
First
person
Singular
Conozco
Second
Person
conoces
Third
Person
conoce
Plural
conocemos
conocen
Yo conozco a Laura.
I know laura.
GC # 33: saber-to know-something
First
person
Singular
Sé
Second
Person
sabes
Third
Person
sabe
Plural
sabemos
saben
Yo sé hablar dos
idomas.
I know how to speak
two languages.
GC # 34: present progressive –ar verbs
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Estoy
cantando
Estás
cantando
Está
cantando
Plural
Estamos
cantando
Están
cantando
GC # 34: present progressive of –er verbs
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Estoy
comiendo
Estás
comiendo
Está
comiendo
Plural
Estamos
comiendo
Están
comiendo
GC # 34: present progressive of –ir verbs
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Estoy
viviendo
Estamos
viviendo
Estás
viviendo
Está
viviendo
Están
viviendo
GC # 34: present progressive of leer
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Estoy
Leyendo
Estamos
Leyendo
Estás
Leyendo
Está
Leyendo
Están
leyendo
GC # 34: present progressive of dormir
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Plural
Estamos
Estoy
Durmiendo durmiendo
Estás
Durmiendo
Están
Está
Durmiendo durmiendo
GC # 34: present progressive of servir
First
person
Second
Person
Third
Person
Singular
Estoy
Sirviendo
Estás
sirviendo
Está
sirviendo
Plural
Estamos
sirviendo
Están
sirviendo
La estoy haciendo
Estoy haciendola