2013 Keystone Biology Preparation Schedule
Name:___________________________#____
Week of
Sept. 9
Sept. 16
Sept. 23
Sept. 30
Oct. 7
Oct. 14
Mr. Borst, A312
# of
Days
Topic
5
Basic Science Terms & Branches of Biology
Keystone Biology Word List #1-17 and #18-24
http://quizlet.com/13604023/basic-science-termsflash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/13604238/branches-of-biologyflash-cards/
5
Ecosystems & Biomes
Keystone Biology Word List #25-40
http://quizlet.com/13604536/ecosystems-andbiomes-flash-cards/
4
Environmental Interactions
Keystone Biology Word List #41-52
http://quizlet.com/13604931/environmentalinteractions-flash-cards/
8. CONTINUITY AND UNITY OF LIFE –
ECOLOGY
a. Ecosystems & Biomes
b. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
c. Organism Interactions & Population
Dynamics
d. Earth’s Cycles
e. Environmental Change
5
 Biochemistry
Keystone Biology Word List #53-75
http://quizlet.com/13605615/biochemistry-flashcards/
3. CELLS AND CELL PROCESSES – THE
CHEMICAL BASIS FOR LIFE
a. Organic Molecules & Water
b. Enzymes
4
Cells & Cell Parts
Keystone Biology Word List #76-83 and #84-101
http://quizlet.com/13606307/cells-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/13606578/cell-parts-flashcards/
4. CELLS AND CELL PROCESSES – BASIC
BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
a. Cell Structure & Organization
4
Oct. 21
5
Oct. 28
5
Nov. 4
5
Nov. 11
3
Study Island Modules
 Bioenergetics &  Cell Processes
Keystone Biology Word List #102-105 and #106-113
http://quizlet.com/13605793/bioenergetics-flashcards/
http://quizlet.com/15603121/cell-processes-flashcards/
Reproduction
Keystone Biology Word List #114-132
http://quizlet.com/13682749/reproduction-flashcards/
 Heredity
Keystone Biology Word List #133-147
http://quizlet.com/13683173/heredity-flash-cards/
Mutation, Cloning, and Breeding
Keystone Biology Word List #148-167
http://quizlet.com/13683594/mutation-cloningand-breeding-flash-cards/
1
1. PRE TEST
2. SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
a. Nature of Science
b. Scientific Inquiry
5. CELLS AND CELL PROCESSES –
HOMEOSTASIS, TRANSPORT, AND
BIOENERGETICS
a. Homeostasis & Transport
b. Cellular Energy
6. CONTINUITY AND UNITY OF LIFE – CELL
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION AND
GENETICS
a. Cell Growth & Reproduction
b. DNA & Genetics
c. Heredity
6. CONTINUITY AND UNITY OF LIFE – CELL
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION AND
GENETICS
d. Mutations & Genetic Variability
e. Biotechnology
2013 Keystone Biology Preparation Schedule, continued
Week of
# of
Days
Nov. 18
5
Nov. 25
3
Topic
Study Island Modules
Selection and Evolution
Keystone Biology Word List #168-194
http://quizlet.com/13729506/selection-andevolution-flash-cards/
7. CONTINUITY AND UNITY OF LIFE –
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
a. Theory of Evolution
b. Mechanisms of Evolution
9. POST TEST
 Topics marked with a star in the table above have been identified as focus areas when preparing for the 2013
Keystone Biology Exam.
2
Optional Preparation and Remediation Materials
Week of
Topic
Sept. 9
Basic Science Terms & Branches of Biology
Keystone Biology Word List #1-17 and #1824
Sept. 16
Ecosystems & Biomes
Keystone Biology Word List #25-40
Sept. 23
Environmental Interactions
Keystone Biology Word List #41-52
Sept. 30
 Biochemistry
Keystone Biology Word List #53-75
Oct. 7
Cells & Cell Parts
Keystone Biology Word List #76-83 and #84101
Oct. 14
 Bioenergetics &  Cell Processes
Keystone Biology Word List #102-105 and
#106-113
Oct. 21
Reproduction
Keystone Biology Word List #114-132
Additional Materials and Resources
PSSA Coach Lesson 1: Scientific Theories and Laws
PSSA Coach Lesson 6: Experimental Designs and Processes
PSSA Coach Lesson 8: Using Data
PSSA Coach Lesson 9: Evaluating and Communicating Results
Practicing the Scientific Method packet
PSSA Coach Lesson 25: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
PSSA Coach Lesson 27: Biomes
PSSA Coach Lesson 28: Limiting Factors and Population
Dynamics
Environmental Interactions Words PowerPoint
PSSA Coach Lesson 15: Classification
PSSA Coach Lesson 26: Interactions of Organisms
Biochemistry Words PowerPoint
Osmosis & Diffusion
The Biomacromolecule Song
PSSA Coach Lesson 14: Levels of Organization
PSSA Coach Lesson 24: Biological Diversity, Biogeochemical
Cycles
Online Enzymes tutorial:
http://www.wiley.com/college/test/0471787159/biology_b
asics/home.html
Cell Parts PowerPoint
Cell Parts Review worksheet
Can You Identify These Cell Structures? Worksheet
Cell Parts Mini-Review
PSSA Coach Lesson 14: Levels of Organization
Bioenergetics & Cells PowerPoint
Cell Processes PowerPoint
PSSA Coach Lesson 16: Photosynthesis and Respiration
Reproduction, Mutation, Cloning, Breeding PowerPoint
Reproduction Words (#114-132) worksheet
PSSA Coach Lesson 17: DNA Replication and Protein
Synthesis
PSSA Coach Lesson 22: Mitosis and Meiosis
3
Optional Preparation and Remediation Materials, continued
Week of
Topic
Oct. 28
 Heredity
Keystone Biology Word List #133-147
Nov. 4
Nov. 11
Mutation, Cloning, and Breeding
Keystone Biology Word List #148-167
Nov. 18
Nov. 25
Additional Materials and Resources
PSSA Coach Lesson 21: Expressing Genetic Information
PSSA Coach Lesson 23: Patterns of Inheritance
PSSA Coach pages 17-19: Tongue Rolling Scenario
PSSA Coach pages 368-371: Sex-Linked Traits Scenario
Bikini Bottom Genetics 1:
http://sciencespot.net/Media/gen_spbobgenetics.pdf
Bikini Bottom Genetics 2:
http://sciencespot.net/Media/gen_spbobgenetics2.pdf
Reproduction, Mutation, Cloning, Breeding PowerPoint
Mutation, Cloning, and Breeding (#148-167) worksheet
Selection and Evolution PowerPoint
PSSA Coach Lesson 18: Evidence of Evolution
PSSA Coach Lesson 19: Genetic Variation in Populations
PSSA Coach Lesson 20: Natural Selection
Selection and Evolution
Keystone Biology Word List #168-194
4
KEYSTONE BIOLOGY Word List
Basic Science Terms
http://quizlet.com/13604023/basic-science-terms-flash-cards/
1. Science – search for understanding of the natural world and technology using systematic inquiry,
observation, and experimentation to develop a body of evidence-based knowledge.
2. Inquiry – a systematic process in which current knowledge and skills are used to gain and apply
new knowledge
3. Hypothesis - A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon.
4. Independent variable – the factor that is tested in an experiment; the factor that is intentionally
changed by the experimenter.
5. Dependent variable – the factor that is measured in an experiment; it may or may not change as
a result of changing the independent variable.
6. Experimental controls – factors that are kept the same in all trials of an experiment to ensure that
an experiment is “fair.”
7. Control group – the group or setup of an experiment that is given no special treatment; it is used
for comparison.
8. Fact – information that has been objectively verified through direct observation
9. Law – a statement of observed experimental facts that generalizes a body of observations. It has
been tested many times and is generally accepted as true. At the time it is made, no exceptions
have been found to a law. It explains things but does not describe them; serves as the basis of
scientific principles.
10. Principle - A concept based on scientific laws and axioms (rules assumed to be true and valid)
where general agreement is present.
11. Theory – An explanation of observable phenomena based on available empirical data and
guided by a system of logic that includes scientific laws; provides a system of assumptions,
accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the
nature or behavior of a specific set of phenomena.
12. Model – a description or representation of something (physical model, mathematical model,
conceptual model, computerized model) that helps us study or understand it better
13. Scientific mechanism - The combination of components and processes that serve a common
function.
14. System – A set of interacting or interdependent components, real or abstract, that form an
integrated whole. (Ex: a car, a rollercoaster, the human body)
15. Open system – a system that is able to interact with its environment.
16. Closed system – a system that is isolated from its environment.
17. Subsystem – a group of related objects that make up a larger system (examples: a car’s fuel
system or sound system; the body’s excretory system or digestive system)
Branches of Biology
http://quizlet.com/13604238/branches-of-biology-flash-cards/
18. Biology – The scientific study of life.
19. Ecology - The study of the relationships between organisms and their interactions with the
environment.
20. Genetics - The scientific study of inheritance.
21. Embryology - The branch of zoology studying the early development of living things from
fertilization to the developed state.
22. Agriculture - The artificial cultivation of food, fiber, and other goods by the systematic growing
and harvesting of various organisms. (a.k.a. farming)
5
23. Biotechnology - Any procedure or methodology that uses biological systems or living organisms to
develop or modify either products or processes for specific use. This term is commonly associated
with genetic engineering, which is one of many applications.
24. Forensics - The science of tests and techniques used during the investigation of crimes.
Ecosystems and Biomes
http://quizlet.com/13604536/ecosystems-and-biomes-flash-cards/
25. Habitat - An area that provides an organism with its basic needs for survival.
26. Ecosystem – A system composed of organisms and nonliving components of an environment.
27. Biome - A large area or geographical region with distinct plant and animal groups adapted to
that environment.
28. Biosphere - The zone of life on Earth; sum total of all ecosystems on Earth.
29. Succession - A series of predictable and orderly changes within an ecosystem over time.
30. Ecological community - Different populations of organisms interacting in a shared environment.
31. Population - A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographical area and
reproducing.
32. Population dynamics - The study of short- and long-term changes in the number of individuals for
a given population, as affected by birth, death, immigration, and emigration.
33. Nonnative species - A species normally living outside a distribution range that has been
introduced through either deliberate or accidental human activity; also known as introduced,
invasive, alien, nonindigenous, or exotic.
34. Limiting factor - Chemical or physical factor that limits the existence, growth, abundance, or
distribution of an individual organism or a population.
35. Biotic – A term that describes a living or once-living organism in an ecosystem. (Ex: animals, plants,
bacteria, manure)
36. Abiotic - a nonliving factor in an ecosystem. (Ex: water, weather)
37. Aquatic - A term that describes an organism associated with a water environment.
38. Terrestrial - A term that describes an organism associated with a land environment.
39. Biogeochemical cycles - The movement of abiotic factors between the living and nonliving
components within ecosystems; also known as nutrient cycles (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle,
oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle).
40. Extinction – when a species no longer has any known living individuals.
Environmental Interactions
http://quizlet.com/13604931/environmental-interactions-flash-cards/
41. Producer – An organism that uses a primary energy source to produce its own food by
conducting photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
42. Consumer - An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms or their remains.
43. Decomposer - An organism that obtains nutrients by consuming dead and decaying organic
matter which allows nutrients to be accessible to other organisms.
44. Food chain - A simplified path illustrating the passing of potential chemical energy (food) from
one organism to another organism.
45. Food web - A complex arrangement of interrelated food chains illustrating the flow of energy
between interdependent organisms.
46. Trophic level - The position of an organism in relation to the flow of energy and inorganic nutrients
through an ecosystem (producer, consumer, and decomposer).
47. Energy pyramid - A model that illustrates the biomass productivity at multiple trophic (food chain)
levels in a given ecosystem.
48. Competition - When individuals or groups of organisms compete for similar resources such as
territory, mates, water, and food in the same environment.
6
49. Symbiotic relationship - A relationship between two organisms.
50. Mutualism – relationship in which both organisms benefit
51. Parasitism – relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed
52. Commensalism - relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism neither
benefits nor is harmed.
Biochemistry
http://quizlet.com/13605615/biochemistry-flash-cards/
53. Atom - The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical and physical properties of that
element.
54. Molecule - The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties
of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces.
55. Organic molecule - A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.
56. Macromolecule - A polymer with a high molecular mass. Within organisms there are four main
groups: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
57. Biological macromolecules - A group of biomacromolecules (large molecules) that interact with
biological systems and their environments.
58. Monomer – A molecule of any compound that can react with other molecules of the same or
different compound to form a polymer. Each biological macromolecule has characteristic
monomers.
59. Carbohydrate - A macromolecule that contains atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
1:2:1 ratio (like C6H12O6) and serves as a major source of energy for living organisms (Ex: sugars,
starches, and cellulose).
60. Protein - A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells.
61. Lipids - A group of organic compounds composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen including a
proportionately smaller amount of oxygen; insoluble in water, serve as a source of stored energy,
and are a component of cell membranes.
62. Temperature - A measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of particles in a
sample of matter. This physical property can determine the rate and extent to which chemical
reactions can occur within living systems. It is commonly measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or
Fahrenheit (°F).
63. Specific heat - The measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit
quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval. (Ex: water has a specific heat of 4186
J/kg°C, which means it takes 4186 Joules of energy to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of
water by 1°C)
64. Freezing point - The temperature at which a liquid changes state to a solid.
65. Catalyst - A substance that changes the rate of a reaction without being changed by the
reaction. It may enable a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different
conditions (like at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible.
66. Enzyme - A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the
reaction; an organic catalyst.
67. Cohesion – The intermolecular attraction between like molecules. Surface tension results from the
cohesive properties of water.
68. Adhesion - The intermolecular attraction between unlike molecules. Capillary action results from
the adhesive properties of water and the molecules that make up plant cells.
69. Concentration - The measure of the amount or proportion of a given substance when combined
with another substance.
70. Concentration Gradient - The graduated difference in concentration of a solute per unit distance
through a solution.
7
71. Diffusion - The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration; a natural result of kinetic molecular energy.
72. Facilitated diffusion - A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane
with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the
use of energy.
73. Impermeable - Not permitting passage of a substance or substances.
74. Osmosis - The movement of water or another solvent through permeable membranes from an
area of higher water concentration (dilute) to an area of lower water concentration
(concentrated).
75. pH - The measure of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of an aqueous solution scaling from 1 (highly
acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline) with a midpoint of 7 (neutral).
Cells
http://quizlet.com/13606307/cells-flash-cards/
76. Cell - The basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. Cells have three common
components: genetic material, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Eukaryotic cells also contain
specialized organelles.
77. Tissue – An anatomical unit composed of cells organized to perform a similar function.
78. Organ – An anatomical unit composed of tissues serving a common function.
79. Organ system - An anatomical system composed of a group of organs that work together to
perform a specific function or task.
80. Organism - A form of life; an animal, plant, fungus, protist or bacterium.
81. Prokaryote – A single‐ celled organism that lacks a membrane‐ bound nucleus and specialized
organelles.
82. Eukaryote - A type of organism composed of one or more cells containing a membrane‐ bound
nucleus, specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, and a mitotic nuclear division cycle.
83. Endosymbiosis - A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler
prokaryotes.
Cell Parts
http://quizlet.com/13606578/cell-parts-flash-cards/
84. Organelle - A subunit within a cell that has a specialized function.
85. Nucleus - A membrane‐ bound organelle in eukaryotic cells functioning to maintain the integrity
of the genetic material and, through the expression of that material, controlling and regulating
cellular activities.
86. Mitochondrion - A membrane‐ bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells; site of cellular
respiration. The powerhouse of a cell.
87. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – An organelle, containing folded membranes and sacs, responsible
for the production, processing, and transportation of materials for use inside and outside a
eukaryotic cell. There are two forms of this organelle (rough and smooth).
88. Rough ER –has surface ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of proteins mostly destined for
export by the cell
89. Smooth ER – has no ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of lipids and steroids as well as the
transport of synthesized macromolecules.
90. Ribosome - A cellular structure composed of RNA and proteins that is the site of protein synthesis in
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
91. Golgi Apparatus - An organelle found in eukaryotic cells responsible for the final stages of
processing proteins for release by the cell.
92. Plasma membrane - A thin, phospholipid and protein molecule bilayer that encapsulates a cell
and controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell through active or passive transport.
8
93. Active transport – The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of
high concentration that uses energy provided by ATP or a difference in electrical charges across
a cell membrane.
94. Passive transport - The transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using
energy.
95. Pumps (ion or molecular) - Any of several molecular mechanisms in which ions or molecules are
transported across a cellular membrane requiring the use of an energy source (glucose, sodium
[Na+], calcium [Ca+], and potassium [K+])
96. Choloroplast - An organelle found in plant cells and the cells of other eukaryotic photosynthetic
organisms where photosynthesis occurs.
97. Plastids - A group of membrane‐ bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms
and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.
98. Extracellular - Located outside a cell.
99. Intracellular - Located inside a cell.
100. Multicellular - Made up of more than one cell.
101. Unicellular - Made up of a single cell.
Bioenergetics
http://quizlet.com/13605793/bioenergetics-flash-cards/
102. Bioenergetics - The study of energy flow (energy transformations) into and within living systems.
103. Biomass conversion - The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.
104. Energy transformation - A process in which energy changes from one form to another form while
some of the energy is lost to the environment.
105. Environment - The total surroundings of an organism or a group of organisms.
Cell Processes
http://quizlet.com/15603121/cell-processes-flash-cards/
106. Homeostasis - The regulatory process in which an organism regulates its internal environment.
107. Homeostatic mechanism - A regulatory mechanism that contributes to maintaining a state of
equilibrium (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, and oxygen regulation).
108. Cellular respiration - A complex set of chemical reactions involving an energy transformation
where potential chemical energy in the bonds of “food” molecules is released and partially
captured in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules.
109. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and
processes. ATP releases energy when one of its high‐ energy bonds is broken to release a
phosphate group.
110. Carrier (transport) proteins - Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane involved in the
movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules into and out of cells; also known as
transport proteins.
111. Endocytosis - A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding
of its plasma membrane.
112. Exocytosis - A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by
fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the
point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.
113. Photosynthesis - A process in which solar radiation is chemically captured by chlorophyll
molecules and through a set of controlled chemical reactions resulting in the potential
chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydrate molecules.
Reproduction
9
http://quizlet.com/13682749/reproduction-flash-cards/
114. Mitosis - A nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells that are genetically
identical to the original cell.
115. Cell cycle - The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication.
The main phases of the cell cycle are interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis.
116. Interphase – The longest‐ lasting phase of the cell cycle in which a cell performs the majority of
its functions, such as preparing for nuclear division and cytokinesis.
117. Nuclear division – The phase of the cell cycle in which the nucleus divides.
118. Cytokinesis - The final phase of a cell cycle resulting in the division of the cytoplasm.
119. Meiosis - A two‐ phase nuclear division that results in the eventual production of gametes (sex
cells) with half the normal number of chromosomes.
120. Nondisjunction - The process in which sister chromatids fail to separate during and after mitosis
or meiosis.
121. Gamete - A specialized cell (egg or sperm) used in sexual reproduction containing half the
normal number of chromosomes of a somatic cell.
122. Chromosome - A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells and circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains
genes that encode traits. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.
123. Nucleic acid - A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O,
and P that carries genetic information.
124. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – A biological macromolecule that encodes the genetic
information for living organisms and is capable of self‐ replication and the synthesis of
ribonucleic acid (RNA).
125. DNA Replication - The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
126. Semiconservative replication - The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates
into two strands. Each original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is
constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule.
127. Transcription - The process in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized by using
the genetic information found on a strand DNA as a template.
128. Translation - The process in which the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule on a ribosome is
decoded to produce a sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis.
129. Protein synthesis - The process in which amino acids are arranged in a linear sequence through
the processes of transcription of DNA and to RNA and the translation of RNA to a polypeptide
chain.
130. Crossing-over - An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during
anaphase I of meiosis; contributes to the genetic variability in gametes and ultimately in
offspring.
131. Translocation - The process in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to
another chromosome.
132. Gene recombination - A natural process in which a nucleic acid molecule (usually DNA but can
be RNA) is broken and then joined to a different molecule; a result of crossing‐ over.
HEREDITY
http://quizlet.com/13683173/heredity-flash-cards/
10
133. Gene - A sequence of nucleotides composing a segment of DNA that provides a blueprint for a
specific hereditary trait (like hair color, eye color, etc.)
134. Allele - A variation of a gene’s nucleotide sequence (an alternative form of a gene, like blue,
brown, black, etc.).
135. Multiple alleles - More than two forms of a gene controlling the expression of a trait.
136. Inheritance - The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring.
137. Genotype - The genetic composition of an organism with reference to a single trait, a set of
traits, or the entire complement of traits of an organism. (Ex: BB, Bb, bb)
138. Homozygous – genotype in which two of the same alleles are present (BB or bb)
139. Heterozygous – genotype in which two different alleles are present (Bb)
140. Phenotype – The observable, physical expression of a genotype. (Ex: brown hair, blonde hair)
141. Gene expression - The process in which a nucleotide sequence of a gene is used to make a
functional product such as protein or RNA.
142. Dominant inheritance - A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of one allele is
completely expressed within a homozygous and heterozygous genotype.
143. Recessive inheritance - A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of one allele is
only expressed within a homozygous (bb) genotype. In a heterozygous condition with a
dominant allele (Bb), the recessive trait is not expressed in the phenotype.
144. Codominance – A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of two alleles in a
heterozygous genotype express each phenotype of each allele fully and equally; a phenotype
which would not be expressed in any other genotypic combination.
145. Incomplete dominance - A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the
parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a
blending of the parental traits.
146. Polygenic trait - A trait in which the phenotype is controlled by two or more genes at different
loci on different chromosomes.
147. Sex-linked trait - A trait, associated with a gene that is carried by either the male or female
parent (Ex: color blindness, hemophilia, sickle‐ cell anemia).
MUTATION, CLONING, AND BREEDING
http://quizlet.com/13683594/mutation-cloning-and-breeding-flash-cards/
148. Mutation - A permanent transmissible change of genetic material (e.g., chromosomal mutations
and gene mutations).
149. Point mutation - A single‐ base substitution causing the replacement of a single‐ base
nucleotide with another nucleotide
150. Silent mutation – point mutation in which there is no change in an amino acid
151. Missense mutation – point mutation in which there is a different amino acid
152. Nonsense mutation – point mutation in which there is an insertion of a stop codon in the amino
acid which stops protein synthesis.
153. Chromosomal mutation – A change in the structure of a chromosome.
154. Deletion – chromosomal mutation due to the loss of a segment of a chromosome and thus the
loss of segment containing genes
155. Duplication – chromosomal mutation that occurs when a segment of a chromosome is
duplicated and thus displayed more than once on the chromosome
156. Inversion – chromosomal mutation that occurs when a segment of a chromosome breaks off
and reattaches in reverse order
157. Translocation – chromosomal mutation that occurs when a segment of one chromosome breaks
off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.
158. Frame-shift mutation - The addition (insertion mutation) or removal (deletion mutation) of one or
more nucleotides that is not indivisible by three, therefore resulting in a completely different
11
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
amino acid sequence than would be normal. The earlier in the sequence nucleotides are
added or removed, the more altered the protein will be.
Genetic engineering - A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the
genetic material of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur
naturally.
Gene splicing - A type of gene recombination in which the DNA is intentionally broken and
recombined using laboratory techniques.
Gene therapy - The intentional insertion, alteration, or deletion of genes within an individual’s
cells and tissues for the purpose of treating a disease.
Cloning - A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source.
DNA cloning – the transfer of a DNA fragment from one organism to a self‐ replicating genetic
element such as a bacterial plasmid.
Reproductive cloning – the transfer of genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to
an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed for the purpose of creating an embryo that can
produce an exact genetic copy of the donor organism.
Therapeutic cloning – the process of taking undifferentiated embryonic cells [STEM cells] for use
in medical research.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) - An organism whose genetic material has been altered
through some genetic engineering technology or technique.
Selective breeding - The process of breeding organisms that results in offspring with desired
genetic traits.
SELECTION & Evolution
http://quizlet.com/13729506/selection-and-evolution-flash-cards/
168. Fossils - The preserved remains or traces of organisms that once lived on Earth.
169. Natural selection - A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain inherited traits are
better able to survive and reproduce compared to others of their species.
170. Biological evolution (macroevolution) - a process in which new species develop from preexisting
species
171. Species - The lowest taxonomic level of biological classification consisting of organisms capable
of reproduction that results in fertile offspring.
172. Speciation - A process typically caused by the genetic isolation from a main population resulting
in a new genetically distinct species.
173. Isolating mechanisms - Features of behaviors, morphology, or genetics which serve to prevent
mating or breeding between two different species.
174. Temporal isolation – individuals are active at different times of the day, seasons, or mating
periods
175. Ecological isolation - individuals only mate in their specific habitat
176. Behavioral isolation – when there are no sexual cues between representatives of the species
177. Mechanical isolation – when there is no sperm transfer during an attempted mating
178. Gametic incompatibility – isolating mechanism that arises when there is sperm transfer without
fertilization occurring.
179. Zygotic mortality – one of four factors that prevent hybrid viability when mating can take place
between two different species. In this case, there is fertilization but no zygote.
180. Hybrid inviability – one of four factors that prevent hybrid viability when mating can take place
between two different species. In this case, the embryo is not viable (it doesn’t survive).
181. Hybrid sterility – one of four factors that prevent hybrid viability when mating can take place
between two different species. In this case, the resulting adult is sterile.
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182. Hybrid breakdown - one of four factors that prevent hybrid viability when mating can take
place between two different species. In this case, the first generation is viable (able to survive)
but future generations are not.
183. Genetic evolution (microevolution) – a change in the allele frequencies of a population of
organisms from generation to generation (genetic evolution or microevolution).
184. Gradualism - A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that new species arise from
the result of slight modifications (mutations and resulting phenotypic changes) over many
generations.
185. Punctuated equilibrium - A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that species
are generally stable over long periods of time. Occasionally there are rapid changes that affect
some species which can quickly result in a new species.
186. Allele frequency - The measure of the relative frequency of an allele at a genetic locus in a
population; expressed as a proportion or percentage.
187. Genetic migration - The permanent movement of genes into or out of a population resulting in a
change in allele frequencies.
188. Genetic drift - A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events
rather than natural selection.
189. Homologous structure - A physical characteristic in different organisms that is similar because it
was inherited from a common ancestor. (Ex: bones in whale fins, chimpanzee arms, and human
arms are considered divergent structures)
190. Analogous structure - A physical structure, present in multiple species, that is similar in function
but different in form and inheritance. These structures evolved independently. (Ex: butterfly
wings, bird wings, bat wings are considered convergent structures)
191. Vestigial structure - A physical characteristic in organisms that appears to have lost its original
function as a species has changed over time. (Ex: human appendix, tail bone)
192. Endemic species - A species that is found in its originating location and is generally restricted to
that geographic area.
193. Founder Effect - A decrease in genetic variation caused by the formation of a new population
by a small number of individuals from a larger population.
194. Keystone Biology Exam – a test given by the state of Pennsylvania that you are now prepared
to dominate.
Following Pages:
Extra Review Materials
Name
Period
13
Date
OSMOSIS & DIFFUSION
ISOTONIC
Solute
Outside
Concentration
Inside the Cell
HYPOTONIC
Solute
Outside
Concentration
Inside the Cell
HYPERTONIC
Solute
Outside
Concentration
Inside the Cell
Iso means __________________
Hypo means ________________ Hyper means _______________
______ movement of water!
Water moves _______ the cell. Water moves _______ the cell.
Like your ________________
Cherry Kool Aid
Like your ________________
Cherry Kool Aid
Like your ________________
Cherry Kool Aid
1. Use the terms hypotonic and hypertonic to explain why your fingers get wrinkly in the
swimming pool.
2. Putting salt on a snail is putting the snail in a ____________________________ environment.
3. What happens when you put salt on your French fries? Explain why using science words!
4. Restaurants put out peanuts and popcorn to make you thirsty. Why does this make you
thirsty? Explain using science words!
5. You can smell a cooking Thanksgiving turkey because of the process of
_____________________.
6. If a plant cell and a red blood cell are put into a hypotonic environment, the red blood
cell bursts but the plant does not. Why?
The Biomacromolecule Song
(To the Tune of “B-I-N-G-O”)
A carbohydrate has C, H, O,
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In a 1 to 2 to 1 ratio.
1 C, 2 H, and 1 O,
1 C, 2 H, and 1 O,
1 C, 2 H, and 1 O,
Is the carbohydrate ratio.
WHAT THEY DO
CARBOHYDRATES
Lipids have C, H, and O,
In no specific ratio.
C and H and much less O,
C and H and much less O,
C and H and much less O,
If it’s a lipid that’s how you’ll know.
LIPIDS
Proteins have C, H, and O,
With Nitrogen thrown in also.
PROTEINS
C and H, N and O,
C and H, N and O,
C and H, N and O,
Proteins have Nitrogen also.
15
EXAMPLES
Cell Parts Review
Part A: Cells and Cell Parts
1. What is an organelle?
2. What are three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
3. Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is directly
related to their difference in size.
4. Describe one similarity between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is independent of
size.
5. List each organelle under the part of the cell where it is found.
On the Cell Membrane
In the Cytoplasm
In the Nucleus
Part B: Cell City
The cell can be compared to a major city. Listed below are some of the parts of the cell and their
function. What part of a city would be comparable to the function performed by each organelle in
the cell? Be prepared to explain your choice.
1. Energy is produced in the MITOCHONDRIA.
2. The CELL MEMBRANE allows certain chemicals to enter and not others.
3. CHROMOSOMES contain all of the information about what the cell is like and instructions for what
it is supposed to do.
4. The NUCLEUS is in charge of all cell activity.
5. RNA carries messages to different parts of the cell.
6. CYTOPLASM is the “stuff” inside the cell where all of the organelles are found.
7. RIBOSOMES make protein for the cell
8. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM carries materials around the cell.
9. The GOLGI APPARATUS gets proteins ready to send out of the cell.
10. Plants have a CELL WALL that enables them to maintain a rigid structure.
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Name
Period
Date
Can You Identify These Cell Structures?
Read each description and then identify the cell structure. Write your answer on the line.
1. I’m a real “powerhouse.”
That’s plain to see.
I break down food
To release energy.
What am I?
2. I’m strong and stiff
Getting through me is tough.
I’m found only in plants,
But I guess that’s enough.
What am I?
3. My name means “colored bodies,”
And I contain DNA.
I pass on traits to new cells
In a systematic way.
What am I?
4. I’m the “brain” of the cell
Or so they say.
I regulate activities
From day to day.
What am I?
5. Found only in plant cells,
I’m green as can be.
I make food for the plant
Using the sun’s energy.
What am I?
6. I’m a series of tubes
Found throughout the cell.
I transport proteins
And other things as well.
What am I?
7. I’m a full of holes.
Flexible, and thin.
I control what gets out
As well as what comes in.
What am I?
8. Proteins are made here
Even though I’m quite small.
You can find me in the cytoplasm
Or attached to E.R.’s wall.
What am I?
9. I’ve been call a “storage tank”
By those with little taste
I’m a sac filled with water,
Food, enzymes, or waste.
What am I?
10. Since I contain many enzymes,
I can digest an injured cell;
And can break down a large molecule
Into a smaller one as well.
What am I?
WORD BANK
Vacuole
Lysosome
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
membrane
Cell
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
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Ribosome
Chromosome
Cell Parts Mini-Review
Locate the following on the diagram below:
Cell Parts Mini-Review
1. What’s the difference between
extracellular and intracellular?
2. What’s the difference between
unicellular and multicellular?
3. What are organelles?
4. What is the plasma membrane
made of?
5. What is the plasma membrane’s
purpose?
6. ___________ are the powerhouse
of a cell.
7. What does the nucleus do?
8. ___________ is folded membranes
and sacs.
9. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has
________.
10. What do ribosomes make?
11. What does rough ER make?
12. What does smooth ER make?
13. The ________ _________ grabs
proteins and gets them ready to
transport out of the cell.
14. What happens in chloroplasts?
15. What kind of cells have
chloroplasts?
16. Describe in detail the
difference between passive and
active transport.
17. What are pumps for?
18. Challenge: What kind of cell
(skin, bone, muscle, etc.) in the
human body would need the
most mitochondria?
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Plasma membrane
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Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi apparatus
Reproduction WORDS (#114-132)
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
-
___________________ cell division.
-
Produces _________ cells
-
The cell splits into _________ cells that are
-
Sex cells ( ________________ ) each have
identical to the parent cell.
half as many chromosomes as the parent.
CELL CYCLE
_________________________ - the longest phase of
the cell cycle, when the cell prepares for
nuclear division and cytokinesis.
_________________________________________ when the nucleus divides (shocking).
_________________________ - the final phase of the
cell cycle, this occurs when the cytoplasm
divides.
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid (DNA)
-
Shaped like a double ________________.
Provides the blueprint for life!
Base-pair rule for DNA:
T = __________________  A = __________________
C = __________________  G = __________________
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA is _____________________ during
transcription. It is synthesized using
DNA as a template.
This occurs in the ______________,
which makes sense because that’s
where DNA is found.
TRANSLATION
TRANSLOCATION
mRNA is _____________________ during
translation. This translated information
is used to produce amino acids
(proteins).
Translocation occurs when
a piece of a chromosome
breaks off and attaches to
another chromosome.
This occurs on a _______________,
which makes sense because that’s
where proteins are made.
It changes ____________.
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MUTATION, CLONING, and BREEDING (#148-167)
POINT MUTATION – A single-base substitution that causes a single base nucleotide to be replaced
with another nucleotide. This occurs at one point on the chain and can have 3 possible results.
______________________________
mutation
Results in NO
CHANGE in an
amino acid.
______________________________
mutation
Occurs when a
DIFFERENT AMINO
ACID results.
______________________________
mutation
A STOP CODON is
inserted, stopping
protein synthesis.
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION – A change in the structure of a chromosome. This can result from…
The loss of a segment of a
chromosome (and the genes it
contained).
When a segment of a
chromosome is displayed more
than once on the chromosome.
When a segment of a
chromosome breaks off and
reattaches in reverse (upside
down) order.
FRAME-SHIFT MUTATION – the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides that is not divisible by 3.
When the nucleotides are then put together in groups of three to be decoded, this results in a
completely different amino acid sequence and alters the protein produced in the ribosomes.
CLONING – When a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source.
_________ cloning
The transfer of a DNA fragment
from one organism to a selfreplicating genetic element like a
bacterial plasmid.
_______________________ cloning
Transferring genetic material from
the nucleus of a donor adult to an
egg cell with the nucleus removed
to create an embryo that can
produce an exact genetic copy of
the donor.
_______________________ cloning
Taking undifferentiated (i.e. they
haven’t been assigned a task yet)
embryonic cells
a.k.a. STEM cells
for use in medical research or
therapeutic uses (curing diseases).
SELECTIVE BREEDING happens all the time when it comes to ___________, ___________, and ___________.
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