• Big ideas
– Hamilton’s Plan
• Pay back France as soon as possible: to make sure that if we needed to borrow again,
France would trust us to pay us to pay it back
• Wait 15 years to pay back our citizens BUT they would get more money
• State debt would become a part of national debt
• Move national capital to
Washington D.C.

• National Bank
– Hamilton wanted to try and build more
American businesses
– Wanted to create a national bank to help loan individuals money to build companies
– Led to an argument over “strict” vs. “loose” interpretation of the Constitution
– Democratic Republicans: strict interpretation: the national govt can only do what is specifically in the Constitution
– Federalists: loose interpretation: the government can do things outside of
Constitution if it is necessary
• Taxing
– Whiskey Excise
– Protective Tariff
– These taxes were meant to make money for
America to help pay back the debt

• Led by Thomas Jefferson
• NOT HAPPY!!!!!
• Debt- felt they were paying back debt too quickly
• Bank- felt this gave national too much power
• Excise Tax- felt too many taxes
– Whiskey Rebellion
• Tariff- too many taxes (only part of Hamilton’s plan that does not pass and become law)

• The Good:
– Pinckney’s Treaty: between America and Spain. Spanish Indians in Florida attacking the U.S.- in return Spain allows the U.S. to use the Mississippi River and New Orleans for trade
– Judiciary Act of 1789- our national court system is organized
• The Divisive:
– Proclamation of Neutrality: France was in the middle of a civil war- citizens wanted democracy. Washington says that we will remain neutral due to the fact that it would cost America too much money- makes the democratic republicans angry.
– Jay’s Treaty: U.S. signs a peace treaty with Great Britain who was also fighting against the French citizens during the French
Revolution. This ended British attacks on American trade ships
BUT made the Democratic Republicans and France very angry.

• Two main candidates:
– John Adams- Federalist
– Thomas Jefferson- Democratic
Republican
• The winner: John Adams
• The problems he faced….
– Biggest: France
– He is not Washington

• What happened: France impressing American ships- Adams sends a peace negotiation team to France to try and end impressment. The
Americans are kidnapped and held hostage for
200,000 dollars and a 10 million dollar loan.
Adams refuses to pay- begins an undeclared naval war with France.

Federalist:
• Mainly traders (sold goods in America and Europe)
• Most affected by the impressment and the war
• Support declaring war against France
Democratic-Republicans
• They argue that all of these problems with France are due to the fact that we didn’t help them during the
French Revolution
• We did this to ourselves
• No war with France

• Fears a civil war in
America
• Allows Congress to pass the Alien and
Sedition Acts
• These laws were meant to silence the Democratic
Republicans- took away their freedom of speech

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: these laws passed in Virginia and Kentucky say that the Alien and Sedition laws are void in these states. This makes Adams send a second peace keeping mission to France- ends the undeclared naval war with France.

• Nicknamed: “Revolution of 1800”
• Three main contenders:
– John Adams- Federalist
– Thomas Jefferson- democratic republican (tie)
– Aaron Burr- democratic republican (tie)
• First time: that power shifts from one party to another in the Executive Branch (presidency)that’s why Jefferson nicknames the election the Revolution of 1800

What people thought:
• Lessen the power of the
National government
• Use strict interpretation of the Constitution (meaning he would only do what was specifically written in the
Constitution)
• Fewer taxes
• Support France
What actually happened:
• Uses a lot of national government power
• Uses loose interpretation of the Constitution
• Increase the size of the U.S. military- tax money
• Not go to war with Britain when they attack the U.S.

• What happened: Supreme court rules that
Constitution does not allow them to force Jefferson to give Marbury his job. This starts “judicial review”- the power of the Supreme
Court to interpret the
Constitution

• What happened: Jefferson wants to New Orleans, but
Napoleon (France) offers to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $15 million. Great deal for America. The problem for Jefferson is that he would have to use loose interpretation of the Constitution which his party does not believe in. He does it anyway and it is incredibly beneficial to
America.

• What happened: Two explorers hired by
Jefferson to map the
Louisiana Purchase

• More than doubled our size
• Lead to an interest in moving west
• Begins Manifest
Destiny: belief that it was our God-given duty to expand to the
Pacific Ocean

• What happened: Britain comes over to the
Chesapeake Bay in
America and they attack the American ship the
U.S.S. Chesapeake. Kill 5
Americans. Makes many
Americans want to go to war with England

• What happened: Jefferson signs the Embargo Act in response to the Chesapeake
Incident. He cuts off all trade with all European countries.
This cuts the American income by 50%. This doesn’t affect European countries at all.

• Average American income falls by 50%
• Ruins Jefferson’s image as president- takes years to come back!
• Forces America to develop their own industries- so in the long run, it really helps us!

• Problems he has:
– Increasing Native
American tensions
– Americans want revenge after the Chesapeake
Incident that they didn’t get with the Embargo
Act
– Political Division

• Native American Stuff:
– Native Americans attacking U.S. settlements out west
– The U.S. is taking away
Native American lands out west
– Tecumseh- a Native
American leader who is trying to unite the Native
Americans against the
U.S. government

• With the British
– A lot resentment left over from the American
Revolution
– Chesapeake Incident
– British are encouraging
Native American attacks on the Americans
– Americans want the land
Britain owns in Canada

• Other Stuff:
– Failed Embargo Act
– Growth of the War Hawks: group in America that supported going to war against Great Britain
• Led by Henry Clay and John
C. Calhoun
– Main support of war:
Democratic-Republicans
(South and West)
– Opposition: Federalists
(North)

• Invasion into Canada: America burns the British capital in Canada
• Battle of Thames: Tecumseh dies-
Native Americans leave the war
• Burning of Washington D.C.: Britain burns the White House and the Capital
• Battle of Fort McHenry: Francis Scott
Key write the “Star Spangled Banner”
• Treaty of Ghent: ended the war
• Battle of New Orleans: Andrew
Jackson to defeats the British navy- the most powerful navy in the world. He becomes a war hero and America looks really powerful. Doesn’t impact the end of the war because the treaty has already been signed.

• James Madison: president during the war
• Andrew Jackson: become a war hero- Battle of New
Orleans
• Oliver Perry: naval commander for U.S.
• Tecumseh: leader of the
Native Americans during the war

• What is a short term effect? Anything happens right at the official end of the war
• Nothing changes as a result of the war- no land exchanges hands, no money is given to either side. NO ONE WINS!
• America is seen as officially being independent

• Britain and America no longer want to fight
– Rush Bagot Agreement: demilitarization treaty in the Great Lakes (decreased their warships to 5 each)
– British American Convention: meeting where American and Britain would determine the boundary between the
U.S. and Canada
• America now can focus on domestic issues
• Expansion begin in America
• Nationalism in America grow

• Elected in 1816
(Democratic-Republican)
• Served: 1817-1825
• Term nicknamed: “Era of
Good Feelings”

Examples of Nationalism during the
Era of Good Feelings:
• Basically a one-party system
(Democratic-Republicans)
• Solidified American expansion and borders
• Secured US as a respected nation
• Growth of a national economy
• Webster’s school speller
• Various paintings of Revolutionary
War heroes, etc.

• Big Events during Monroe’s Presidency:
– Rush-Bagot Agreement
– Adams-Onis Treaty
– Back to Africa Movement
– British-American Convention
– Monroe Doctrine