Unit 2: Structures and Functions of Cells
I)
The History of the Cell
II)
Microscopes
III)
IV)
Microscopes and Cells
Cell Theory
V)
Two Basic Types of Cells
1)
Prokaryote
2) Eukaryote
VI)
The Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell
1) Boundaries
A) Plasma Membrane
B) Cell Wall
2) Controls
A) Nucleus
VI)
Cellular Organization
 Organism
 Organ System
 Organ
 Tissue
 Cell
VII)
VIII)
IX)
Cellular Functions
Metabolism
Homeostasis and Transport
1) Passive Transport
 osmosis
 Hypertonic
 Hypotonic
 Isotonic
2) Active Transport

Sodium Potassium Pump
B) Nucleolus
3) Assembly
A) Cytoplasm
4) Transport
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
5) Storage
A) Vacuoles
B) Lysosomes
6) Energy Transformers
A) Mitochondria
B) Chloroplasts
7) Support
A) Cytoskeleton
8) Locomotion
A) Cilia
I)
Cellular Organization
B) Flagella
9) Cell Division
A) Centrioles
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Structures and Functions of the Cells
I)
The History of the Cell
A) The Cell
II)

The basic unit of an organism

Discovery made possible by the invention of the _____________
Microscopes
A) What is a microscope?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
B) The Eye Piece

Also called the ___________________

The part of the microscope you look through

The eye piece __________________ what you are looking at _________
C) Arm and the Base

The arm and the base are used to hold microscope

You should always two hands when _________________ the microscope. One on
the _______ and one on the __________.
D) Course Adjustment

The course adjustment knob is used to __________ the object.

Only used under __________________.
E) Fine Adjustment

The fine adjustment knob ___________________ what you are viewing.

Used under _______________________.
F) Objectives

The objectives are used to ___________________ what you are looking at
G) Diaphragm

Used to adjust the amount of _______________
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Low power (4x) = _______
Medium (10x) = _______
High (43x) = _______
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III)
Microscopes and Cells
A) 1600’s.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek first described living cells as seen through a
simple microscope.
B) 1830’s.

Mathias Schleiden identified the first __________ cells and concluded that
all plants made of cells.

Thomas Schwann made the same conclusion about ___________
cells.
IV)
V)
Cell Theory
1)
__________________________________________________.
2)
__________________________________________________.
3)
__________________________________________________.
Two Basic Types of Cells
1)
Prokaryote

Lacks internal compartments.

No true _______________.

Most are single-celled (unicellular) organisms.

Examples: ______________
2) Eukaryote

Has several internal _______________ (organelles).

True nucleus.

Either unicellular or __________________.

unicellular example: ___________

multicellular examples: plants and animals
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VI)
The Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell
1) Boundaries
A) Plasma Membrane
-- Serves as a _______________ between the cell and its external environment.
-- Allows materials to __________________ of the cell.
B) Cell Wall
-- Surrounds the plasma membrane of the cells of __________, bacteria, and __________.
-- Plant cell walls contain ___________ while fungi cell walls contain __________.
2) Controls
A) Nucleus

______________ cell function.

Surrounded by a double-layered membrane (nuclear enveloped) with
_______________that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus.

Contains chromatin – long tangles of DNA.
B) Nucleolus

Found in the nucleus and responsible for ____________ production. Ribosomes
are the sites of protein production.
3) Assembly
A) ________________

The jelly-like material that surrounds the organelles.
4) Transport
A) Endoplasmic reticulum

_____________________ that acts as the cell’s delivery system.

Smooth E.R. contains enzymes for ___________ synthesis.

Rough E.R. is studded with ribosomes for __________ synthesis.
B) Golgi apparatus (or Golgi body)
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
A series of flattened sacs where newly made lipids and proteins from the
E.R. are _____________ and shipped to the plasma membrane.
5) Storage
A) Vacuoles

A sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane used to ____________, fluid, or waste
products.

B) Lysosomes

Contain a ____________ enzyme.

Can fuse with vacuoles to digest food, or can digest worn cell parts.

Also known as “suicide sacs” because they can also destroy the whole cell.
6) Energy Transformers
A) Mitochondria

Produce the ___________ for the cell.

Also known as the “_____________of the cell”.

Has a highly folded inner membrane (cristae).
B) Chloroplasts

Found in plant cells and some ____________.

Transforms light energy into _________________which is stored in food
molecules.

Contain chlorophyll –
______________________________________________________________________________________
7) Support
A) Cytoskeleton

A network of thin, fibrous materials that act as a scaffold and
support the organelles.

Microtubules – ________________________.

Microfilaments –__________________________.
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8) Locomotion
A) Cilia

Short, numerous, _____________________ from the plasma membrane.

_____________ with a coordinated beating action.
B) Flagella

Longer, less numerous projections from the plasma membrane.

Move with a ___________________.
9) Cell Division
A) Centrioles

made of _____________.

play a role in the ______________________ into two cells.

found in _____________________________ cells.
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Organelle
Description
Function
CELL WALL
Rigid, tough, made of
cellulose
Protects and supports
the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
Thin, covering,
protects cells
Protects the cell,
performs active
transport and passive
transport, moves
materials in and out of
the cell,
communication
CYTOPLASM
Jelly like substance
that contains
organelles
Pads and supports
organelles inside the
cell. Moves by
cyclosis
NUCLEUS
Dense, ball shaped
structure, contains
DNA
Controls all of the
cell’s activities
NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
Thin covering over
the nucleus
Covers and protects
the nucleus
NUCLELOUS
Small dark area in the
nucleus
Produces ribosome’s
CHROMATIN
In the nucleus, made
of DNA and protein,
contains genes
Provides instructions
for the cells activities,
(growth, reproduction)
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Clear, tubular system
of tunnels throughout
the cell
Transports materials
like proteins around
the cell
RIBOSOME
Small specks made of
RNA. Found in
cytoplasm or on the
endoplasmic
reticulum
Makes proteins
MITOCHONDRIA
Location in the
cytoplasm, bean
shaped
Supplies energy or
ATP for the cell
through cell
respiration using
Animal, Plant or Both
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glucose and oxygen
VACUOLE
Large open storage
area, smaller in
animal cells
Storage tank for food,
water, wastes or
enzymes
CHLOROPLAST
Green structures that
contain chlorophyll
Captures sunlight and
uses it to produce food
through
photosynthesis
GOLGI BODY
Small bags with tubes
connecting them
Packages and secrets
proteins for use in and
out of the cell
LYOSOME
Small, round
structures, containing
enzymes
Digests older cell
parts, food or other
objects
CENTRIOLE
Small cylindrical
Used with the spindle
apparatus during
mitosis
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Name:_______________________________________
Animal Cell Coloring
I) Color each part of the cell its designated color.
Cell Membrane
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Nucleoplasm
Flagella
Microtubules
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosome
Nuclear Membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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II) Briefly describe the function of the cell parts.
1. Cell membrane ______________________________________________
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum _________________________________________
3. Ribosome ____________________________________________________
4. Golgi Apparatus ____________________________________________________
5. Lysosome ____________________________________________________
6. Microtubule ____________________________________________________
7. Mitochondria ____________________________________________________
8. Nucleus ____________________________________________________
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Name:_______________________________________
Plant Cell Coloring
Cell Membrane
Nucleoplasm
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Chromatin
Cell Wall
Ribosome
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplasts
Golgi Apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Analysis
1. Name two things found in a plant cell that are not found in an animal cell:
______________________________________________________________________
2. How does the shape of a plant cell differ from that of an animal cell?
______________________________________________________________________
3. What is the function of the chloroplasts?
______________________________________________________________________
4. What is the function of the vacuole?
_____________________________________________________________________
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Cell Organelles Worksheet
Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in the right hand
column that matches the structure/function in the left hand column. A cell part may be used
more than once.
Structure/Function
1.
Stores material within the cell
2.
Closely stacked, flattened sacs (plants only)
3.
The sites of protein synthesis
4.
Transports materials within the cell
5.
The region inside the cell except for the nucleus
6.
Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a
eukaryotic cell
7.
Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from
sunlight and gives plants their green color
8.
Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading
viruses or bacteria
9.
Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Part
10. Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products
11. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants,
fungi, most bacteria and some protests
12. Produces a usable form of energy for the cell
13. Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
14. Everything inside the cell including the nucleus
15. Site where ribosomes are made
16. The membrane surrounding the cell
17. Provides support for the cell, has two “subparts”
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18. Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
19. Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell
20. Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things
21. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
22. Longer whip-like structures used for movement
Put each of the following organelles into one of the four columns, based on their role in
metabolism.
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Plasma membrane
Vacuoles
Ingestion
Digestion
Respiration
Excretion
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Put a check in the appropriate column(s) to indicate whether the following organelles are found
in plant cells, animal cells or both.
Organelle
Plant
Cells
Animal
Cells
Cell Wall
Vesicle
Chloroplast
Chromatin
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Plasma membrane
Central vacuole
Ribosome
Vacuole
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Name ________________________
Date ____________________
Comparing Plant And Animal Cells VENN Diagram
Directions: Fill in the VENN Diagram to compare PLANT CELLS to ANIMAL CELLS. Use the
words in the word box.
cell membrane
cell wall
chloroplast
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosome
vacuole
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
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VII) Cellular Organization

Cell

Tissue – ________________________________________________.

Organ – ________________________________________________.

Organ System – _________________________________________.

Organism –_____________________________________________.
VIII) Cellular Functions

All the different parts of the cell are important to the life of the cell.

_____________________________.

All cells are able to release energy from complex molecules.

The energy in a __________________ is released by the mitochondria in small steps.

After a cell has taken in energy-rich molecules, the molecules are used by the
mitochondria and _______________________.
IX)
Metabolism

Metabolism is the
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important molecules, like sugar, are processed and energy is transformed to _________
and waste materials.

Not all energy is used immediately. Some cells, for example, those in green plants
that contain chloroplasts,___________________________________________________________________.
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X)
Homeostasis and Transport

Atoms, molecules and small particles are in constant ___________.

Molecules tend to move from an area where they
are_____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________, until their concentration is the same everywhere. .

The concentrations of molecules at various points between the high and low areas
form what is called the _________________________.

Molecules are said to ________________________ the concentration gradient.

Water moves in and out of cells and diffuses down its concentration gradient in the
same manner as other substances.
1) Passive Transport

The diffusion of water is called the_______________. Molecules move across
a_______________________________, from an area of high concentration to low
concentration.
A) Hypertonic:
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Salt solution

______________________ is a loss of turgor pressure and the cell will shrink.
B) Hypotonic:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Provides the plant cell with _______________________.

In an animal cell, it may result in cytolysis (bursting of the cell)

Contractile vacuoles are used to remove ______________________ in protozoa.
Animals use lungs and kidneys.
B) Isotonic:__________________________________________________________________________________

Saline solution
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2) Active Transport

Movement of molecules up the concentration gradient.

___________________________

Carrier proteins can also serve as “pumps” during active transport.
_____________________________– works to maintain a higher concentration of sodium (Na) ions
inside the cell and a higher concentration of potassium (K) ions outside the cell.
a. _______________________ to do so.
b. Creates an electrical gradient across the cell membrane which is essential for nerve
impulses.
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NAME______________________ DATE_________ PERIOD_________
Cell Membrane Coloring Worksheet
Composition of the Cell Membrane & Functions
The cell membrane is also called the _______________ membrane
and is made of a phospholipid _____________. The phospholipids have a
hydrophilic (water attracting) __________ and two hydrophobic (water
repelling) ____________. The head of a phospholipid is made of an alcohol
and __________ group, while the tails are chains of ____________.
Phospholipids can move _______________ and allow water and other
_________ molecules to pass through into or out of the cell. This is known
as simple ____________ because it does not require __________ and the
water or molecules are moving __________ the concentration gradient.
SKETCH AND LABEL a phospholipid coloring the heads red and the tails
blue.
PHOSPHOLIPID
Another type of lipid in the cell membrane is ______________
that makes the membrane more fluid. Embedded in the phospholipid
bilayer are __________ that also aid in diffusion and in cell
recognition. Proteins called _____________ proteins go all the way
through the bilayer, while ____________ proteins are only on one
side. Integral proteins are also called __________ proteins. Large
molecules like ___________ or carbohydrates use proteins to help
move across cell membranes. Some of the membrane proteins have
carbohydrate __________ attached to help cells in recognize each
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other and certain molecules. List 4 functions of the cell or plasma
membrane:
a. _________________________________________
b. _________________________________________
c. _________________________________________
d. _________________________________________
Correctly color code and identify the name for each part of the cell
membrane.
Letter
Name/Color
_____ Phospholipid bilayer (no
color)
_____ Integral protein (pink)
_____ Fatty acid tails
(orange)
_____ Phosphate heads
(yellow)
Letter
Name/Color
_____ Peripheral protein
(red)
_____ Cholesterol (blue)
_____ Glycoprotein (green)
_____ Glycolipids (purple)
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Match the cell membrane structure or its function with the correct
letter from the cell membrane diagram.
Letter Structure/Function Letter Structure/Function
_____ Attracts water
_____ Helps maintain
_____
_____
Repels water
_____
_____
Help transport certain
flexibility of membrane
Involved in cell-to-cell
recognition
Make up the bilayer
materials across the cell
membrane
Osmosis and Tonicity
Define osmosis. _____________________________________
In which direction does water move across membranes, up or down the
concentration gradient? ________________ Define these 3 terms:
a. isotonic-_____________________________________
b. hypertonic _____________________________________
c. hypotonic _____________________________________
Use arrows to show the direction of water movement into or out
of each cell. Color and label the cell in an isotonic environment light
blue, the hypotonic environment yellow, and the hypertonic environment
light green.
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Match the description or picture with the osmotic condition:
A. Isotonic
B. Hypertonic
C. Hypotonic
_____ solution with a lower solute concentration
_____ solution in which the solute concentration is the same
_____ condition plant cells require
_____ condition that animal cells require
_____ red blood cell bursts (cytolysis)
_____ plant cell loses turgor pressure (Plasmolysis)
_____ solution with a higher solute concentration
_____ plant cell with good turgor pressure
_____ solution with a high water concentration
Label the tonicity
hypertonic):
for each solution (isotonic, hypotonic, or
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Transport Requiring Energy
What type of transport is represented by the following picture?
What energy is being used? ______________ In which direction
(concentration gradient), is the movement occurring?
_________________ Color the internal environment of the cell
yellow. Color and Label the transport proteins red and the substance
being moved blue
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One type of active transport is called the ________________ pump
which helps muscle cells contract. This pump uses ___________ to
move ions __________ the concentration gradient. The protein that is
used to pump the ions through is called a ____________ protein and
it changes its __________ to move the ions across the cell membrane.
Label and color the carrier proteins red and the ions green.
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