Unit 10:
America and the World
Chapter 27 – The Global Crisis
Chapter 28 – America in a World at War
Chapter 27 – The Global Crisis
1921-1941
Political
• Elections
- 1920 : Republican William G. Harding wins
*corrupt
- 1924 : Republican Calvin Coolidge wins
* laissez-faire govt.
- 1928 : Republican Herbert Hoover wins
- 1932 : Democrat Franklin D Roosevelt wins
- 1936 : FDR re-elected
- 1940 : FDR re-elected
• Parties
-3 straight Republicans win elections in 1920, 1924, and 1928
- Democratic party dominated after FDR elected in 1932
Ideological/Intellectual
• Isolationism
-Geneva Conference – disarmament
-Washington Conference of 1921 – dealt win naval arms race
- Isolationsim supported by many Americans
*LON failed to restrain Japanese aggression
* U.S. WWI involvement due to interventionism
-Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937 – prevent U.S. entrance into a
new war
* “Cash & Carry” policy allowed only nonmilitary goods to be sold to
countries at war and countries had to provide own transportation
Cont.
-America 1st Committee- supported by many Republicans; a last effort
to avoid war
• Internationalism
-America saw fluctuation of isolationism and internationalism
- Harding sought to negotiate peace treaties with Central Powers
- Diplomacy was to make financial arrangements with other nations
for free overseas trade
- U.S. dealing with Europe after WWI
*Dawes Plan – circular loan system where US loaned Germany
money to pay off debt to GB and France who would use money to pay
U.S.
- U.S. expanded into Latin America during the 1920s
-Benito Mussolini’s Fascist Party (Italy) and Adolf Hitler’s Socialist
Party (Germany-Nazis) threat to U.S.
- Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934 expanded free trade
- FDR recognized Soviet Union in 1933
- “Good Neighbor Policy” with Latin America about free trade
made U.S. and L.A. closer
- Tensions in Asia (Japan invaded China)
*FDR delivered “Quarantine Speech” saying aggressors should
be prevented from spreading war
- Many American supported allies (GB and France)
* FDR aided Allies with money, supplies, and war materials
- FDR extended “lend-lease” act that allowed sale and lending of
armaments, also patrolled Atlantic Ocean for subs
* Nazi subs began attacking U.S. ships
-1941 – Churchill (GB) and FDR released Atlantic Charter which tied
U.S. and G.B. together with the intent to destroy “Nazi tyranny”
Religious
• n/a
Artistic
• n/a
Technological
• War weapons- U.S. lended armaments to GB
Economic
• Stock market crash of 1929
• FDR accepted gold standard
• “Good Neighbor Policy” with Latin America
and Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934
increased free trade
• Increased jobs for building and manufacturing
of war supplies
Social
• n/a
Supreme Court Cases
• n/a
People
• FDR – served three terms president
• Charles Evans Hughes – leader of Washington Conference,
Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
• Charles D. Dawes – creator of the Dawes Plan
• Henry Stimson – persuaded FDR to boycott against Japan which
lead to Pearl Harbor
• Gerald Nye – strong isolationist ( helped establish America 1st
Committee and creator of Nye Committee which looked for reasons
U.S. was in WWI
• William Allen White - writer who supported Roosevelt)
• Wendell Willkie - (republican nomination in 1940)
Foreign
• Pearl Harbor- Japan attacked Navy HQ at Pearl
Harbor
• 1941- U.S. declared war on Japan
• Declared war on Germany and Italy after they
declared war on U.S.
Chapter 28- America in a World at War
Political
• FDR president from 1932 to 1944
• 1944 Election – Dem FDR vs Repub Thomas
Dewey
* Roosevelt was popularly elected
• Roosevelt dies while in office – VP Harry
Truman becomes president
Ideological/Intellectual
• FDR shifted priority from reform to winning
war.
- Dr. New Deal to Dr. Win the War
• Nationalism – America growing and
prosperous due to War. War effort created
sense of pride
• Internationalism – U.S. involved in WWII
Religious
• n/a
Artistic
• “Swing Era” – big band swing music was the
most popular in the U.S.
• Jazz
• Increased prosperity led to rise of movie
attendance, magazine and news circulation,
hotel, casino, dance hall
Technological
• National Defense Research Committee stimulates
advances through massive amounts of
government money
• Mass-production of war supplies
• Allies develop radar and sonar capabilities
• 4 engine planes
• Code breaking and intelligence gathering (Purple
and Ultra)
• Manhattan Project – creation of Atomic Bomb
Economic
• WWII ended Great Depression problems of
unemployment, deflation, production
• Wartime economic expansion and massive government
spending
- budget grew from $9 billion in 1939 to $100 billion in
1945)
• By 1944, U.S. output 2 times that of all Axis nations
combined
• West benefits most from boom in economy
• Revenue Act of 1942 created new high tax brackets
Social
• Women -Woman worked in factories (Rosie the Riveter)
• Children – 1/3 teens obtained a job
• African-Americans – movement from rural south to
industrial north – needed for labor
*Viewed war as opportunity to improve
themselves
*FDR created Fair Employment Practices
Commission to investigate labor
discrimination
• Native Americans –made contributions to war as “code
talkers” and through Navajo code
* others left reservations to work in factories
• Mexican Americans – moved to cities and
industrial areas for work
*tensions resulted from growing
immigrant neighborhoods, most famously
“Zoot-Suit Riots” in LA in 1943
Supreme Court Cases
• 1944 Korematsu vs. U.S. - ruled relocation of
Japanese constitutional but same day ruled in Ex
parte Endo that Governement could not detain loyal
American citizens
People
• General Douglas MacArthur – prominent role in the
Pacific Theater – occupying Japan
• Admiral Chester Nimitz – U.S. Navy authority on
submarines
• General George C. Marshall – the Marshall Plan
• General George S. Patton – leader in European
Theater
• Betty Grable – iconic poster girl during WWII
• Henry J. Kaiser – steered federal funds to make Pacific
Coast major industrial center for shipbuilding and aircraft
• A. Philip Randolph – leader in the African American
civil-rights movement and labor movement
• Thomas E. Dewey – Republican nomination in 1944
election
• Harry S. Truman – VP to FDR, became president when
FDR died, ordered Atomic Bombs to be dropped on Japan
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower – England Supreme
Allied Commander ordered invasion across English Channel
into Normandy, France (D-Day 1944)
• J. Robert Oppenheimer – creator of atomic bomb
Foreign
• World War II
- Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, GB and France declare war on
Germany
- German “Blitzkrieg” (speed war) overwhelms
- British Expeditionary Force evacuated from Dunkirk
- 1941 – FDR and Churchill hold Atlantic Conference –
beginning of the United Nations
- US enters war after Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
- 1942 – Stalingrad turning point of war
- American naval victory at Battle of Midway marks turning
point in Pacific War
- Mass murder of Jews at Auschwitz begins (U.S. ignores
problem, focuses on war)
-1943 – Allies dominant
-Big 3 (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) meet in Tehran, finalize
plans to open 2nd front in Europe
-1944 – D-Day – Allied invasion of France led by US Gen.
Eisenhower
-Nazi’s launch last major offensive in Battle of the Bulge
-1945 – Big 3 hold Yalta Conference to final plans to
defeat Germany and plan post-war Europe
-Hitler commits suicide, German full surrender “V-E” Day
-Atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
after Japan fails to surrender
-Japan signed articles of surrender “V-J Day” marking end
of WWII